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Riaz K, Iqbal T, Khan S, Usman A, Al-Ghamdi MS, Shami A, El Hadi Mohamed RA, Almadiy AA, Al Galil FMA, Alfuhaid NA, Ahmed N, Alam P. Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor L.) as a Sustainable Food Source. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091891. [PMID: 37174429 PMCID: PMC10178433 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a sustainable food source for humans, mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have a great deal of potential, due to the fact that they have a very favorable nutritional profile and a low environmental impact. For meal production, feed formulation and optimization are important. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the most consumed insect in the world. Mealworms were given a variety of diets, including wheat bran as constant diet supplemented with different levels of Ospor (Bacillus clausii) at 0.002 g, 0.004 g, 0.006 g, and 0.008 g; imutec (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) at 0.2 g. 0.4 g, 0.6 g, and 0.8 g; fungi (Calocybe indica) at 250 g, 500 g, and 750 g; yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at 50 g, 100 g, and 150 g; and wheat bran (standard diet) were examined in complete randomized design (CRD). Different parameters, i.e., the larval, pupal, and adult weight, size, life span, and nutritional profile of mealworm were studied. When compared with other insect growth promoters, only wheat bran was discovered to be the most efficient. It generated the heaviest and longest larvae at 65.03 mg and 18.32 mm, respectively, as well as pupae weighing 107.55 mg and 19.94 mm, respectively, and adults weighing 87.52 mg and 20.26 mm, respectively. It was also determined that fungi (C. indica) and ospor (B. clausii) promoted faster larval development than yeast (S. cerevisiae) and imutec (L. rhamnosus). Larval mortality was also greater in the imutec (L. rhamnosus) and yeast (S. cerevisiae) diets than the others. No pupal mortality was recorded in all diets. Furthermore, the protein content of Tenebrio. molitor raised on a diet including fungi (C. indica) was the highest at (375 g), with a content of 68.31%, followed by a concentration of (250 g) with a content of 67.84%, and wheat bran (1 kg) (normal diet) with the lowest content at 58.91%. T. molitor larvae fed a diet supplemented with bacterial and fungal had lower fat and ash content than bran-fed T. molitor larvae (standard diet). Wheat bran (normal diet) had the highest fat at 16.11%, and ash at 7.71%. Hence, it is concluded that wheat bran alone or diet containing fungi (C. indica) and ospor (B. clausii) performed better in terms of growth, and these diets and protein content are recommended for the mass rearing of mealworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Riaz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Toheed Iqbal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sarzamin Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Usman
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mariam S Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Almadiy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Adaptability Challenges for Organic Broiler Chickens: A Commentary. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111354. [PMID: 35681819 PMCID: PMC9179304 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Organic poultry shows an increasing productive trend, rising from 3% in 2017 to 8% in 2019. Regulation EU 848/2018 puts great emphasis on the ability of broilers to adapt to outdoor systems as being essential for organic production. Organic poultry operators meet with regulatory constraints, consumer concerns, and challenges in terms of nutrition, welfare, health, and sustainability. The present commentary considers recent studies on and innovations in these topics that can affect organic production in addition to recent studies on animal adaptability to this production system. It reflects on the concept of broiler adaptability to organic systems not only as a classic genotype–environment interaction but as a necessary prerequisite for facing these relevant challenges. Abstract As organic and conventional poultry production increased in the last decade, so did consumers’ concerns, sustainability requirements, and animal welfare as well as health issues. According to Reg. EU 848/2008 on organic production, poultry must be adapted to organic outdoor systems and cope with all the regulatory constraints in terms of nutrition, health, and welfare. Adaptability must take into account the above challenges, constraints, and concerns. Chicken adaptability should not only mean being able to use pasture and outdoor areas, but also mean being able to overcome, or be resilient to, the challenges of organic farming without compromising welfare, performance, and product quality. This commentary identifies solutions to the new challenges that organic poultry chains must face in future productive scenarios, detects consumer viewpoints to provide a perspective on organic poultry production, and summarizes as well as defines chicken adaptability to organic production, assessing the main factors of chicken adaptability.
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Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091969. [PMID: 35565936 PMCID: PMC9099610 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products.
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Cherian G, Fraz A, Khan IA, Brackeen B. Evaluation of Two Types of Ingredients from Marine Fish Rest Raw Materials in Broiler Diets: Effects on Live Performance and Meat Lipid Composition. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Use of microalgal lipids and carbohydrates for the synthesis of carbon dots via hydrothermal microwave treatment. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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El-Dakar MA, Ramzy RR, Wang D, Ji H. Sustainable management of Se-rich silkworm residuals by black soldier flies larvae to produce a high nutritional value and accumulate ω-3 PUFA. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 124:72-81. [PMID: 33610113 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Waste disposal and utilisation of its important components are pioneering goals for achieving sustainable development and a clean environment. Silkworm pupae (SWP) are considered a by-product of the sericulture industry and may contain a high concentration of selenium (Se) in some regions, making them a potentially hazardous waste posing health risks. This study examined six treatments of Se-rich SWP (0-100%) as a substrate for black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. Growth performance and protein content of BSF larvae were not affected by increasing SWP content. The total fat, mono-, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids in BSF pre-pupae increased with increasing SWP inclusion in the substrate, from P0 (pre-pupae fed control treatment) through P100 (pre-pupae fed 100% SWP treatment), by 18.83, 61.14, and 62.42%, respectively. The results of significance were: (1) BSF pre-pupae did not accumulate Se, maintaining the same amount of Se in their bodies (~0.18 mg/kg); (2) omega-3 fatty acids represented by linolenic acid in BSF increased by 1,223.35% from P0 to P100, with 70.65% recovered from the SWP; (3) valine percentage increased in BSF compared with the percentage of SWP by 25.30%; and (4) BSF larvae were observed reducing SWP waste by more than one-third. BSF larvae can reduce the waste from sericulture industry and exploit the beneficial properties and components of SWP, converting them into safe and highly nutritious products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A El-Dakar
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Remondah R Ramzy
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dun Wang
- Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Gorlov IF, Slozhenkina MI, Mosolova NI, Grishin VS, Mosolov AA, Bondarkova EY, Anisimova EY, Starodubova YV, Brekhova SA, Andreev-Chadaev PS. Locusta migratoria extruded meal in young steers diet: evaluation of growth performance, blood indices and meat traits of Calves Kasakh white-headed breed. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1802282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fiodorovich Gorlov
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
- Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Marina Ivanovna Slozhenkina
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
- Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Natalia Ivanovna Mosolova
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
- Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sergeevich Grishin
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
| | | | - Elena Yurievna Bondarkova
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Elena Yurievna Anisimova
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
- Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana Andreevna Brekhova
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-And-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
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Upadhyaya I, Arsi K, Fanatico A, Wagle B, Shrestha S, Upadhyay A, Coon C, Schlumbohm M, Trushenski J, Owens-Hanning C, Riaz M, Farnell M, Donoghue D, Donoghue A. Bigheaded Carp-Based Meal as a Sustainable and Natural Source of Methionine in Feed for Ecological and Organic Poultry Production. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Morales-Ramos JA, Kelstrup HC, Rojas MG, Emery V. Body Mass Increase Induced by Eight Years of Artificial Selection in the Yellow Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Life History Trade-offs. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:4. [PMID: 30822778 PMCID: PMC6403474 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to improve rearing conditions of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) for insect biomass production included selecting for larger size pupae. The effects of an 8-yr continuous selection of T. molitor pupae for larger size were studied. Data consisting of daily counts and weights of pupae were analyzed using regression to determine the effects of selection over time. A preliminary evaluation of food conversion, growth, fecundity, and larval survival was done to compare ancestral versus selected strains. A significant positive correlation was identified between pupal size and time indicating a significant increase in pupal size over time in the selected T. molitor strain. A preliminary comparison of ancestral and selected strains showed significantly larger pupal size, growth rate, fecundity, and efficiency of conversion of ingested food in the selected strain. However, the selected strain also showed significantly lower larval survival than the ancestral strain. The low larval survival impacted the overall productivity of the selected strain resulting in no significant differences in biomass production when compared with the ancestral strain. The potential of using selection to improve biomass productivity in T. molitor is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Morales-Ramos
- USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Stoneville, MS
| | | | - M Guadalupe Rojas
- USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Stoneville, MS
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