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de Paula VRC, Pasquetti TJ, de Oliveira NTE, Tanamati W, Silveira RMF, Pozza PC. Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan and lysine affects the eating and sleeping behavior of 15-30 kg barrows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:309. [PMID: 37731057 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan (Trp) and lysine (Lys) levels on eating and sleeping behavior and the respective feed intake of barrows. Sixty-four pigs, averaging 15.00 ± 1.63 kg of initial body weight, were used and distributed in a randomized blocks design, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, consisting of four levels of SID Trp (0.155, 0.185, 0.215, 0.245%) and four levels of SID Lys (0.972, 1.112, 1.252, and 1.392%). Behavior evaluation was performed by an instantaneous sampling using 10-min intervals during 24 h, at each 7 days (days 7, 14, and 21), and each day was divided into four times of 6 h each one (08:30-14:20, 14:30-20:20, 20:30-02:20, and 02:30-08:20 h), during all the experimental period, yielding a total of 3 × 24 h behavior recordings (72 h) × 6 10-min intervals, totalizing 432 observations per animal. Data were analyzed by classifying behavior into eating or sleeping. All these behaviors were measured in order to obtain the estimated frequency of the eating and sleeping behaviors. Changes were observed (P<0.05) for all the behavioral parameters during the starting phase. SID Trp and SID Lys showed an interactive positive effect on the estimated frequency of eating behavior, and mainly SID Trp increased the estimated frequency of the sleeping behavior of starting pigs in the nocturnal time. Pig diets with increasing levels of SID Trp and SID Lys until 0.245 and 1.392%, respectively, increased the average daily feed intake, and the interaction of the amino acids increased the estimated frequency of eating behavior during all the starting phase, and mainly the increasing levels of SID Trp increased the estimated frequency of sleeping behavior of pigs from the middle to the end of the starting phase, from 2:30 to 8:20 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Ricardo Cambito de Paula
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (ICAA), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, 78550-728, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Tiago Junior Pasquetti
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Newton Tavares Escocard de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), St. Pernambuco, 1777, 85960-000, Marechal Candido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wesley Tanamati
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Pozza
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Maynard CW, Kidd MT, Chrystal PV, McQuade LR, McInerney BV, Selle PH, Liu SY. Assessment of limiting dietary amino acids in broiler chickens offered reduced crude protein diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 10:1-11. [PMID: 35601257 PMCID: PMC9111891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As lowering crude protein (CP) in poultry diets continues to minimize amino acid excess, it is important to understand the limiting order of amino acids and the impact of their deficiencies. Therefore, a pair of experiments were conducted to observe the effects of individual amino acid deletions on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient utilization. Both experiments involved 3 control diets based on wheat and soybean meal, including a 210.0 g/kg CP industry control (IC), 186.7 g/kg CP positive control (PC) supplemented with feed-grade amino acids to match the IC amino acid profile, 186.7 g/kg CP negative control (NC) with reducing N corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) by 0.5 MJ/kg and removing feed-grade amino acids beyond L-Lys-HCl, DL-Met, and L-Thr from PC. Ten deletion diets where the following supplemented amino acids were individually removed from the PC: Val, Ile, Leu, Trp, Arg, His, Phe + Tyr, glycine equivalence (Glyequi), Pro, and Energy (0.5 MJ/kg reduction in AMEN of the PC). All diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of digestible Lys, total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) and Thr. Experimental diets were offered to broiler chickens from 15 to 22 d post–hatch in a cage study (Exp. 1) to gain digestibility and nutrient utilization data; whereas they were offered from 15 to 35 d post–hatch in a floor-pen study (Exp. 2) to gain performance and carcass yield data. The removal of supplemented Val, Arg, and Ile resulted in reduction on broiler performance (P < 0.05), and the removal of Val, Arg, Ile, and Glyequi negatively influenced carcass traits (P < 0.05). Results from both experiments indicate that Val and Arg are co-limiting in wheat-soybean meal diets, but that Ile and Glyequi may potentially limit breast and thigh development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Maynard
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States.,Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Michael T Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States
| | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Leon R McQuade
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bernie V McInerney
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sonia Y Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Aguihe PC, Hirata KA, Ospina-Rojas CI, dos Santos TC, Pozza PC, Iyayi EA, Murakami AE. Effect of glycine equivalent levels in low protein diet containing different SID threonine concentrations on performance, serum metabolites and muscle creatine of broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2080593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paschal C. Aguihe
- Department of Animal Production and Heath Technology, Federal College of Wildlife Management, New Bussa, Nigeria
| | - Kazuo A. Hirata
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo C. Pozza
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Eustace A. Iyayi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alice E. Murakami
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Sharma NK, Cadogan DJ, Chrystal PV, McGilchrist P, Wilkinson SJ, Inhuber V, Moss AF. Guanidinoacetic acid as a partial replacement to arginine with or without betaine in broilers offered moderately low crude protein diets. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101692. [PMID: 35124444 PMCID: PMC8819113 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the direct precursor of creatine and can spare arginine (Arg) for creatine synthesis in low crude protein (CP) broiler diets. This study aimed to determine the extent GAA could spare Arg in broilers offered low CP diets and if supplemental betaine provides additional benefits. Seven hundred twenty-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were assigned into 9 dietary treatments with 8 replicates of 10 birds each. The treatments were; normal CP diet, a low CP (−15 g/kg) diet deficient in Arg, a low CP diet sufficient in Arg, and low CP diets with GAA, where 0.1% added L-Arg was spared by GAA at 50, 100, and 150% with and without 0.1% betaine. The treatments were offered during grower (d 10–24) and finisher (d 25–42) phases. The birds offered a low CP Arg deficient diet had 7.8% lower weight gain, 10 points higher FCR, 8.5% lower breast meat yield, 27.2% lower breast meat creatine concentration and 30.4% more abdominal fat pad compared to those offered a normal CP diet. When Arg was added back to the Arg deficient diet, growth performance, breast meat yield and creatine concentration loss were restored. When GAA spared Arg at 150%, feed intake, weight gain, FCR, breast and abdominal fat yields, breast meat moisture, drip loss, and breast meat creatine concentration became comparable to Arg sufficient low CP and normal CP treatments. When GAA spared Arg at 100 and 50%, FCR was 3 and 5 points lower than the normal CP treatment. Breast meat creatine concentration was positively correlated to feed efficiency (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) and breast meat moisture (r = 0.33, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated to relative weight of abdominal fat (r = −0.37, P < 0.01) and breast meat pH (r = −0.49, P < 0.001). There were no benefits of adding betaine with GAA on the parameters measured but the results with GAA were consistent in the presence or absence of betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishchal K Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
| | | | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Peter McGilchrist
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | | | | | - Amy F Moss
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
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Dao HT, Swick RA. New insights into arginine and arginine-sparing effects of guanidinoacetic acid and citrulline in broiler diets. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1967708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiep Thi Dao
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Robert A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Poultry Hub Australia, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Linh NT, Guntoro B, Hoang Qui N. Immunomodulatory, behavioral, and nutritional response of tryptophan application on poultry. Vet World 2021; 14:2244-2250. [PMID: 34566345 PMCID: PMC8448653 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2244-2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for all animals that was discovered through casein hydrolysis. The use of tryptophan as feed additives has been attracting the attention of many nutritionists because it cannot be synthesized enough in an animal’s body. Tryptophan or precursor to the vitamin niacin in the diet is important, and its supplementation for poultry is determined to improve the amino acid balance and promote the poultry’s growth performance through enhancing appetite, feed efficiency, and protein synthesis. Moreover, poultry in different growth phases, breeding, and conditions require various amounts of tryptophan. In addition, supplemented tryptophan also improves the immune response or the immunomodulatory activity of poultry to various diseases through the kynurenine pathway, especially diseases in the bursa. Furthermore, tryptophan also has a strong relationship with lysine (the ideal tryptophan/lysine ratio) in improving growth performance. However, tryptophan deficiency could affect the behavioral responses (e.g. pecking behavior and poultry stress) because tryptophan serves as a precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin and the pineal hormone melatonin in the diet. This paper tried to summarize all information about applying tryptophan in the diets and illustrate the roles of tryptophan in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thuy Linh
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Budi Guntoro
- Department of Livestock Social Economics, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nguyen Hoang Qui
- Department of Livestock Social Economics, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Zampiga M, Calini F, Sirri F. Importance of feed efficiency for sustainable intensification of chicken meat production: implications and role for amino acids, feed enzymes and organic trace minerals. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Calini
- Advisor to the Feed & Animal Industries, Ravenna, Italy
| | - F. Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Corzo A, Lee J, Vargas J, Silva M, Pacheco W. Determination of the optimal digestible arginine to lysine ratio in Ross 708 male broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Gomes LM, de Mello Miassi G, Sousa dos Santos L, Anton Dib Saleh M, Sartori JR, Panhoza Tse ML, Antonio Berto D. Impact of two light programs and two levels of dietary tryptophan for weanling piglets. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ospina-Rojas I, Murakami A, Oliveira C, Guerra A. Supplemental glycine and threonine effects on performance, intestinal mucosa development, and nutrient utilization of growing broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2724-31. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Improving the Reliability of Optimal In-Feed Amino Acid Ratios Based on Individual Amino Acid Efficiency Data from N Balance Studies in Growing Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:558-73. [PMID: 26479521 PMCID: PMC4494439 DOI: 10.3390/ani3030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three consecutive nitrogen balance experiments with fast-growing male broiler chickens (ROSS 308), both during starter and grower periods, were conducted to determine the ideal ratios of several indispensable amino acids relative to lysine. The control diets based on corn, wheat, fishmeal, field peas, wheat gluten and soybean oil were formulated by computer optimizing to meet the assumed ideal amino acid ratios and to fulfill both the energy and nutrient requirements of growing chicken. According to principles of the diet dilution technique, balanced control diets were diluted by wheat starch and refilled by crystalline amino acids and remaining feed ingredients, except the amino acid under study. The lysine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, isoleucine and valine diluted diets resulted in significantly lower protein quality as compared to control diet, especially following increased dietary lysine supply (experiments II and III) and stronger amino acid dilution (experiment III). Accordingly, the limiting position of individual amino acids was confirmed, and the derived amino acid efficiency data were utilized to derive ideal amino acid ratios for the starter period: Lys (100): Thr (60): Trp (19): Arg (105): Ile (55): Val (63); and the grower period: Lys (100): Thr (62): Trp (17): Arg (105): Ile (65): Val (79).
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