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Zhang SY, Jeffers MS, Lagace DC, Kirton A, Silasi G. Developmental and Interventional Plasticity of Motor Maps after Perinatal Stroke. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6157-6172. [PMID: 34083257 PMCID: PMC8276736 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3185-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the perinatal stroke field, there is a need to establish preclinical models where putative biomarkers for motor function can be examined. In a mouse model of perinatal stroke, we evaluated motor map size and movement latency following optogenetic cortical stimulation against three factors of post-stroke biomarker utility: (1) correlation to chronic impairment on a behavioral test battery; (2) amenability to change using a skilled motor training paradigm; and (3) ability to distinguish individuals with potential to respond well to training. Thy1-ChR2-YFP mice received a photothrombotic stroke at postnatal day 7 and were evaluated on a battery of motor tests between days 59 and 70. Following a cranial window implant, mice underwent longitudinal optogenetic motor mapping both before and after 3 weeks of skilled forelimb training. Map size and movement latency of both hemispheres were positively correlated with impaired spontaneous forelimb use, whereas only ipsilesional hemisphere map size was correlated with performance in skilled reaching. Map size and movement latency did not show groupwise changes with training; however, mice with the smallest pretraining map sizes and worst impairments demonstrated the greatest expansion of map size in response to skilled forelimb training. Overall, motor map size showed utility as a potential biomarker for impairment and training-induced modulation in specific individuals. Future assessment of the predictive capacity of post-stroke motor representations for behavioral outcome in animal models opens the possibility of dissecting how plasticity mechanisms contribute to recovery following perinatal stroke.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We investigated the utility of two cortical motor representation measures (motor map size and movement onset latency) as potential biomarkers for post-stroke motor recovery in a mouse model of perinatal stroke. Both motor map size and movement latency were associated with functional recovery after perinatal stroke, with map size showing an additional association between training responsiveness and severity of impairment. Overall, both motor map size and movement onset latency show potential as neurophysiological correlates of recovery. As such, future studies of perinatal stroke rehabilitation and neuromodulation should include these measures to help explain neurophysiological changes that might be occurring in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Matthew S Jeffers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Diane C Lagace
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Adam Kirton
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Calgary, Alberta, Canada K1H 8M5
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Gergely Silasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Svoboda J, Litvinec A, Kala D, Pošusta A, Vávrová L, Jiruška P, Otáhal J. Strain differences in intraluminal thread model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Physiol Res 2019; 68:37-48. [PMID: 30433803 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is despite of progressive improvements in treatment and reperfusion strategies one of the most devastating human pathology. However, as quality of acute health care improves and more people survive ischemic attack, healthcare specialists have to solve new challenges to preserve reasonable quality of life to these patients. Thus, novel approaches which prevents comorbidities of stroke and improve quality of life of stroke survivors in general has to be developed and experimentally tested. The aim of the present paper was to establish reliable rat model of middle cerebral occlusion and set of methods allowing selection of animals suitable for long-term experiments. We have compared mortality rates, cerebral blood flow and extension of ischemic lesion induced by intraluminal filament in three widely used outbred rat strains. We have additionally used an animal 18F-DG PET scans to verify its reliability in noninvasive detection of ischemic infarct in acute period (24 h after MCAO) for selecting animals eligible for long survival experiments. Our data clearly indicates that high variability between rat strains might negatively influence stroke induction by intraluminal thread occlusion of middle cerebral artery. Most reliable outbred rat strain in our hands was Sprague-Dawley where maximal reduction of cerebral blood flow and extensive ischemic lesion was observed. Contrary, Wistar rats exhibited higher mortality and Long-Evans rats significantly smaller or no ischemic region in comparison to Sprague-Dawley. Additionally, we have confirmed a positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose as suitable method to assess extension of ischemic region in acute period after the experimental arterial occlusion in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Svoboda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Jia JM, Peng C, Wang Y, Zheng J, Ge WP. Control of occlusion of middle cerebral artery in perinatal and neonatal mice with magnetic force. Mol Brain 2018; 11:47. [PMID: 30157965 PMCID: PMC6114863 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic perinatal stroke (IPS) is common, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. In such cases, the incidence of unilateral arterial cerebral infarction is often occluded in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), leading to focal ischemia. In adult rodents, blockage of MCA is the most frequently used strategy for ischemic stroke study. However, modeling MCA occlusion (MCAo) in postnatal day 0-7 (P0-7) mouse pups for IPS study has not been accomplished. Here we occluded the dMCA by inducing the accumulation of magnetic particles (MPs) administered through the superficial temporal vein of mice between P0 and P7, which we called neonatal or perinatal SIMPLE (Stroke Induced with Magnetic Particles). SIMPLE produced either permanent or transient occlusion in the dMCA of perinatal and neonatal mice. Permanent MCA occlusion with SIMPLE resulted in cerebral infarction and neuronal death in the brain. SIMPLE can also be used to reliably produce focal ischemic stroke in neonatal or perinatal mouse brains. As a result, SIMPLE allows the modeling of IPS or focal ischemic stroke for further mechanistic studies in mice, with particular utility for mimicking transient focal ischemia in human pre-term babies, which for the first time here has been accomplished in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Min Jia
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chuanqi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Yihui Wang
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Departments of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Neurology and Neurtherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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RILJAK V, KRAF J, DARYANANI A, JIRUŠKA P, OTÁHAL J. Pathophysiology of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy – Biomarkers, Animal Models and Treatment Perspectives. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S533-S545. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the leading pediatric neurological conditions causing long-term disabilities and socio-economical burdens. Nearly 20-50 % of asphyxiated newborns with HIE die within the newborn period and another third will develop severe health consequences and permanent handicaps. HIE is the result of severe systemic oxygen deprivation and reduced cerebral blood flow, commonly occurring in full-term infants. Hypoxic-ischemic changes trigger several molecular and cellular processes leading to cell death and inflammation. Generated reactive oxygen species attack surrounding cellular components resulting in functional deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of the present paper is to review present knowledge about the pathophysiology of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, especially with respect to novel treatment strategies and biomarkers that might enhance early detection of this disorder and thus improve the general outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. OTÁHAL
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tuor UI, Qiao M, Sule M, Morgunov M, Foniok T. Magnetic resonance imaging of ischemic injury produced by varying severities of photothrombosis differs in neonatal and adult brain. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1700-1708. [PMID: 27731914 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of disability in adults and children. Recently, we have developed an adult rat model of minor stroke containing a peri-infarct region with a modest T2 increase and mild ischemic damage. We hypothesized that a neonatal minor stroke with mild peri-ischemic changes could also be produced, but with potential ontogenic differences. Using our minor photothrombosis method, we produced a range of severities of ischemic lesions (mini, minor, moderate and severe) within magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slices of adult and neonatal rats. In both age groups, the lesion region showed a marked increase in T2 and diffusion-weighted intensity and decrease in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), corresponding to a cortical infarct detected using fluorojade and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Perilesional regions showed modest increases in T2 and ADC in adults, but not neonates, and this corresponded to scattered cell death, but not necessarily extravasation of plasma protein, i.e. blood-brain barrier disruption. Mini and minor insults in neonates generally showed homogeneous and rather modest changes in T2 and ADC. MR perfusion maps demonstrated a penumbral area of greater hypoperfusion in adults compared with neonates. Together, the results indicate that, in neonatal cortex, a similar severity of photothrombosis occurs throughout the area of photoactivation, whereas, in adult brain, spontaneous clot lysis and/or partial thrombosis occurs adjacent to permanently occluded vessels. Thus, by comparing differing severities of photothrombotic ischemia in neonates and adults, ontogenic differences were detectable using MRI, with mature brain having a greater penumbral region. Mild ischemic injury and scattered cell death in both neonates and adults could be identified by a modest increase in T2 and decrease in ADC. A better understanding of the effects of development on ischemic responses and associated MRI changes will provide a basis for the improved diagnosis of mild or minor ischemic insults relevant to pediatric and adult stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula I Tuor
- Physiology and Pharmacology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Experimental Imaging Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Min Qiao
- Physiology and Pharmacology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Manasi Sule
- Physiology and Pharmacology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Melissa Morgunov
- Physiology and Pharmacology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Foniok
- Experimental Imaging Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Augmentation of M-type (KCNQ) potassium channels as a novel strategy to reduce stroke-induced brain injury. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2101-11. [PMID: 25653366 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3805-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a worldwide cause of mortality/morbidity and thus an important focus of research to decrease the severity of brain injury. Therapeutic options for acute stroke are still limited. In neurons throughout the brain, "M-type" K(+) currents, underlain by KCNQ subunits 2-5, play dominant roles in control over excitability, and are thus implicated in myriad neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although KCNQ channel openers, such as retigabine, have emerged as anti-epilepsy drugs, their effects on ischemic injury remain unknown. Here, we investigated the protective effects of M-channel openers on stroke-induced brain injury in mouse photothrombotic and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models. Both photothrombosis and MCAo led to rapid, predictable, and consistently sized necrotic brain lesions, inflammatory responses, and behavioral deficits. Administration of three distinct M-channel openers at 0-6 h after ischemic injury significantly decreased brain infarct size and inflammation, and prevented neurological dysfunction, although they were more effective when administered 0-3 h poststroke. Thus, we show beneficial effects against stroke-induced brain injury and neuronal death through pharmacological regulation of ion channels that control neuronal excitability.
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Clowry GJ, Basuodan R, Chan F. What are the Best Animal Models for Testing Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy? Front Neurol 2014; 5:258. [PMID: 25538677 PMCID: PMC4255621 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One drawback to this approach is that interventions have to undergo exceptionally rigorous assessment for both safety and efficacy prior to use in infants. Part of this process should involve research using animals but how good are our animal models? Part of the problem is that cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that covers a number of conditions. There are also many causal pathways to cerebral palsy, such as periventricular white matter injury in premature babies, perinatal infarcts of the middle cerebral artery, or generalized anoxia at the time of birth, indeed multiple causes, including intra-uterine infection or a genetic predisposition to infarction, may need to interact to produce a clinically significant injury. In this review, we consider which animal models best reproduce certain aspects of the condition, and the extent to which the multifactorial nature of cerebral palsy has been modeled. The degree to which the corticospinal system of various animal models human corticospinal system function and development is also explored. Where attempts have already been made to test early intervention in animal models, the outcomes are evaluated in light of the suitability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin John Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Felix Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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BROŽÍČKOVÁ C, MIKULECKÁ A, OTÁHAL J. Effect of 7-Nitroindazole, a Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, on Behavioral and Physiological Parameters. Physiol Res 2014; 63:637-48. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of brain derived nitric oxide in the physiology and behavior remains disputable. One of the reasons of the controversies might be systemic side effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Therefore, under nNOS inhibition by 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) we carried out recordings of blood gasses, blood pressure and spontaneous EEG in conscious adult rats. Locomotion and spontaneous behavior were assessed in an open field. In addition skilled walking and limb coordination were evaluated using a ladder rung walking test. The blood gas analysis revealed a significant increase in pCO2 180 min and 240 min after the application of 7-NI. The power and entropy decreased simultaneously with a shift of the mean frequency of the spontaneous EEG toward slow oscillations after 7-NI treatment. The thresholds of evoked potentials underwent a significant drop and a trend towards a slight increase in the I-O curve slope was observed. 7-NI significantly suppressed open field behavior expressed as distance moved, exploratory rearing and grooming. As for the ladder rung walking test the 7-NI treated animals had more errors in foot placement indicating impairment in limb coordination. Therefore our findings suggest that 7-NI increased cortical excitability and altered some physiological and behavioral parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. OTÁHAL
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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