1
|
Ibe K, Iba K, Emori M, Kiyomoto K, Teramoto A, Yamashita T. Static stretching of the ankle prevents cold hypersensitivity associated with limb immobilization in model mice. J Orthop Sci 2023:S0949-2658(23)00216-6. [PMID: 37596168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb immobilization is considered to contribute to limb pain including hyperalgesia. Approximately 50% of patients with such chronic limb pain complain that their abnormal pain worsens after exposure to cold. However, there have been few studies on the relationship between limb immobilization and cold hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to examine whether limb immobilization induces cold hypersensitivity, and whether physical exercise such as ankle stretching prevents its induction in model mice. METHOD We used forty-four 8-week-old male C57Bl/6J mice, consisting of 32 immobilized mice and 12 control mice. The bilateral hind limbs of the mice were immobilized by a thermoplastic cast. After limb-immobilization for 1 week, changes in mechanical, thermal and cold hypersensitivity, and the expression levels of TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPM8, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα in the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and the affected hind paw were evaluated in comparison with those in the control mice. In addition, we examined the effect of ankle stretching on the hypersensitivity and expression levels in the limb-immobilized mice. RESULTS Mechanical, thermal and cold hypersensitivity were significantly increased in the limb-immobilized mice. In addition, ankle stretching during the immobilization period significantly prevented the increases in those hypersensitivities. There were no significant differences in the expression levels of TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8 among the control, and limb-immobilized mice with and without ankle stretching. The expression levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly increased in the immobilized hind limb paw. Furthermore, ankle stretching significantly prevented the increases in their expression levels. CONCLUSION Limb-immobilization induced cold hypersensitivity as well as mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, and ankle stretching significantly prevented the hypersensitivity induction in the model mice. It would be of great interest to clarify whether a patient with limb-immobilization experiences cold hypersensitivity and whether ankle stretching might prevent hypersensitivity induction in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ibe
- Department of Musculoskeletal Anti-aging Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan; Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Tokushu-kai Hospital, Japan
| | - Kousuke Iba
- Department of Musculoskeletal Anti-aging Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan.
| | - Makoto Emori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenta Kiyomoto
- Department of Musculoskeletal Anti-aging Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan; Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Japan Health Care College, Japan
| | - Atsushi Teramoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kishikawa Y, Kawahara Y, Ohnishi YN, Sotogaku N, Koeda T, Kawahara H, Nishi A. Dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens in immobilization-induced hypersensitivity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:988178. [PMID: 36160381 PMCID: PMC9493457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.988178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cast immobilization causes sensory hypersensitivity, which is also a symptom of neuropathic pain and chronic pain. However, the mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced hypersensitivity remain unclear. The present study investigated the role of dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) of rats with cast immobilization-induced mechanical hypersensitivity using in vivo microdialysis. Cast immobilization of the hind limb decreased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). Mechanical stimulation of the cast-immobilized hind limb induced a decrease in dopamine in the NAcSh, and this decrease was associated with the upregulation of presynaptic D2-like receptors. A D2-like receptor antagonist infused into the NAcSh reversed the decrease in PWT in rats with cast immobilization, whereas a D2-like receptor agonist infused into the NAcSh induced a decrease in PWT in control rats. In addition, the expression of the D2 receptor (Drd2) mRNA in the NAcSh was increased by cast immobilization. Importantly, systemic administration of the D2-like receptor antagonist reversed the decrease in PWT in rats with cast immobilization. As dopamine levels regulated by presynaptic D2-like receptors did not correlate with the PWT, it is presumed that the D2-like receptor antagonist or agonist acts on postsynaptic D2-like receptors. These results suggest that immobilization-induced mechanical hypersensitivity is attributable to the upregulation of postsynaptic D2-like receptors in the NAc. Blockade of D2-like receptors in the NAcSh is a potential therapeutic strategy for immobilization-induced hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yukie Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukie Kawahara, ; Akinori Nishi,
| | | | - Naoki Sotogaku
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoko Koeda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawahara
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukie Kawahara, ; Akinori Nishi,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu PY, Menta B, Visk A, Ryals JM, Christianson JA, Wright DE, Chadwick AL. The impact of foot shock-induced stress on pain-related behavior associated with burn injury. Burns 2021; 47:1896-1907. [PMID: 33958242 PMCID: PMC8526636 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute pain is prevalent following burn injury and can often transition to chronic pain. Prolonged acute pain is an important risk factor for chronic pain and there is little preclinical research to address this problem. Using a mouse model of second-degree burn, we investigated whether pre-existing stress influences pain(sensitivity) after a burn injury. We introduced a contribution of stress in two different ways: (1) the use of foot-shock as a pre-injury stressor or (2) the use of A/J mice to represent higher pre-existing stress compared to C57Bl/6 mice. C57Bl/6 and A/J mice were exposed to repeated mild foot shock to induce stress for 10 continuous days and mice underwent either burn injury or sham burn injury of the plantar surface of the right hind paw. Assessments of mechanical and thermal sensitivities of the injured and uninjured paw were conducted during the shock protocol and at intervals up to 82-day post-burn injury. In both strains of mice that underwent burn injury, thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia appeared rapidly in the ipsilateral paw. Mice that were stressed took much longer to recover their hind paw mechanical thresholds to baseline compared to non-stressed mice in both burn and non-burn groups. Analysis of the two mouse strains revealed that the recovery of mechanical thresholds in A/J mice which display higher levels of baseline anxiety was shorter than C57Bl/6 mice. No differences were observed regarding thermal sensitivities between strains. Our results support the view that stress exposure prior to burn injury affects mechanical and thermal thresholds and may be relevant to as a risk factor for the transition from acute to chronic pain. Finally, genetic differences may play a key role in modality-specific recovery following burn injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Yen Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Blaise Menta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Alexander Visk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Janelle M Ryals
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Julie A Christianson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Andrea L Chadwick
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Voluntary Forelimbs Exercise Reduces Immobilization-Induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia in the Rat Hind Paw. Pain Res Manag 2021; 2021:5592992. [PMID: 34401008 PMCID: PMC8364427 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5592992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary exercise is sufficient to protect against neuropathic pain. However, it is unclear whether voluntary exercise reduces immobilization-induced hyperalgesia. We examined the effect of voluntary forelimb exercise on immobilized-induced hyperalgesia in hind paws of rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into the (1) both hind limbs immobilized group (IM group), (2) immobilization and exercise with nonimmobilized fore limbs group (EX group), and (3) control group. In the IM and EX groups, the bilateral ankle joints of each rat were immobilized in full plantar flexion with a plaster cast for eight weeks. In the EX group, voluntary exercise using nonimmobilized forelimbs in the running wheel was administered during the immobilization period, while hind limbs were kept immobilized (60 min/day, 5 days/week). Mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw was measured using a digital von Frey device every week. To investigate the abnormality of primary sensory neurons and central sensitization, the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion and the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal dorsal horn were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Immobilization-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited in the EX group compared to the IM group at three weeks after immobilization. In the EX group, the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion and the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide were significantly decreased compared to those in the IM group. Our results therefore suggest that voluntary forelimb exercise during hind limb immobilization partially reduces immobilization-induced hyperalgesia by suppressing that the plastic changes of the primary sensory nerves that excessively transmit pain and increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ota H, Takebe H, Mizumura K, Taguchi T. Responses of cutaneous C-fiber afferents and spinal microglia after hindlimb cast immobilization in rats. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:19. [PMID: 34162322 PMCID: PMC10717157 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that persistent limb immobilization using a cast increases nociceptive behavior to somatic stimuli in rats. However, the peripheral neural mechanisms of nociception remain unclear. Using single-fiber electrophysiological recordings in vitro, we examined the general characteristics of cutaneous C-fiber afferents in the saphenous nerve and their responsiveness to mechanical and heat stimuli in a rat model of immobilization-induced pain by subjecting the rats to hindlimb cast immobilization for 4 weeks. The mechanical response of C-fibers appeared to increase in the model; however, statistical analysis revealed that neither the response threshold nor the response magnitude was altered. The general characteristics and heat responses of the C-fibers were not altered. The number of microglia and cell diameters significantly increased in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Thus, activated microglia-mediated spinal mechanisms are associated with the induction of nociceptive hypersensitivity in rats after persistent cast immobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ota
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Haruna Takebe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sasaki R, Sakamoto J, Kondo Y, Oga S, Takeshita I, Honda Y, Kataoka H, Origuchi T, Okita M. Effects of Cryotherapy Applied at Different Temperatures on Inflammatory Pain During the Acute Phase of Arthritis in Rats. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6039322. [PMID: 33351944 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The biological mechanisms of cryotherapy for managing acute pain remain unclear. Additionally, it is unknown whether the effectiveness of cryotherapy depends on the applied temperature. This study aimed to clarify the biological effects of cryotherapy and to examine the therapeutic effects of cryotherapy applied at different temperatures in rats. METHODS This was an experimental study using a rat knee joint arthritis model. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into arthritis (AR), arthritis with 5°C cryotherapy (CR-5), arthritis with 10°C cryotherapy (CR-10), and sham-arthritis control (CON) groups. Arthritis was induced by injecting a mixture of kaolin/carrageenan into the right knee joint. Cryotherapy was applied for 7 days starting the day after injection by immersing the right knee joint in 5°C or 10°C water. Joint transverse diameter, pressure pain threshold, and pain-related behaviors were assessed for 7 days. The number of CD68-positive cells in the knee joint and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal dorsal horn 8 days after injection were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Improvements in transverse diameter, pressure pain threshold, and pain-related behaviors were observed in the CR-5 and CR-10 groups on the 3rd day compared with the AR group. The number of CD68-positive cells and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the CR-5 and CR-10 groups were significantly decreased compared with the AR group. There were no significant differences in all results between the CR-5 and CR-10 groups. CONCLUSIONS Cryotherapy can ameliorate inflammatory pain through reduction of synovium and central sensitization. Additionally, the effects of cryotherapy lower than 10°C are observed independent of applied temperature. IMPACT Cryotherapy may be beneficial as a physical therapy modality for pain and swelling management in the acute phase of inflammation. Translational human study is needed to determine the effective cryotherapy temperature for the inflammatory pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sasaki
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Juzenkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kondo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Japan Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oga
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Japan Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Idumi Takeshita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Honda
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kataoka
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tong Y, Ishikawa K, Sasaki R, Takeshita I, Sakamoto J, Okita M. The effects of wheel-running using the upper limbs following immobilization after inducing arthritis in the knees of rats. Physiol Res 2021; 70:79-87. [PMID: 33453715 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of wheel-running using the upper limbs following immobilization after inducing arthritis in the knees of rats. Forty male Wistar rats (aged 8 weeks) divided into four groups randomly: arthritis (AR), immobilization after arthritis (Im), wheel-running exercise with the upper limbs following immobilization after arthritis induction (Im+Ex) and sham arthritis induction (Con). The knee joints of the Im and Im+Ex groups were immobilized with a cast for 4 weeks. In the Im+Ex group, wheel-running exercise was administered for 60 min/day (5 times/week). The swelling and the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the knee joint were evaluated for observing the condition of inflammatory symptoms in affected area, and the paw withdraw response (PWR) was evaluated for observing the condition of secondary hyperalgesia in distant area. Especially, in order to evaluate histological inflammation in the knee joint, the number of macrophage (CD68-positive cells) in the synovium was examined. The expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal dorsal horn (L2-3 and L4-5) was examined to evaluate central sensitization. The Im+Ex group showed a significantly better recovery than the Im group in the swelling, PPTs, and PWRs. Additionally, CGRP expression of the spinal dorsal horn (L2-3 and L4-5) in the Im+Ex group was significantly decreased compared with the Im group. According to the results, upper limb exercise can decrease pain in the affected area, reduce hyperalgesia in distant areas, and suppress the central sensitization in the spinal dorsal horn by triggering exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tong
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hayashi K, Fukuyasu-Matsuo S, Inoue T, Fujiwara M, Asai Y, Iwata M, Suzuki S. Effects of cyclic stretching exercise on long-lasting hyperalgesia, joint contracture, and muscle injury following cast immobilization in rats. Physiol Res 2020; 69:861-870. [PMID: 32901491 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise on mechanical hyperalgesia, joint contracture, and muscle injury resulting from immobilization are not completely understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cyclic stretching on these parameters in a rat model of chronic post-cast pain (CPCP). Seventeen 8-week-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to (1) control group, (2) immobilization (CPCP) group, or (3) immobilization and stretching exercise (CPCP+STR) group. In the CPCP and CPCP+STR groups, both hindlimbs of each rat were immobilized in full plantar flexion with a plaster cast for a 4-week period. In the CPCP+STR group, cyclic stretching exercise was performed 6 days/week for 2 weeks, beginning immediately after cast removal prior to reloading. Although mechanical hyperalgesia in the plantar skin and calf muscle, ankle joint contracture, and gastrocnemius muscle injury were observed in both immobilized groups, these changes were significantly less severe in the CPCP+STR group than in the CPCP group. These results clearly demonstrate the beneficial effect of cyclic stretching exercises on widespread mechanical hyperalgesia, joint contracture, and muscle injury in a rat model of CPCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hayashi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oga S, Goto K, Sakamoto J, Honda Y, Sasaki R, Ishikawa K, Kataoka H, Nakano J, Origuchi T, Okita M. Mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced muscle pain in rats. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61:662-670. [PMID: 32083755 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced muscle pain in rats. METHODS In rat skeletal muscle, pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured, and nerve growth factor (NGF) level, peripheral nerve fiber density, macrophage number, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression were examined. An NGF receptor inhibitor was injected intramuscularly to assess the relationship between PPT and NGF levels. RESULTS Immobilization resulted in a decrease in PPT and increases in NGF level, C-fiber density, M1 macrophage number, and IL-1β mRNA expression. Injection of NGF receptor inhibitor reversed the decrease in PPT. DISCUSSION NGF upregulation may be a major contributor to immobilization-induced muscle pain. The increases in C-fiber density, M1 macrophage number, and IL-1β mRNA expression may be related to immobilization-induced muscle pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Oga
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyo Goto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Honda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Sasaki
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Juzenkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kataoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ishikawa K, Kajiwara Y, Sakamoto J, Sasaki R, Goto K, Honda Y, Kataoka H, Okita M. Low-intensity muscle contraction exercise following the onset of arthritis improves hyperalgesia via reduction of joint inflammation and central sensitization in the spinal cord in a rat model. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:18-23. [PMID: 31026533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of immobilization, low-intensity muscle contraction exercise, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on tissue inflammation and acute pain following the onset of arthritis in a rat model. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) Arthritis group, (2) arthritis and immobilization (Immobilization group), (3) arthritis and low intensity muscle contraction (Exercise group), (4) arthritis and TENS (TENS group), and (5) sham arthritis (Sham group). Arthritis was induced in the right knee joints by single injection of 3% kaolin and carrageenan. Immobilization of the right hindlimb was conducted by full extension of the right knee joints and full plantar flexion of the ankle joints using a plaster cast for 7 days after injection. The right quadriceps muscles were subjected to electrical stimulation (frequency: 50 Hz; intensity: 2-3 mA) for 20 min/day as contraction exercise for one week. TENS was delivered at 20 min/day for one week (frequency: 50 Hz; intensity: 1 mA). The pressure pain threshold (PPT) and paw withdrawal response (PWR) were evaluated at 1 and 7 days after injection. We also analyzed the number of CD68-positive cells in the synovium by immunohistochemistry and determined the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal dorsal horn with immunofluorescence. Improvements of both PPT and PWR were observed in the Exercise group at 7 days after injection compared to those of the Arthritis and Immobilization groups, although only improvement of PPT was observed in the TENS group. The number of CD68-positive cells in the synovium and CGRP expression in the dorsal horn decreased only in the Exercise group. These results suggested that low-intensity muscle contraction exercise might be a better treatment for reduction of arthritis-induced inflammation and acute pain compared to immobilization and TENS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ishikawa
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajiwara
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan
| | - Junya Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan.
| | - Ryo Sasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Juzenkai Hospital, Kago 7-18, Nagasaki, 850-0905, Japan; Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan
| | - Kyo Goto
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Fukahori 1-11-5, Nagasaki, 851-0301, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Honda
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan
| | - Hideki Kataoka
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Fukahori 1-11-5, Nagasaki, 851-0301, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan; Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sole vibration improves locomotion through the recovery of joint movements in a mouse cast model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186189. [PMID: 29040289 PMCID: PMC5645094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a vibratory stimulus on the plantar surface of the hind limb for motor, sensory, and locomotive function using a mouse cast model. The right knee joint of C57BL/6 male mice (7 weeks, 20 g, n = 31) was flexed with aluminum splint and tape for 6 weeks. These mice were randomly divided into 2 groups (control group, n = 11 and vibration group, n = 12). The mice in the vibration group received vibration on the sole of the ankle for 15 minutes per day, 5 days per week. After the knee joint cast was removed, we measured the range of motion (ROM) of both knee and ankle joints and the sensory threshold of the sole. Further, both walking and swimming movements were analyzed with a digital video. The sole vibration did not affect the passive ROM of the knee joint and sensory threshold after cast removal. However, it increased the ankle dorsiflexion range and improved free walking, swimming, and active movement of the knee joint. In conclusion, we show that the vibration recovered both walking and swimming movements, which resulted from improvements in both the passive ankle dorsiflexion and active knee movement.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fujiwara M, Iwata M, Inoue T, Aizawa Y, Yoshito N, Hayashi K, Suzuki S. Decreased grip strength, muscle pain, and atrophy occur in rats following long-term exposure to excessive repetitive motion. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1737-1749. [PMID: 29123982 PMCID: PMC5666401 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) are caused by the overuse of muscles in the workplace. Performing repetitive tasks is a primary risk factor for the development of WMSD. Many workers in highly repetitive jobs exhibit muscle pain and decline in handgrip strength, yet the mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions are poorly understood. In our study, rats performed voluntary repetitive reaching and grasping tasks (Task group), while Control group rats did not perform these activities. In the Task group, grip strength and forearm flexor withdrawal threshold declined significantly from week 2 to week 6, compared with these values at week 0 (P < 0.05). Relative muscle weight and muscle fiber cross‐sectional area of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles decreased significantly in the Task group, compared with the Control group, at 6 weeks (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Nerve growth factor, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, and tumor necrosis factor α‐expression in FDS muscles were not significantly different in Control and Task groups at 3 and 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the Task group had elevated MuRF1 protein levels (P = 0.065) and significant overexpression of the autophagy‐related (Atg) proteins, Beclin1 and Atg5–Atg12, compared with in the Control group (both P < 0.05). These data suggested that long‐term exposure to excessive repetitive motion causes loss of grip strength, muscle pain, and skeletal muscle atrophy. Furthermore, this exposure may enhance protein degradation through both the ubiquitin‐proteasome and autophagy‐lysosome systems, thereby decreasing skeletal muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Fujiwara
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Kamiiida Rehabilitation Hospital Nagoya Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwata
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Faculty of Health Sciences Nihon Fukushi University Handa Aichi Japan
| | - Takayuki Inoue
- Department of Rehabilitation Nagoya University Hospital Japan
| | - Yosuke Aizawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital Nagoya Japan
| | - Natsumi Yoshito
- Department of Rehabilitation Nagoya City University Hospital Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center Aichi Medical University Nagakute Aichi Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aihara K, Ono T, Umei N, Tsumiyama W, Tasaka A, Ishikura H, Sato Y, Matsumoto T, Oki S. A study of the relationships of changes in pain and gait after tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:98-101. [PMID: 28210050 PMCID: PMC5300816 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of changes in pain
and gait after ischemia reperfusion was induced by tourniquet in rats. [Subjects and
Methods] The subjects were six ten-week-old male Wistar rats. Ischemia was induced in the
left lower limbs of the experimental rats at a pressure of 300 mmHg for 90 minutes. Pain
behavior evaluations were measured using the von Frey test in all the rats’ hind limbs. A
consistently increasing plantar stimulus was applied until the rats exhibited an escape
behavior. For the evaluation of gait, a two-dimensional motion analysis system was used to
measure the distance from the calcaneus to the floor (DCF) and toe extension angle (TEA)
during gait. The evaluations were performed in the normal state, 3 hours after
ischemia-reperfusion, and daily until 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion. [Results]
Compared with the normal state, the means of the pain threshold showed a significant
decrease until 4 days after ischemia. In addition, both TEA and DCF continued to show a
significant decrease at 7 days after ischemia as compared with the normal state.
[Conclusion] This study revealed that hyperalgesia occurs after ischemia-reperfusion, and
recovery of hyperalgesia occurred earlier than gait dysfunction recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Aihara
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeya Ono
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Namiko Umei
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsumiyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tasaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Health Science University, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishikura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapist, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima Cosmopolitan University, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Oki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effects of Vibration Therapy on Immobilization-Induced Hypersensitivity in Rats. Phys Ther 2015; 95:1015-26. [PMID: 25655883 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20140137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cast immobilization induces mechanical hypersensitivity, which disturbs rehabilitation. Although vibration therapy can reduce various types of pain, whether vibration reduces immobilization-induced hypersensitivity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of vibration therapy on immobilization-induced hypersensitivity. DESIGN The experimental design of the study involved conducting behavioral, histological, and immunohistochemical studies in model rats. METHODS Thirty-five Wistar rats (8 weeks old, all male) were used. The right ankle joints of 30 rats were immobilized by plaster cast for 8 weeks, and 5 rats were used as controls. The immobilized rats were divided randomly into the following 3 groups: (1) immobilization-only group (Im, n=10); (2) vibration therapy group 1, for which vibration therapy was initiated immediately after the onset of immobilization (Im+Vib1, n=10); and (3) vibration therapy group 2, for which vibration therapy was initiated 4 weeks after the onset of immobilization (Im+Vib2, n=10). Vibration was applied to the hind paw. The mechanical hypersensitivity and epidermal thickness of the hind paw skin were measured. To investigate central sensitization, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was analyzed. RESULTS Immobilization-induced hypersensitivity was inhibited in the Im+Vib1 group but not in the Im+Vib2 group. Central sensitization, which was indicated by increases in CGRP expression in the spinal cord and the size of the area of CGRP-positive neurons in the DRG, was inhibited in only the Im+Vib1 group. Epidermal thickness was not affected by vibration stimulation. LIMITATIONS A limitation of this study is that the results were limited to an animal model and cannot be generalized to humans. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that initiation of vibration therapy in the early phase of immobilization may inhibit the development of immobilization-induced hypersensitivity.
Collapse
|
15
|
The proliferation and tenogenic differentiation potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell are influenced by specific uniaxial cyclic tensile loading conditions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:649-63. [PMID: 25351891 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that mechanical stimuli are important for multipotent human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) to maintain good tissue homeostasis and even to enhance tissue repair processes. In tendons, this is achieved by promoting the cellular proliferation and tenogenic expression/differentiation. The present study was conducted to determine the optimal loading conditions needed to achieve the best proliferation rates and tenogenic differentiation potential. The effects of mechanical uniaxial stretching using different rates and strains were performed on hMSCs cultured in vitro. hMSCs were subjected to cyclical uniaxial stretching of 4, 8 or 12 % strain at 0.5 or 1 Hz for 6, 24, 48 or 72 h. Cell proliferation was analyzed using alamarBlue[Formula: see text] assay, while hMSCs differentiation was analyzed using total collagen assay and specific tenogenic gene expression markers (type I collagen, type III collagen, decorin, tenascin-C, scleraxis and tenomodulin). Our results demonstrate that the highest cell proliferation is observed when 4 % strain [Formula: see text] 1 Hz was applied. However, at 8 % strain [Formula: see text] 1 Hz loading, collagen production and the tenogenic gene expression were highest. Increasing strain or rates thereafter did not demonstrate any significant increase in both cell proliferation and tenogenic differentiation. In conclusion, our results suggest that 4 % [Formula: see text] 1 Hz cyclic uniaxial loading increases cell proliferation, but higher strains are required for superior tenogenic expressions. This study suggests that selected loading regimes will stimulate tenogenesis of hMSCs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hyperalgesia in an immobilized rat hindlimb: effect of treadmill exercise using non-immobilized limbs. Neurosci Lett 2014; 584:66-70. [PMID: 25304541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cast immobilization of limbs causes hyperalgesia, which is a decline of the threshold of mechanical and thermal mechanical stimuli. The immobilization-induced hyperalgesia (IIH) can disturb rehabilitation and activities of daily living in patients with orthopedic disorders. However, it is unclear what therapeutic and preventive approaches can be used to alleviate IIH. Exercise that activates the descending pain modulatory system may be effective for IIH. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise during the immobilization period, using the non-immobilized limbs, on IIH. Thirty-six 8-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into (1) control, (2) immobilization (Im), and (3) immobilization and treadmill exercise (Im+Ex) groups. In the Im and Im+Ex groups, the right ankle joints of each rat were immobilized in full plantar flexion with a plaster cast for an 8-week period. In the Im+Ex group, treadmill exercise (15 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week) was administered during the immobilization period while the right hindlimb was kept immobilized. Mechanical hyperalgesia was measured using von Frey filaments every week. To investigate possible activation of the descending pain modulatory system, beta-endorphin expression levels in hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray were analyzed. Although IIH clearly occurred in the Im group, the hyperalgesia was partially but significantly reduced in the Im+Ex group. Beta-endorphin, which is one of the endogenous opioids, was selectively increased in the hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray of the Im+Ex group. Our data suggest that treadmill running using the non-immobilized limbs reduces the amount of hyperalgesia induced in the immobilized limb even if it is not freed. This ameliorating effect might be due to the descending pain modulatory system being activated by upregulation of beta-endorphin in the brain.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sakamoto J, Morimoto Y, Ishii S, Nakano J, Manabe Y, Okita M, Tsurumoto T. Investigation and macroscopic anatomical study of referred pain in patients with hip disease. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:203-8. [PMID: 24648632 PMCID: PMC3944289 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and patterns of referred
pain in patients with hip disease, as well as the nerve distribution in the hip and knee
joints of 2 cadavers. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 113 patients with hip joint
disease were included in the investigation. The incidence of regional pain and referred
pain patterns were evaluated before and after arthroplasty. Two cadavers were
macroscopically observed to verify the nerve innervation of the hip and knee joints.
[Results] Anterior knee pain was observed preoperatively in 13.3% (in resting) and 33.6%
(in motion) of the patients, which was comparable with the incidence of greater trochanter
pain. In addition, the preoperative incidence rates of knee pain in resting and motion
markedly decreased postoperatively. Of note is the remarkable incidence of pain radiating
to the ventral lower limb. An anteromedial innervation was determined in the cadavers by
the articular branches of the obturator and femoral nerve, which supply small branches to
the knee joints. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that the distribution of the incidence
of pain among the patients with hip disease is diverse owing to the sensory distribution
of the femoral and obturator nerves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Sakamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yosuke Morimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan ; Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Shun Ishii
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Unit of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Manabe
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Anthropology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsurumoto
- Department of Macroscopic Morphology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamaue Y, Nakano J, Sekino Y, Chuganji S, Sakamoto J, Yoshimura T, Origuchi T, Okita M. Immobilization-induced hypersensitivity associated with spinal cord sensitization during cast immobilization and after cast removal in rats. J Physiol Sci 2013; 63:401-8. [PMID: 23818166 PMCID: PMC10717811 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in the rat hind paw during cast immobilization of the hind limbs for 4 or 8 weeks and following cast removal. Blood flow, skin temperature, and volume of the rat hind paw were assessed in order to determine peripheral circulation of the hind limbs. Sensitization was analyzed by measuring the expression of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal dorsal horn following cast immobilization. Two weeks post immobilization, mechanical and thermal sensitivities increased significantly in all rats; however, peripheral circulation was not affected by immobilization. Cast immobilization for 8 weeks induced more serious hypersensitivity compared to cast immobilization for 4 weeks. Moreover, CGRP expression in the deeper lamina layer of the spinal dorsal horn increased in the rats immobilized for 8 weeks but not in those immobilized for 4 weeks. These findings suggest that immobilization-induced hypersensitivity develops during the immobilization period without affecting peripheral circulation. Our results also highlight the possibility that prolonged immobilization induces central sensitization in the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hamaue
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8520 Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Juzenkai Hospital, 7-18 Kago-machi, Nagasaki, 850-0905 Japan
| | - Jiro Nakano
- Unit of Physical and Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8520 Japan
| | - Yuki Sekino
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8520 Japan
| | - Sayaka Chuganji
- Unit of Physical and Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8520 Japan
| | - Jyunya Sakamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Toshiro Yoshimura
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8520 Japan
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8520 Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8520 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tanaka Y, Nakano J, Hamaue Y, Sekino Y, Sakamoto J, Kataoka H, Okita M. Hindlimb suspension does not influence mechanical sensitivity, epidermal thickness, and peripheral nerve density in the glabrous skin of the rat hind paw. Physiol Res 2012; 62:119-23. [PMID: 23173683 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the influence of microgravity on the sensitivity of the skin to mechanical stimulation, epidermal thickness, peripheral nerve density in the upper dermis, and serum levels of a stress marker in a rat hindlimb suspension (HS) model. Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: HS, n=10; sham HS, n=10; control, n=10. The suspension system was attached to rat tails in both the HS and sham-HS groups, but the hindlimbs were suspended only in the HS group. The HS and sham-HS groups were treated for 4 weeks. In behavioral tests using von-Frey filaments (n=5 in each group), mechanical hypersensitivity developed in the HS and sham HS groups. Serum corticosterone levels increased significantly in the HS and sham HS groups compared to the control group, and no changes in epidermal thickness or peripheral nerve density were observed immediately after the removal of HS (n=5 in each group). These data indicated that the mechanical hypersensitivity observed in the HS group was not caused by microgravity or inactivity, but rather by restraint stress. We suggest that microgravity does not affect skin sensitivity and histology in these animals. Unit of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|