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Yuan X, Li Y, Mo Q, Zhang B, Shu D, Sun L, Zhao X, Zhang R, Zheng J, Jia Y, Zang Y. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of slightly acidic electrolyzed water combined with ultraviolet light against Salmonella enteritidis. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Slightly acidic electrolyzed water as an alternative disinfection technique for hatching eggs. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101643. [PMID: 35016047 PMCID: PMC8749287 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemical disinfectants used for egg disinfection could result in toxic residue and endanger hatchability, chick quality, and pullet growth performance. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is known as a novel disinfectant for egg sterilization due to its high efficiency and no residue. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and benzalkonium bromide solution (BBS) used in the disinfection channel was conducted to assess the microbial count, eggshell quality, and hatchability concomitantly. The results show that the sterilization efficiency of SAEW increased with an increase in available chlorine concentration (ACC), spraying volume, and sterilization duration. SAEW with an ACC of 150 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L benzalkonium bromide solution had the same sterilization rates of approximately 86.2% at a spraying volume of 0.5 mL/egg and sterilization duration of 180 s. Neither had significant effect on eggshell strength or thickness. The eggshell cuticle quality in the benzalkonium bromide group was significantly higher than the control group (no disinfection) and the 150 mg/L SAEW group. The embryo weight, relative embryo weight, hatchability, and embryonic mortality in the SAEW group had no significant differences of those in the benzalkonium bromide group. SAEW should be more popular because of its simple preparation, low cost, and no residue. Our results indicate SAEW is an alternative disinfectant for the sterilization of hatching eggs instead of conventional chemical disinfectants, such as benzalkonium bromide, and give a recommendation is using SAEW as a disinfectant with 150 mg/L ACC, 0.5 mL/egg spray volume, and disinfection for 180 s in the novel disinfection channel.
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Gallandat K, Kolus RC, Julian TR, Lantagne DS. A systematic review of chlorine-based surface disinfection efficacy to inform recommendations for low-resource outbreak settings. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:90-103. [PMID: 32442652 PMCID: PMC7236738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases can be transmitted via fomites (contaminated surfaces/objects); disinfection can interrupt this transmission route. However, disinfection guidelines for low-resource outbreak settings are inconsistent and not evidence-based. Methods A systematic review of surface disinfection efficacy studies was conducted to inform low-resource outbreak guideline development. Due to variation in experimental procedures, outcomes were synthesized in a narrative summary focusing on chlorine-based disinfection against 7 pathogens with potential to produce outbreaks in low-resource settings (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp., hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, norovirus, and Ebola virus). Results Data were extracted from 89 laboratory studies and made available, including 20 studies on relevant pathogens used in combination with surrogate data to determine minimum target concentration × time (“CT”) factors. Stainless steel (68%) and chlorine-based disinfectants (56%) were most commonly tested. No consistent trend was seen in the influence of chlorine concentration and exposure time on disinfection efficacy. Disinfectant application mode; soil load; and surface type were frequently identified as influential factors in included studies. Conclusions This review highlights that surface disinfection efficacy estimates are strongly influenced by each study's experimental conditions. We therefore recommend laboratory testing to be followed by field-based testing/monitoring to ensure effectiveness is achieved in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gallandat
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA.
| | - Riley C Kolus
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA; School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniele S Lantagne
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
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Liu Y, Wang C, Shi Z, Li B. Optimization and Modeling of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water for the Clean-in-Place Process in Milking Systems. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111685. [PMID: 33217998 PMCID: PMC7698708 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To find an environmentally friendly and energy efficient alternative to acidic detergent for a milking system clean-in-place (CIP) process, this study investigated the feasibility of applying slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) alone to wash the system by cleaning soiled stainless steel (304) pipes, rubber gaskets, and PVC milk hoses, which were used in the milking system. The results showed that SAEW with appropriate parameters could achieve the same or even better hygienic effects compared with commercial detergent. Using response surface models, the SAEW parameters required to clean stainless steel were optimized at 9.9 min for the treatment time, 37.8 °C for the water temperature, and 60 mg/L for the available chlorine concentration; and were 14.4 min, 29.6 °C, and 60 mg/L for rubber gasket and PVC samples, respectively. After washing with the optimized parameter combination, bacteria and adenosine triphosphate on the three materials were almost non-detectable, indicating that SAEW has the potential to replace acidic detergents in CIP milking systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chaoyuan Wang
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-8635
| | - Zhengxiang Shi
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoming Li
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
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Ohashi I, Kato K, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Takamatsu D. Microbicidal effects of slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water and weakly acidified chlorous acid water on foulbrood pathogens. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:261-271. [PMID: 31902832 PMCID: PMC7118478 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius are
bacterial pathogens of honey bee brood. As decontamination of beekeeping equipment,
including combs, is essential to control these pathogens, we evaluated the disinfecting
effects of slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SAHAW) and weakly acidified chlorous
acid water (WACAW) on the pathogens. Both disinfectants exhibited strong disinfecting
effects in suspension tests under no organic matter conditions and reduced both pathogens
by >5 log10 CFU/ml. Although the microbicidal activity of
SAHAW with an available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 10–30 ppm was decreased by organic
matter, it reduced viable P. larvae spores in combs more efficiently than
H2O when the comb was not as dirty. However, its efficacy on combs decreased
at 4°C and when overused or highly contaminated combs were tested. WACAW with an ACC of
≥600 ppm had a higher disinfecting capacity than SAHAW, and efficiently removed P.
larvae spores from combs even under organic matter-rich and low-temperature
conditions. However, even by WACAW, the amount of viable spores in combs was not markedly
reduced depending on contamination levels and P. larvae genotypes. These
results suggest the usefulness of both disinfectants for decontaminating beekeeping
equipment depending on the situations expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Ohashi
- Yamagata Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-2161, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Tochigi Prefectural Central Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Zang Y, Bing S, Li Y, Shu D. Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and ultraviolet light for Salmonella enteritidis decontamination of cell suspensions and surfaces of artificially inoculated plastic poultry transport coops and other facility surfaces. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6445-6451. [PMID: 31529076 PMCID: PMC8913986 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of combination treatment of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and ultraviolet light (UV) for inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) on the surface of plastic poultry coops and other facility surfaces was evaluated in the presence of organic matter. The bactericidal activities of SAEW, UV + SAEW, and composite phenol (CP) for inactivating S. enteritidis were also compared. Moreover, a model of UV + SAEW treatment of plastic transport coops with different times and available chlorine concentrations (ACC) was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. There are differences between SAEW and CP inactivation of S. enteritidis on coops, stainless steel, and glass surfaces (P < 0.05), and there are no differences between SAEW and CP on tire surfaces (P > 0.05). Disinfection of some rough material surfaces with SAEW treatment alone under feces interference on poultry farms may need a longer treatment time and/or a higher ACC than smooth surfaces. The combined treatment of UV and SAEW showed higher inactivation efficiency of S. enteritidis compared to CP and SAEW treatment alone (P < 0.05) in pure cultures or on the facility surfaces. A complete 100% inactivation of S. enteritidis on plastic poultry coop surfaces was obtained by using UV + SAEW with an ACC of 90 mg/L for more than 70 s. The established model had a good fit that was quantified by the determination coefficient R2 (0.93) and a lack of fit test (P > 0.05). The bactericidal efficiency of UV + SAEW increased with greater ACC and increasing time. The findings of this study indicate that the combination treatment of UV and SAEW may be a promising disinfection method and could be used instead of SAEW alone, especially on rough materials in the presence of organic matter on poultry farms.
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Inactivation kinetics of slightly acidic electrolyzed water combined with benzalkonium chloride and mild heat treatment on vegetative cells, spores, and biofilms of Bacillus cereus. Food Res Int 2019; 116:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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White D, Gurung S, Zhao D, Tabler T, McDaniel C, Styles D, McKenzie S, Farnell Y, Farnell M. Foam or spray application of agricultural chemicals to clean and disinfect layer cages. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jeon HR, Kwon MJ, Yoon KS. Control of Listeria innocua Biofilms on Food Contact Surfaces with Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and the Risk of Biofilm Cells Transfer to Duck Meat. J Food Prot 2018; 81:582-592. [PMID: 29517351 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on food contact surfaces is a potential hazard leading to cross-contamination during food processing. We investigated Listeria innocua biofilm formation on various food contact surfaces and compared the washing effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) at 30, 50, 70, and 120 ppm with that of 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on biofilm cells. The risk of L. innocua biofilm transfer and growth on food at retail markets was also investigated. The viability of biofilms that formed on food contact surfaces and then transferred cells to duck meat was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. L. innocua biofilm formation was greatest on rubber, followed by polypropylene, glass, and stainless steel. Regardless of sanitizer type, washing removed biofilms from polypropylene and stainless steel better than from rubber and glass. Among the various SAEW concentrations, washing with 70 ppm of SAEW for 5 min significantly reduced L. innocua biofilms on food contact surfaces during food processing. Efficiency of transfer of L. innocua biofilm cells was the highest on polypropylene and lowest on stainless steel. The transferred biofilm cells grew to the maximum population density, and the lag time of transferred biofilm cells was longer than that of planktonic cells. The biofilm cells that transferred to duck meat coexisted with live, injured, and dead cells, which indicates that effective washing is essential to remove biofilm on food contact surfaces during food processing to reduce the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ri Jeon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sun Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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Ni L, Zheng W, Zhang Q, Cao W, Li B. Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water for decontamination of stainless steel surfaces in animal transport vehicles. Prev Vet Med 2016; 133:42-51. [PMID: 27720026 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) in reducing Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurim, Staphylococcus aureus or bacterial mixtures on stainless steel surfaces was evaluated and compared its efficacy with composite phenol solution for reducing total aerobic bacteria in animal transport vehicles. Stainless steel surfaces were inoculated with these strains individually or in a mixture, and sprayed with SAEW, composite phenol, or alkaline electrolyzed water for 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2min. The bactericidal activity of SAEW increased with increasing available chlorine concentration and spraying duration. The SAEW solution of 50mgl-1 of available chlorine concentration showed significantly higher effectiveness than composite phenol in reducing the pathogens on stainless steel surfaces (P<0.05). Complete inactivation of pathogens on stainless steel surfaces were observed after treatment with alkaline electrolyzed water followed by SAEW at 50mgl-1 of available chlorine concentration for 2min or alkaline electrolyzed water treatment followed by SAEW treatment at 90mgl-1 of available chlorine concentration for 0.5min. The efficacy of SAEW in reducing total aerobic bacteria in animal transport vehicles was also determined. Vehicles in the disinfection booth were sprayed with the same SAEW, alkaline electrolyzed water and composite phenol solutions using the automatic disinfection system. Samples from vehicle surfaces were collected with sterile cotton swabs before and after each treatment. No significant differences in bactericidal efficiency were observed between SAEW and composite phenol for reducing total aerobic bacteria in the vehicles (P>0.05). SAEW was also found to be more effective when used in conjunction with alkaline electrolyzed water. Results suggest that the bactericidal efficiency of SAEW was higher than or equivalent to that of composite phenol and SAEW may be used as effective alternative for reducing microbial contamination of animal transport vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ni
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoming Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China.
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