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Bi S, Qu Y, Shao J, Zhang J, Li W, Zhang L, Ni J, Cao L. Ginsenoside Rg3 Ameliorates Stress of Broiler Chicks Induced by Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878018. [PMID: 35464384 PMCID: PMC9024239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In broiler chicks, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is a prominent cause for inflammatory damage and loss of immune homeostasis in broiler chicks. Ginsenosides have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, it has not been demonstrated that ginsenosides protect broiler chicks against stress induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge. The aim of this is to investigate the protective effect of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, and Rg3 on Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced stress. Our results showed that Rg3 ameliorated growth inhibition and fever, as well as decreased the production of stress-related hormones in broilers with stress. The protective effect of Rg3 on the stressed chicks may be largely mediated by regulating inflammatory response and oxidative damage. Moreover, real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results demonstrated that Rg3 upregulated mRNA expression of mTOR, HO-1, and SOD-1. These results suggested that ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside products contains Rg3 deserve further study for the control of immunological stress and inflammation in broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Bi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shicheng Bi
| | - Yiwen Qu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjian Shao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxuan Ni
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liting Cao
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, Villagrán Z, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Martínez-Núñez M, Gomez-Godínez LJ, Ruesga-Gutiérrez E, Anaya-Esparza LM, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Villarruel-López A. Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:102. [PMID: 35011208 PMCID: PMC8749512 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a facultative intracellular pathogen causing localized or systemic infections, involving economic and public health significance, and remains the leading pathogen of food safety concern worldwide, with poultry being the primary transmission vector. Antibiotics have been the main strategy for Salmonella control for many years, which has allowed producers to improve the growth and health of food-producing animals. However, the utilization of antibiotics has been reconsidered since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can quickly increase within microbial communities. The use of alternatives to antibiotics has been recommended and successfully applied in many countries, leading to the core aim of this review, focused on (1) describing the importance of Salmonella infection in poultry and the effects associated with the use of antibiotics for disease control; (2) discussing the use of feeding-based (prebiotics, probiotics, bacterial subproducts, phytobiotics) and non-feeding-based (bacteriophages, in ovo injection, vaccines) strategies in poultry production for Salmonella control; and (3) exploring the use of complementary strategies, highlighting those based on -omics tools, to assess the effects of using the available antibiotic-free alternatives and their role in lowering dependency on the existing antimicrobial substances to manage bacterial infections in poultry effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Centenary and Meritorious University of Michoacán of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán 58893, Mexico;
| | | | - Lorena Jacqueline Gomez-Godínez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Edmundo Ruesga-Gutiérrez
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
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Avendaño C, Vidal S, Villamizar-Sarmiento MG, Guzmán M, Hidalgo H, Lapierre L, Valenzuela C, Sáenz L. Encapsulation of Cochleates Derived from Salmonella Infantis with Biopolymers to Develop a Potential Oral Poultry Vaccine. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3426. [PMID: 34641241 PMCID: PMC8512329 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and characterize Salmonellaenterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) cochleates protected by encapsulation technology as a potential vaccine and to determine its safety in pullets. Cochleates were encapsulated by two technologies, spray drying and ionotropic gelation at different concentrations (0-15% v/v), and were characterized by physicochemical properties, protein content and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The cochleates were white liquid suspensions with tubular shapes and a protein content of 1.0-2.1 mg/mL. After encapsulation by spray drying, microparticles ranged in size from 10.4-16.9 µm, were spherical in shape, and the protein content was 0.7-1.8 mg/g. After encapsulation by ionotropic gelation, beads ranged in size from 1620-1950 µm and were spherical in shape with a protein content of 1.0-2.5 mg/g. FTIR analysis indicated that both encapsulation processes were efficient. The cochleates encapsulated by ionotropic gelation were then tested for safety in pullets. No ill effect on the health of animals was observed upon physical or postmortem examination. In conclusion, this study was the first step in developing a potential oral S. Infantis vaccine safe for poultry using a novel cochleate encapsulation technology. Future studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Avendaño
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Sonia Vidal
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - María Gabriela Villamizar-Sarmiento
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
- Department of Sciences and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Miguel Guzmán
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
- Nucleus of Applied Research in Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, NIAVA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 9250000, Chile
| | - Héctor Hidalgo
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Carolina Valenzuela
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.A.); (S.V.); (M.G.V.-S.); (M.G.); (H.H.); (L.L.)
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Hofacre CL, Rosales AG, Costa MD, Cookson K, Schaeffer J, Jones MK. Immunity and Protection Provided by Live Modified Vaccines Against Paratyphoid Salmonella in Poultry-An Applied Perspective. Avian Dis 2021; 65:295-302. [PMID: 34412461 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several serotypes of non-host-specific or paratyphoid Salmonella have been linked with contamination of poultry meat, and eggs, resulting in foodborne outbreaks in humans. Vaccination of poultry against paratyphoid Salmonella is a frequent strategy used to reduce the levels of infection and transmission, which ultimately can lead to lower rates of human infections. Live vaccines have been developed and used in poultry immediately after hatching as a result of their ability to colonize the gut, stimulate a mucosal immune response, induce a competitive inhibitory effect against homologous wild strains, and reduce colonization and excretion of Salmonella. Furthermore, vaccines can competitively exclude some heterologous strains of Salmonella from colonizing the gastrointestinal tract when young poultry are immunologically immature. In addition, various studies have suggested that booster vaccination with live vaccines a few weeks after initial vaccination is essential to increase the level of protection and achieve better cross-protective immunity. Vaccination of breeders, broilers, layers, and turkeys with modified live Salmonella vaccines is a common intervention that has become an important component in poultry companies' multistep prevention programs to meet increasingly demanding customer and regulatory food safety requirements. Both live and inactivated vaccines play a critical role in a comprehensive control program for chicken and turkey breeders and commercial layers. This review examines the response and protection conferred by live modified vaccines against non-host-specific Salmonella that can be considered for the design and implementation of vaccination strategies in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew K Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA 30677
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Effects of Essential Oils-Based Supplement and Salmonella Infection on Gene Expression, Blood Parameters, Cecal Microbiome, and Egg Production in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020360. [PMID: 33535430 PMCID: PMC7912222 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to host immunity and intestinal microbiota. We conducted an experiment that involved challenging Lohmann White laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), feeding them a diet supplemented with an EOs-based phytobiotic Intebio®. At 1 and 7 days post-inoculation, the expression profiles of eight genes related to immunity, transport of nutrients in the intestine, and metabolism were examined. Cecal microbiome composition and blood biochemical/immunological indices were also explored and egg production traits recorded. As a result, the SE challenge of laying hens and Intebio® administration had either a suppressive or activating effect on the expression level of the studied genes (e.g., IL6 and BPIFB3), the latter echoing mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. There were also effects of the pathogen challenge and phytobiotic intake on the cecal microbiome profiles and blood biochemical/immunological parameters, including those reflecting the activity of the birds' immune systems (e.g., serum bactericidal activity, β-lysine content, and immunoglobulin levels). Significant differences between control and experimental subgroups in egg performance traits (i.e., egg weight/number/mass) were also found. The phytobiotic administration suggested a positive effect on the welfare and productivity of poultry.
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Khan S, Chousalkar KK. Transcriptome profiling analysis of caeca in chicks challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium reveals differential expression of genes involved in host mucosal immune response. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9327-9342. [PMID: 32960293 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Temporal regulation of global gene expression in the caeca of chickens infected with Salmonella Typhimurium has not been investigated previously. In this study, we performed the transcriptome analysis of the caeca of Salmonella Typhimurium challenged chicks to understand the regulation of the mucosal immune system in a temporal manner. The Salmonella infection resulted in the activation of the caecal immune system by the upregulation of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs; false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05; log2 fold change > 1) involved in biological pathways such as Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Salmonella infection, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis and intestinal immune network for IgA production. The activation of biological pathways such as RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway and cellular senescence showed a time-dependent response of the host immune system. A 49% increase in the DEGs on day 7 compared with day 3 post-infection (p.i.) suggested a time-dependent role of multiple genes such as AvBD1, AvBD2, AvBD7, IL2, IL10, IL21, SIVA1, CD5, CD14 and GPR142 in the regulation of the immune system. Nested network analysis of the individual biological pathways showed that IL6 played a significant role in the immune system regulation by activating the pathways, including Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Salmonella infection, intestinal immune network for IgA production and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway. The downregulated DEGs (FDR < 0.05; log2 fold change < -1) showed that Salmonella challenge affected the functions of pathways, such as tryptophan metabolism, retinol metabolism, folate biosynthesis and pentose and glucoronate interconversions, suggesting the disruption of cellular mechanisms involved in nutrient synthesis, absorption and metabolism. Overall, the immune response was temporally regulated through the activation of Toll-like signaling receptor pathway, cytokine-cytokine interactions and Salmonella infection, where IL6 played a significant role in the modulation of caecal immune system against Salmonella Typhimurium. KEY POINTS: • The immune response to Salmonella Typhimurium challenge was temporally regulated in the caeca of chickens. • Many newly identified genes have been shown to be involved in the activation of the immune system. • Toll-like receptors and interleukins played a key role in immune system regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
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7
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Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090615. [PMID: 31462004 PMCID: PMC6770741 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonellosis is among the most common infectious poultry diseases that also represent a high risk to human health. The pathological process caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) triggers in the caecum the expression of certain genes, e.g., avian β-defensins (gallinacins), cytokines (interleukins), etc. On the other hand, gut microbiota influences the infection potential of pathogens. The present study aimed at revealing the differential expression of genes associated with the immune system and changes in the bacterial communities in the intestine of growing chickens in response to SE infection. We also tested a feed additive, essential oils-based phytobiotic Intebio, as a potential alternative to antibiotics and showed effects of its administration on the caecal microbiome composition and the expression of some genes related to immunity. The phytobiotic showed its efficiency for application in poultry rearing and production. Abstract This study was performed to investigate the differential expression of eight immunity genes and the bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) at 1 and 23 days post inoculation (dpi) in response to SE infection at 19 days of age and administration of the phytobiotic Intebio. Following infection, the genes CASP6 and IRF7 were upregulated by greater than twofold. Chicks fed Intebio showed at 1 dpi upregulation of AvBD10, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7. At 23 dpi, expression of AvBD11, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7 lowered in the experiment subgroups as compared with the control. Examination of the caecal contents at 1 dpi demonstrated a significant decrease in the microbial biodiversity in the infected subgroup fed normal diet. Bacterial content of Lactobacillus and Bacillus declined, while that of Enterobacteriaceae rose. In the infected subgroup fed Intebio, a pronounced change in composition of the microflora was not observed. In the early infection stages, the phytobiotic seemed to promote response to infection. Subsequently, an earlier suppression of the inflammatory reaction took place in chickens fed Intebio. Thus, use of Intebio as a drug with phytobiotic activity in chickens, including those infected with Salmonella, proved to be promising.
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McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. A Long-Term Efficacy Trial of a Live, Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine in Layer Hens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1380. [PMID: 29997596 PMCID: PMC6028619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne gastrointestinal disease in humans. Raw eggs or food items containing undercooked eggs are frequently identified as the source of Salmonella. Salmonella Typhimurium contamination of table eggs most commonly occurs when they are laid in a contaminated environment. Several control strategies, including vaccination, are widely used to mitigate the total Salmonella load. It is unclear, however, whether live attenuated Salmonella vaccines are efficacious over the life span of a layer hen. Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been favored due to their ability to illicit a strong humoral immune response. The lifespan of a layer hen ranges between 60 and 80 weeks and the long term efficacy of attenuated vaccine strains has not been investigated. In this study, commercial brown layer chicks were vaccinated at day old, 6 weeks of age, and again at 10 weeks of age with the Bioproperties VaxsafeTM STM1 aroA mutant vaccine. Birds were challenged at 18 weeks of age with Salmonella Typhimurium DT9 (MLVA 03 15 08 11 550). Feces and eggs were monitored for S. Typhimurium for 40 weeks post-infection. Birds produced a strong immune response following the final dose which was administered intramuscularly. The serum antibody response to S. Typhimurium DT9 infection did not differ between challenged groups. Fecal shedding and egg contamination was highly variable and did not differ significantly between vaccinated and unvaccinated birds that had been challenged with S. Typhimurium DT9. Total bacterial load in feces was quantified using qPCR. No significant difference was detected between unvaccinated and vaccinated birds after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Groves PJ, Harris T, Sharpe SM. Administration of a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine using an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine as a vehicle for commercial chicken flocks. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the finding that inoculating an aroA- deletion live Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine parenterally provides improved and longer-lasting protection against Salmonella colonisation of the laying-hen intestine, this administration route has been adopted by the industry. To make this method practicable and economical, mixing the live bacterial vaccine with an inactivated viral vaccine has become popular. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed designed to assess the effect on the survival of the live salmonellae and the ability to stimulate serum antibody when mixed into oil-emulsion vaccines, compared with more traditional diluents. A rapid decline in viable salmonellae was observed when mixing with an inactivated Riemerella/Pasteurella bacterin. Mixing with an inactivated viral vaccine produced a less severe and more gradual decline in viable salmonellae over time; however, there was a surprising resuscitation of the bacteria 60 min after mixing. Serum antibody 14 days after inoculation of vaccine diluted in a universal diluent rose significantly, compared with sham vaccinated birds. Birds receiving the vaccine diluted in an inactivated vaccine at the time of preparation did not show a significant serological response; however, when given 60 min post-preparation, serum antibody was significantly increased. There appeared to be a correlation of the magnitude of serum antibody produced with the number of viable salmonellae inoculated. The use of the live vaccine incorporated into an inactivated vaccine may give variable results and needs assessment before adoption.
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Chousalkar K, Gast R, Martelli F, Pande V. Review of egg-related salmonellosis and reduction strategies in United States, Australia, United Kingdom and New Zealand. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:290-303. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1368998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Richard Gast
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Vivek Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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Chousalkar KK, Sexton M, McWhorter A, Hewson K, Martin G, Shadbolt C, Goldsmith P. Salmonella typhimurium in the Australian egg industry: Multidisciplinary approach to addressing the public health challenge and future directions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2706-2711. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret Sexton
- Primary Industries and Regions, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Hewson
- Australian Egg Corporation Limited, North Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen Martin
- Food and Controlled Drugs Branch, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Craig Shadbolt
- NSW Food Authority, Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Carnaccini S, Shivaprasad HL, Cutler G, Bland M, Meng XJ, Kenney SP, Bickford AA, Cooper G, Charlton B, Sentíes-Cué CG. Characterization of Seven Outbreaks of Hemorrhagic Hepatopathy Syndrome in Commercial Pullets Following the Administration of a Salmonella Enteritidis Bacterin in California. Avian Dis 2016; 60:33-42. [PMID: 26953941 DOI: 10.1637/11297-100915-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Between April 2013 and April 2015, seven flocks belonging to three different major commercial egg producers inCalifornia experienced a mild increase in mortality 2 to 3 wk after administration of Salmonella Enteritidis bacterins. Strains of chickens involved were H&N (flock A1, A2, B2, C1, C2, and C3) and Lohmann white (flock B1). Vaccination was administered individually through injection either in the breast muscles or subcutis in the legs between 11 and 18 wk of age in all flocks. Clinical signs ranged from inapparent to lameness, reluctance to walk, greenish diarrhea, and retching-like symptoms. The mortality ranged from 0.16% to 1.38% per week, with the highest peaks occurring usually 2 to 3 wk postvaccination, and then declined rapidly. Postmortem examinations revealed enlarged livers with disseminated hemorrhages and pale foci of necrosis. Also, severe extensive hemorrhages in the intestine, heart, and proventriculus were observed in a few birds. Various degrees of productive, exudative giant cell granulomatous myositis were observed invading deeply the muscles and subcutis at the site of vaccination. The myositis was always associated with optically empty vacuoles positive for neutral lipids by Oil Red O stain. Droplets of Oil Red O material were also noticed in the affected livers and intestines. Congo red stain highlighted the presence of amyloid in moderate to severe amounts in the breast muscles and moderate amounts in livers, spleens, and intestines. Salmonella antigens were detected in the injection sites and livers by immunohistochemical staining. No viruses or toxic substances were recovered from the liver, spleen, intestine, and pectoral muscles, and the few bacteria isolated were interpreted as secondary postmortem invaders. In addition, livers and bile tested for hepatitis E virus were negative by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carnaccini
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- B California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - G Cutler
- C Cutler Veterinary Associates International, P.O. Box 1042, Moorpark, CA 93020
| | - M Bland
- C Cutler Veterinary Associates International, P.O. Box 1042, Moorpark, CA 93020
| | - X J Meng
- D Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - S P Kenney
- D Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - A A Bickford
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - G Cooper
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - B Charlton
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380.,E Deceased
| | - C G Sentíes-Cué
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
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Stachyra A, Redkiewicz P, Kosson P, Protasiuk A, Góra-Sochacka A, Kudla G, Sirko A. Codon optimization of antigen coding sequences improves the immune potential of DNA vaccines against avian influenza virus H5N1 in mice and chickens. Virol J 2016; 13:143. [PMID: 27562235 PMCID: PMC5000471 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are a serious threat to domestic poultry and can be a source of new human pandemic and annual influenza strains. Vaccination is the main strategy of protection against influenza, thus new generation vaccines, including DNA vaccines, are needed. One promising approach for enhancing the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine is to maximize its expression in the immunized host. Methods The immunogenicity of three variants of a DNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin (HA) from the avian influenza virus A/swan/Poland/305-135V08/2006 (H5N1) was compared in two animal models, mice (BALB/c) and chickens (broilers and layers). One variant encoded the wild type HA while the other two encoded HA without proteolytic site between HA1 and HA2 subunits and differed in usage of synonymous codons. One of them was enriched for codons preferentially used in chicken genes, while in the other modified variant the third position of codons was occupied in almost 100 % by G or C nucleotides. Results The variant of the DNA vaccine containing almost 100 % of the GC content in the third position of codons stimulated strongest immune response in two animal models, mice and chickens. These results indicate that such modification can improve not only gene expression but also immunogenicity of DNA vaccine. Conclusion Enhancement of the GC content in the third position of the codon might be a good strategy for development of a variant of a DNA vaccine against influenza that could be highly effective in distant hosts, such as birds and mammals, including humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0599-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachyra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Redkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Protasiuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kudla
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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