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Zhang Q, Guo M, Li F, Qin M, Yang Q, Yu H, Xu J, Liu Y, Tong T. Evaluation of Fermented Soybean Meal to Replace a Portion Fish Meal on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and mTOR Signaling Pathway of Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:2558173. [PMID: 37533794 PMCID: PMC10393523 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2558173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) or/and unfermented SBM replacing a portion of fish meal (FM) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Four groups of juvenile coho salmon (initial weight 152.23 ± 3.21 g) in triplicate were fed for 12 weeks on four different iso-nitrogen and iso-lipid experimental diets: G0 diet (28% FM protein, control group), G1 diet (18% FM protein and 10% SBM protein), G2 diet (18% FM protein, 5% SBM protein, and 5% FSBM protein), and G3 diet (18% FM protein and 10% FSBM protein). The main results were compared with the G0 diet; the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and condition factor of juveniles in G3 were increased significantly (p < 0.05). The content of muscle crude protein, the total protein, glucose, albumin, total cholesterol in serum, and the total antioxidant capacity in the liver of juveniles in G3 was increased significantly (p < 0.05). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, α-amylase, and lipase in the intestine, the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase in the liver of juveniles in G3 were increased significantly (p < 0.05). The expression levels of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, serine/threonine kinase, mTOR, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 genes in the liver of juveniles in G3 were upregulated significantly (p < 0.05). The feed coefficient ratio, viscerosomatic index, the contents of muscle moisture, and malondialdehyde in the liver of juveniles in G3 were decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 genes in the liver of juveniles in G3 were downregulated significantly (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the survival rate, food intake, and muscle crude lipid and ash of juveniles among the experimental groups. In conclusion, FSBM to replace a portion FM had a positive effect on the growth performance, protein deposition, antioxidant enzyme activity, digestive enzyme activity, protein synthesis, and immune-related genes of juvenile coho salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Mengjie Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Fanghui Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Meilan Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Hairui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
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Yang N, Li M, Huang Y, Liang X, Quan Z, Liu H, Li J, Yue X. Comparative Efficacy of Fish Meal Replacement With Enzymatically Treated Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Immunity, Oxidative Capacity and Fecal Microbiota in Weaned Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889432. [PMID: 35711799 PMCID: PMC9195130 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity and fecal microbiota of weaned pigs by partially or completely replacing dietary fish meal with enzymatically treated soybean meal. A total of 144 piglets (initial body weight of 7.19 ± 0.11 kg) weaned at 28 d were allotted to 3 dietary treatments (6 replicates per treatment): 4% fish meal diet (FM); 2% fishmeal plus 6% enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM1); and 6% enzymatically treated soybean meal without fish meal (ESBM2). The experimental period was 28 d, serum was collected at day 14 and day 28 for biochemical parameters analysis, feces was obtained for microbiota analysis at 28d. The body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake of piglets in the ESBM2 group were significantly increased compared with those in the FM and ESBM1 groups from 0 to 28 d, respectively (P < 0.05). The diets with enzymatically treated soybean meal in ESBM1 and ESBM2 groups decreased the diarrhea rate (P < 0.05). Compared with FM, ESBM1 and ESBM2 decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (P < 0.05). ESBM1 decreased diamine oxidase (DAO) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) compared with FM and ESBM2 (P < 0.05). ESBM1 decreased serum Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) compared with FM at d 14 (P < 0.05). The serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE), secretory curl associated protein 5 (sFRP-5) were higher in ESBM1 compared with FM and ESBM2 (P < 0.05). ESBM2 increased super oxidase dismutase (SOD) level and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared with FM and ESBM1, the concentration of SOD in ESBM1was higher than that in FM (P < 0.05). ESBM1 decreased cortisol and caspase 3 (Casp-3) (P < 0.05). FM showed a higher content of tri-iodothyronine (T3) (P < 0.05) and a lower thyroxine/ tri-iodothyronine ratio compared with those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). The concentration of leptin was lower in ESBM2 (P < 0.05). ESBM1 had a higher α-diversity than ESBM2 (P < 0.05). The microbiota composition was different among three treatments (difference between FM and ESBM1, p = 0.005; FM and ESBM2, p = 0.009; ESBM1 and ESBM2, p = 0.004). ESBM2 tend to increase the abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.070) and decrease Bacteroidetes (P = 0.069). ESBM2 decreased the abundance of Parabacteroides and increased SMB53 compared with FM (P < 0.05). The spearman correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Parabacteroides enriched in FM group was negatively correlated with SOD, Megasphaera enriched in ESBM2 group were positively correlated with SOD. The abundance of Lachnospira enriched in ESBM2 group were negatively correlated with serum concentration of D-lactate, DAO, IL-6, and NO. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, diet with only ESBM demonstrate the beneficial impact on intestinal microbiota developments, antioxidant capacity as well as growth performance for weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Animal Food Processing Laboratory, College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mohan Li
- Animal Food Processing Laboratory, College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuetong Huang
- Animal Food Processing Laboratory, College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaona Liang
- Animal Food Processing Laboratory, College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhizhong Quan
- Liaoning Complete Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tieling, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Animal Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- Animal Food Processing Laboratory, College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Assessment of Intestinal Immunity and Permeability of Broilers on Partial Replacement Diets of Two-Stage Fermented Soybean Meal by Bacillus velezensis and Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082336. [PMID: 34438793 PMCID: PMC8388759 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of soybean peptides from fermented soybean meal on the intestinal immunity and tight junction of broilers was assessed. Roughly, two-stage fermented soybean meal prepared with Bv and Lb (FSBMB+L), which has nearly three times higher soluble peptides than soybean meal (SBM), and reduced galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) content and allergen protein. The one-stage fermented by Bv (FSBMB) has the highest soluble peptides, while commercial lactic acid bacteria (FSBML) has the highest Lactic acid bacteria count; these were used to compare the differences in the process. Ross308 broilers (n = 320) were divided into four groups: SBM diet and a diet replaced with 6% FSBMB+L, FSBMB, or FSBML. The growth performance was recorded during the experiment, and six birds (35-day-old) per group were euthanized. Analysis of their jejunum and ileum showed that the fermented soybean meal significantly improved the villus height in the jejunum (p < 0.05) and reduced the crypt hyperplasia. The FSBMB group had the highest reducing crypt depth; however, the FSBMB+L group had the highest villus height/crypt depth in the ileum (p < 0.05). In the jejunum, the relative mRNA of CLDN-1 and Occludin increased 2-fold in the treatments, and ZO-1 mRNA increased 1.5 times in FSBML and FSBMB+L (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of NF-κB and IL-6 mRNAs in FSBML increased, respectively, by 4 and 2.5 times. While FSBMB, along with FSBMB+L, had a 1.5-fold increase in the mRNA of IL-10, that of NF-κB increased 2-fold. FSBMB+L and FSBMB singly led to a 2- and 3-fold increase in IL-6 mRNA, respectively (p < 0.05). FSBMB and FSBMB+L can also upregulate MUC2 in the jejunum (p < 0.05). In short, using the soybean peptides from two-stage fermented soybean meal can ameliorate the negative factors of SBM and effectively regulate immune expression and intestinal repair, which will help broilers maintain intestinal integrity.
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Bean-Hodgins L, Kiarie EG. Mandated restrictions on the use of medically important antibiotics in broiler chicken production in Canada: implications, emerging challenges, and opportunities for bolstering gastrointestinal function and health– A review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chicken Farmers of Canada has been progressively phasing out prophylactic use of antibiotics in broiler chicken production. Consequently, hatcheries, veterinarians, and nutritionists have been mandated to contend with less reliance on use of preventive antibiotics. A topical concern is the increased risk of proliferation of enteric pathogens leading to poor performance, increased mortality and compromised welfare. Moreover, the gut harbors several taxa such as Campylobacter and Salmonella capable of causing significant illnesses in humans via contaminated poultry products. This has created opportunity for research and development of dietary strategies designed to modulate gastrointestinal environment for enhanced performance and food safety. Albeit with inconsistent responses, literature data suggests that dietary strategies such as feed enzymes, probiotics/prebiotics and phytogenic feed additives can bolster gut health and function in broiler chickens. However, much of the efficacy data was generated at controlled research settings that vary significantly with the complex commercial broiler production operations due to variation in dietary, health and environmental conditions. This review will summarize implications of mandated restrictions on the preventative use of antibiotics and emerging Canadian broiler production programs to meet processor specifications. Challenges and opportunities for integrating alternative dietary strategies in commercial broiler production settings will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bean-Hodgins
- New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Cambridge , Ontario, Canada
- University of Guelph, 3653, Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elijah G. Kiarie
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Premathilaka KT, Nawarathne SR, Nambapana MN, Macelline SP, Wickramasuriya SS, Ang L, Jayasena DD, Heo JM. Partial or complete replacement of fishmeal with fermented soybean meal on growth performance, fecal composition, and meat quality in broilers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:824-839. [PMID: 33987563 PMCID: PMC7721569 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.6.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to examine the effect of partial or complete
replacement of fishmeal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on growth
performance, fecal composition, and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total
number of 240 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted into four
dietary treatments with six replications and ten birds per one pen. Dietary
treatments were followed as; 1) Diet incorporated with 4% FM without FSBM
(Control), 2) Diet incorporated with 3% FM and 2% FSBM (FSBM2), 3) Diet
incorporated with 2% FM and 3% FSBM (FSBM3) and 4) Diet incorporated with 4%
FSBM without FM (FSBM4). Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly for 35
days of the experimental period. Moreover, fecal samples were collected to
evaluate moisture, ash, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus content on day 21
post-hatch. On day 35, two birds were sacrificed from each pen to measure meat
quality parameters and visceral organ weights. Results revealed that, no dietary
treatment effect (p > 0.05) was observed either in both
body weight or average daily gain of broilers within the entire experimental
period while broilers fed FSBM2 increased (p < 0.05)
average daily feed intake by 10.07% whereas FSBM4 improved (p
< 0.05) feed efficiency ratio by 8.45% compared to birds fed other
dietary treatments on day 7 post-hatch. Besides, birds fed FSBM3 obtained the
improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio over the birds
fed control diet by 7.51% from hatch to day 35 post-hatch (1.60 vs. 1.73).
Nevertheless, no difference (p > 0.05) was detected on
visceral organ weight, proximate composition and physicochemical characteristics
of meat while broilers offered FSBM4 obtained the lowest (p
< 0.05) calcium and phosphorous in faces (2.27% and 1.21% respectively)
over those offered control feed and other FSBM treatments. In conclusion, FSBM
would be a better replacement for ousting FM partially or completely in broiler
diet as it did not impair the growth performance and meat quality while reducing
the calcium and phosphorous excretion in broilers for 35 days post-hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shan Randima Nawarathne
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.,Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | - Shemil Priyan Macelline
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Samiru Sudharaka Wickramasuriya
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.,Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Li Ang
- New Hope Lanka, Ja-Ela 11350, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Jung Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Wu P, Golly MK, Guo Y, Ma H, He R, Luo X, Luo S, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhu J. Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with high-temperature fermented soybean meal in antibiotic-growth-promoter-free diets on growth performance, organ weights, serum indexes, intestinal flora and histomorphology of broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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The Effect of Diet with Fermented Soybean Meal on Blood Metabolites and Redox Status of Chickens. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether replacing soybean meal with 3% or 6% fermented soybean meal would positively affect blood metabolites and redox status of broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out on 600 broiler chickens assigned to three experimental groups of 200 chickens each (10 replications of 20 individuals each). In the control group, soybean meal (SBM) was the main source of dietary protein, whereas the remaining groups were fed diets in which soybean meal was partially replaced with 3% or 6% fermented soybean meal (FSBM-3%, FSBM-6%). The fermentation of the SBM contributed to an increase of Lactobacillus, content of crude protein, methionine and lysine, and especially over a 30-fold increase in the concentration of lactic acid. The inclusion of 3% or 6% share of FSBM in the diet of chickens contributed to an increase in total antioxidant potential (FRAP) and plasma total glutathione content. In blood of chickens receiving FSBM an increase of total protein and HDL cholesterol content, aspartate aminotransferase activity and a decrease in urea content were noted. In addition to the positive effect on protein and lipid metabolism as well as antioxidant defence, the diet with a 6% share of FSBM improved body weight gain of chickens. In conclusion, it can be suggested that introducing 6% share of FSBM in place of FSM is more justified.
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The Effect of Fermented Soybean Meal on Performance, Biochemical and Immunological Blood Parameters in Turkeys. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of different levels of fermented soybean meal on growth performance, intestinal morphology, metabolic indicators, and immunity in turkeys. The material for the study consisted of day-old BIG 6 turkeys raised to the age of 112 days. The experiment was carried out on 800 turkey hens (10 replications of 20 individuals each), assigned to 4 experimental groups of 200 birds each. The feed for the control group (FSBM0) was a standard mix without fermented soybean meal. For turkeys from groups FSBM7, FSBM9 and FSBM10 the diet contained 70, 90 or 100 g fermented soybean meal (FSBM) per kg of feed, respectively. The study showed that including fermented soybean meal in feed for turkeys at 7% improved intestinal histology and stimulated the immune and antioxidant systems. The use of higher level of FSBM (9% and 10%) in the diet of the turkeys improved growth performance and had a beneficial effect on the histology of the small intestine. The dietary inclusion of 10% FSBM had beneficial effect on red-blood-cell parameters, but caused negative impact on liver and kidney function (an increase of aminotransferases activity, content of glucose and creatinine in turkeys’ blood). Ten percent share of FSBM in feed contributed to an adverse intensification of oxidation and inflammatory reactions which were reflected by an increase of malonyldialdehyde, lipid peroxides level and proinflammatory inteleukine-6 contents.
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Chachaj R, Sembratowicz I, Krauze M, Ognik K. The effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with fermented soybean meal on chicken performance and immune status. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/110777/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jazi V, Ashayerizadeh A, Toghyani M, Shabani A, Tellez G, Toghyani M. Fermented soybean meal exhibits probiotic properties when included in Japanese quail diet in replacement of soybean meal. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2113-2122. [PMID: 29554364 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effect of dietary probiotic mixture (PM) and organic acid (OA) mixture with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on performance, crop, and ceca microbiota, small intestine morphology, and serum lipid profile in Japanese quails. A total of 800 day-old Japanese quails was randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 8 replicate pens of 20 birds each, for 35 days. The experimental diets consisted of a control corn-soybean meal diet and 4 test diets: 1) control diet + 0.1% PM; 2) control diet + 0.2% OA mixture; 3) control diet + the combination of both PM and OA; and 4) an additives-free diet in which the soybean meal in the control diet was replaced with FSBM. The results indicated that in starter and the entire rearing periods, FSBM, PM, and PM+OA diets had significantly lower FCR compared to control or OA diets (P < 0.05). Birds in the FSBM group gained higher weight than control and OA birds (P < 0.05; 1 to 35 d). At d 21 and 35, birds fed the control diet showed significantly lower numbers of lactic acid bacteria in the crop, while coliforms were higher in the cecal content compared to the other diets (P < 0.05). At d 21, the villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum of birds fed PM, PM+OA, and FSBM diets were greater than in other treatments (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of birds fed PM, PM+OA, and FSBM diets were significantly lower than birds in control and AO groups (P < 0.05). The results obtained herein suggest that FSBM exhibits probiotic properties and, when used in substitution of SBM in Japanese quail diet, can improve growth performance, balance of desirable gastrointestinal microbiota in crop and ceca, small intestinal morphology, and serum lipid profile-likewise, a probiotic supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jazi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - A Ashayerizadeh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Shabani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - G Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - M Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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