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Aderibigbe AS, Wise TL, Davis JD, Naranjo VD, Hess V, Dozier WA. Effects of reduced crude protein diets while maintaining essential amino acid concentrations on growth performance, nitrogen output, ammonia production, and meat yield. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103572. [PMID: 38428355 PMCID: PMC10912913 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding reduced crude protein (CP) diets to Ross × Ross 708 male broilers while providing adequate essential amino acid (AA) concentrations on growth performance, nitrogen (N) and ammonia output, and carcass characteristics from d 1 to 33 post hatch. Birds received 1 of 6 dietary treatments (10 replicate pens per treatment) varying in CP content. Diet 1 (control) was formulated with DL-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr (23.2, 20.7, and 19.1% CP) in the starter (1-14 d of age), grower (15-25 d of age), and finisher (26-33 d of age) periods, respectively. Dietary L-Val, Gly (only in starter period), L-Ile, L-Arg, and L-Trp were sequentially supplemented in the order of limitation in Diets 2 through 6. Dietary CP was reduced gradually across the dietary treatments resulting in a CP reduction in Diets 1 to 6 by 3.4, 3.4, and 2.3% points in the starter, grower, and finisher periods, respectively. At d 14, 25, and 33 posthatch, feed conversion decreased (P < 0.05) with L-Val addition (Diet 2) and increased (P < 0.01) with L-Val to L-Trp addition (Diet 6) to the control. Dietary treatments did not alter weights and yields of carcass, breast, drum, or thighs. Dietary CP reduction with added L-Val (Diet 2), L-Val to L-Arg (Diet 5), or L-Val to L-Trp (Diet 6) increased abdominal fat (P < 0.01) compared with control. Nitrogen excretion (g/bird; P = 0.003) and equilibrium ammonia concentration (mg/kg; P = 0.041) at day 33 reduced by 16% and 48% respectively in birds fed reduced-CP diets with L-Val to L-Trp (Diet 6) compared with control-fed birds. This study indicated that sequential addition of supplemental AA in the order of limitation from DL-Met to L-Arg allowed reduction of dietary CP beyond 2%-point without depressing growth performance and meat yield of broilers from day 1 to 33 while reducing nitrogen excretion and ammonia emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Aderibigbe
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - T L Wise
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - J D Davis
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - V D Naranjo
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Animal Nutrition, Hanau, Germany
| | - V Hess
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Animal Nutrition, Hanau, Germany
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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2
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Gül ET, Olgun O, Yıldız A, Çolak A. Effect of increasing valine level in the diet on performance, egg quality, and serum components in laying quails. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:54. [PMID: 36715779 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This research was conducted to determine the effect of increasing dietary valine level on performance parameters, egg quality criteria, and blood and serum components. In the study, 120 female Japanese quails at the age of 10 weeks (241.4 ± 8.6 g) did randomly allocate to six experimental groups contained five subgroups. Treatment diets were prepared to contain 0.93% (control), 1.00%, 1.10%, 1.20%, 1.30%, or 1.40% valine. The egg mass decreased linearly with the increasing level of valine in the diet, while egg weight decreased in both linear and quadratic manner (P < 0.05). Increased levels of dietary valine increased eggshell breaking strength in cubic manner (P < 0.05). The administration of the valine to the diet caused a linear decrease in the albumin index and Haugh unit (P < 0.05). Other egg quality parameters were not affected (P > 0.05). Serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations of laying quails were reduced by the increasing dietary valine levels; the effect on serum glucose was linear, while both linear and quadratic effects were significant on triglyceride concentration (P < 0.05). White blood cell, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts increased with the increasing dietary levels of valine (P < 0.05). Both linear and quadratic effects were significant on white blood cells and lymphocytes, while the effect on neutrophil counts was linear. However, erythrocyte and haematocrit (P < 0.05) decreased quadratically with increment in the dietary levels of valine. In conclusion, the increased valine levels in the diet adversely affected the egg weight, egg mass, and Haugh unit. but it reduced the serum triglyceride and glucose. Results may suggest that dietary valine at 0.93% level is sufficient for egg production and egg quality in laying quails, but positive effects of increased dietary valine levels on white blood cells may worth to investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tuğçe Gül
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Selçuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Osman Olgun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Selçuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Alpönder Yıldız
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Selçuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Çolak
- Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Application Facility, University of Ankara, Gölbaşı, 06830, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Low-protein diets for broilers: Current knowledge and potential strategies to improve performance and health, and to reduce environmental impact. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Bi S, Shao J, Qu Y, Xu W, Li J, Zhang L, Shi W, Cao L. Serum metabolomics reveal pathways associated with protective effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on immune stress. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102187. [PMID: 36215740 PMCID: PMC9554815 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has demonstrated that administration of ginsenoside Rg3 ameliorates immune stress by inhibiting inflammatory responses, reducing oxidative damage and upregulating mRNA expression of mTOR, SOD-1, and HO-1. However, the specific mechanism in relation to the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on stressed broilers especially the metabolites alteration remains obscure. The present study aimed to investigate the underlined mechanism in relation to the pathogenesis and protective effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on stressed broilers using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry profiling. Eighteen broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 3 treatments: Control, Model and Rg3. Chickens in Rg3 group received intraperitoneally administered 1 mg/kg Rg3 2 h before LPS challenge. Then the broilers were intraperitoneally injection of 250 µg/kg LPS at the age of 12, 14, 33, and 35 d to induce immune stress. Control group was injected with an equivalent amount of sterile saline. At the end of the experiment, the serum was obtained for metabolomics analysis. The changes in serum metabolic profiles were investigated with the application of metabolomics approach. Distinct changes in metabolite patterns in serum were observed by orthogonal partial least square-discriminate analysis. In total, 35 metabolites were identified, among which 17 differential metabolites were found between Control and Model group, and 18 differential metabolites were identified between Model and Rg3 group. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed potential serum metabolites involved in oxidative stress and inflammation, degradation of lipid and protein in broiler chicks with immune stress. In addition, the protective effect of Rg3 on the stressed chicks may be largely mediated by BCAA metabolism, apoptosis and mTOR signaling pathway. These results suggested the potential biomarkers involved in pathogenesis and prevention of stress induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.
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Kriseldi R, Silva M, Lee J, Adhikari R, Williams C, Corzo A. Understanding the interactive effects of dietary leucine with isoleucine and valine in the modern commercial broiler. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102140. [PMID: 36191517 PMCID: PMC9529509 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to understand the relationship among dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on the performance of Ross 344 × 708 male broilers. A total of 2,592 d-old male chicks were randomly placed into 144-floor pens according to a 23 full factorial central composite design (CCD) with 20 treatments (14 treatments and 6 center points). Each treatment consisted of varying digestible Ile:Lys (52 to 75), Val:Lys (64 to 87), and Leu:Lys (110 to 185) ratios. Birds and feed were weighed at 20 and 34 d of age to determine body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At 35 d of age, feather amino acid composition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were analyzed as CCD using the surface response option of JMP v. 15. Body weight gain (1,332 g; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.93) and FCR (1.54; P = 0.002; R2 = 0.88) were optimized at the lowest Leu:Lys ratio (110) with moderate Val:Lys (78 to 79) and Ile:Lys (65 to 66) ratios. Poorer BWG and FCR were observed as Leu:Lys ratio increased while increasing Val:Lys and Ile:Lys ratios alleviated the poor performance. Carcass (71.5%; P = 0.031; R2 = 0.76) and breast yield (26.7%; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.96) were maximized at the highest Leu:Lys ratio. This effect was complemented by increasing Ile:Lys ratio beyond 68. Lower Ile:Lys and Val:Lys ratios were required to maximize carcass and breast yield at the lowest Leu:Lys ratio. However, this strategy yielded less meat than providing a high Leu:Lys ratio diet. Dietary BCAA had little effect on altering the composition of feather protein and amino acid (P > 0.10). These results suggest that optimum BCAA ratios to Lys may vary depending on response criteria and demonstrate the importance of maintaining proper Val and Ile ratios centered on dietary Leu. Live performance can be optimized in diets with low Leu:Lys ratios; however, meat yield can be enhanced by increasing dietary Leu:Lys along with Ile:Lys ratios.
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Chrystal PV, Greenhalgh S, Macelline SP, Dorigam JCDP, Selle PH, Liu SY. A multivariate Box-Behnken assessment of elevated branched-chain amino acid concentrations in reduced crude protein diets offered to male broiler chickens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266080. [PMID: 35353869 PMCID: PMC8967063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Box-Behnken assessment of elevated branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), 13 nutritionally equivalent maize-based diets were offered to a total of 390 off-sex male Ross 308 broiler chickens from 7 to 28 days post-hatch. The BCAA concentrations investigated in reduced-crude protein diets were 12.5, 15.5, 18.3 g/kg leucine (125, 155, 183); 8.9, 10.2, 12.5 g/kg valine (89, 102, 125) and 7.2, 8.9, 10.8 g/kg isoleucine (72, 89, 109), where their relativity to 11.0 g/kg digestible lysine are shown in parentheses. Determined parameters included growth performance, relative abdominal fat-pad weights, nutrient utilisation, apparent digestibility coefficients, disappearance rates of 16 amino acids and free amino acid systemic plasma concentrations. Increasing dietary leucine linearly depressed weight gain and quadratically influenced FCR where the estimated minimum FCR of 1.418 was with 14.99 g/kg leucine. Polynomial regression analysis and surface response curves of determined parameters were generated for significant (P < 0.05) BCAA variables, based on lack of fit (P > 0.005). Quadratic and cross-product responses were observed for weight gain, FCR, AME, AMEn, N retention and apparent digestibility of 13 amino acids. Relative fat-pad weights declined linearly with increasing isoleucine and valine. The lowest N retention was estimated at a combination of 15.25 and 10.50 g/kg leucine and valine respectively whilst the highest mean digestibility coefficient (0.793) of amino acids was estimated at a combination of 15.74 and 10.47 g/kg of leucine and valine respectively. The remaining parameter minima or maxima responses were not able to be determined since they were outside the extreme BCAA treatment levels. Increasing dietary BCAA significantly increased apparent ileal digestibilities and disappearance rates of BCAA. Systemic plasma concentrations of valine increased (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary valine but leucine was not influenced (P > 0.25). Systemic plasma concentration of isoleucine was maximised (P < 0.001) only when accompanied by elevated dietary leucine. Also, dietary treatments influenced (P < 0.05) apparent disappearance rates of all the essential amino acids analysed, with the exception of methionine. Whilst overall growth performance was not disadvantaged (P > 0.10) by elevated BCAA levels, compared with 2019 Ross 308 performance objectives, polynomial regression analysis suggested both interaction and antagonism between BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shiva Greenhalgh
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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7
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Maynard C, Mullenix G, Maynard C, Lee J, Caldas J, Hiltz J, Orlowski S, Kidd M. Interactions of the branched-chain amino acids. 1. Influence of dietary isoleucine and leucine on the valine requirement of male Cobb MV × 500 broilers for a 29- to 42-day finisher period. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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8
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Maynard C, Mullenix G, Maynard C, Lee J, Rao S, Butler L, Orlowski S, Kidd M. Interactions of the branched-chain amino acids. 2. Practical adjustments in valine and isoleucine. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Broiler chicken production using dietary crude protein reduction strategy and free amino acid supplementation. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Kim WK, Singh AK, Wang J, Applegate T. Functional role of branched chain amino acids in poultry: a review. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101715. [PMID: 35299066 PMCID: PMC8927823 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the effects of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) on the growth, production performance, immunity, and intestinal health of poultry. Besides providing nitrogen substrates and carbon framework for energy homeostasis and transamination, BCAA also function as signaling molecules in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein synthesis via protein kinase B and as a mechanistic target of the rapamycin (AKT-mTOR) signaling pathway that is important for muscle accretion. The level of leucine is generally high in cereals and an imbalance in the ratio among the 3 BCAA in a low protein diet would produce a negative effect on poultry growth performance. This occurs due to the structural similarity of the 3 BCAA, which leads to metabolic competition and interference with the enzymatic degradation pathway. Emerging evidence shows that the inclusion of BCAA is essential for the proper functioning of the innate and adaptive immune system and the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity. The recommended levels of BCAA for poultry are outlined by NRC (1994), but commercial broilers and laying hen breed standards also determine their own recommended levels. In this review, it has been noted that the requirement for BCAA is influenced by the diet type, breed, and age of the birds. Additionally, several studies focused on the effects of BCAA in low protein diets as a strategy to reduce nitrogen excretion. Notably, there is limited research on the inclusion ratio of BCAA in a supplemental form as compared to the ingredient-bound form which would affect the dynamics of utilization in different disease-challenged conditions, especially those affecting digesta passage ratio. In summary, this review encompasses the role of BCAA as functional AA and discusses their physiological effects on the productivity and health of poultry. The observations and interpretations of this review can guide future research to adjust the recommended levels of BCAA in feeding programs in the absence of subtherapeutic antibiotics in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Todd Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Sedghi M, Golian A, Afsar A, Mirshekar R. Optimisation of branched-chain amino acid requirements for 15–21-day-old broiler chickens by using the Taguchi method. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Comparative meta-analysis of broiler and piglet response to dietary valine taking into account isoleucine and leucine interactions. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Maynard C, Liu S, Lee J, Caldas J, Diehl J, Rochell S, Dridi S, Kidd M. Determination of digestible valine requirements in male and female Cobb 500 broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Evaluation of branched-chain amino acids in male Cobb MV × 500 broiler chickens by using Box-Behnken response surface design. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Ospina-Rojas IC, Pozza PC, Rodrigueiro RJB, Gasparino E, Khatlab AS, Murakami AE. High leucine levels affecting valine and isoleucine recommendations in low-protein diets for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5946-5959. [PMID: 33142512 PMCID: PMC7647919 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to estimate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) level of branched-chain amino acids in low-protein diets during the starter, grower, and finisher periods, using the response surface methodology, and to study their effects on performance and mRNA expression of genes involved in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway of broiler chickens from 8 to 21 D of age. In experiments 1, 2, and 3, a total of 1,500 Cobb male broiler chickens were assigned to 15 diets of a central composite rotatable design (CCD) of response surface methodology containing 5 levels of SID Leu, Val, and Ile with 5 replicate pens of 20 birds each. A 3-factor, 5-level CCD platform was used to fit the second-order polynomial equation of broiler performance. In experiment 4, a total of 540 8-day-old Cobb male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized 2 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement with 2 SID Leu levels (1.28 or 1.83%), 3 SID Val levels (0.65, 0.90, or 1.20%), and 3 SID Ile levels (0.54, 0.79, or 1.09%) for a total of 18 treatments with 5 replicate cages of 6 birds each. High Leu levels impaired (P < 0.05) gain:feed when birds were fed marginal Val or Ile diets. However, gain:feed was restored when both Val and Ile were supplemented to reach adequate or high levels. High Leu levels increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of S6K1 and eEF2 genes only in birds fed high Ile levels. Dietary SID Leu, Val, and Ile levels required for gain:feed optimization in low-protein diets were estimated at 1.37, 0.94, and 0.87% during the starter period; 1.23, 0.82, and 0.75% during the grower period; and 1.15, 0.77, and 0.70% during the finisher phase, respectively. Higher Val and Ile levels are required to optimize the effect of Leu supplementation on mRNA expression of mTOR pathway genes in the pectoralis major muscle of broilers from day 1 to 21 after hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Ospina-Rojas
- CJ Corporation, Av. Engenheiro Luís Carlos Berrini, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - P C Pozza
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - R J B Rodrigueiro
- CJ Corporation, Av. Engenheiro Luís Carlos Berrini, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - E Gasparino
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - A S Khatlab
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - A E Murakami
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Chrystal PV, Greenhalgh S, Selle PH, Liu SY. Facilitating the acceptance of tangibly reduced-crude protein diets for chicken-meat production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:247-257. [PMID: 33005758 PMCID: PMC7503076 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inclusions of non-bound amino acids particularly methionine, lysine and threonine, together with the "ideal protein" concept have allowed nutritionists to formulate broiler diets with reduced crude protein (CP) and increased nutrient density of notionally "essential" amino acids and energy content in recent decades. However, chicken-meat production has been projected to double between now and 2050, providing incentives to reduce dietary soybean meal inclusions further by tangibly reducing dietary CP and utilising a larger array of non-bound amino acids. Whilst relatively conservative decreases in dietary CP, in the order of 20 to 30 g/kg, do not negatively impact broiler performance, further decreases in CP typically compromise broiler performance with associated increases in carcass lipid deposition. Increases in carcass lipid deposition suggest changes occur in dietary energy balance, the mechanisms of which are still not fully understood but discourage the acceptance of diets with reductions in CP. Nevertheless, the groundwork has been laid to investigate both amino acid and non-amino acid limitations and propose facilitative strategies for adoption of tangible dietary CP reductions; consequently, these aspects are considered in detail in this review. Unsurprisingly, investigations into reduced dietary CP are epitomised by variability broiler performance due to the wide range of dietary specifications used and the many variables that should, or could, be considered in formulation of experimental diets. Thus, a holistic approach encompassing many factors influencing limitations to the adoption of tangibly reduced CP diets must be considered if they are to be successful in maintaining broiler performance without increasing carcass lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Chrystal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Shiva Greenhalgh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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17
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Selle PH, Dorigam JCDP, Lemme A, Chrystal PV, Liu SY. Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E729. [PMID: 32331461 PMCID: PMC7222841 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
: This review explores the premise that non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids are alternatives to soybean meal, the dominant source of protein, in diets for broiler chickens. Non-bound essential and non-essential amino acids can partially replace soybean meal so that requirements are still met but dietary crude protein levels are reduced. This review considers the production of non-bound amino acids, soybeans, and soybean meal and discusses the concept of reduced-crude protein diets. There is a focus on specific amino acids, including glycine, serine, threonine, and branched-chain amino acids, because they may be pivotal to the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. Presently, moderate dietary crude protein reductions of approximately 30 g/kg are feasible, but more radical reductions compromise broiler performance. In theory, an 'ideal' amino acid profile would prevent this, but this is not necessarily the case in practice. The dependence of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal will be halved if crude protein reductions in the order of 50 g/kg are attained without compromising the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this event, synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will become viable alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
| | | | - Andreas Lemme
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany (A.L.)
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill NSW2145, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
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Kop-Bozbay C, Akdag A, Atan H, Ocak N. Response of broilers to supplementation of branched-chain amino acids blends with different valine contents in the starter period under summer conditions. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:295-305. [PMID: 32106646 PMCID: PMC7876711 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of normal and low protein content (PC) of starter diet supplemented or not with blends of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on growth performance of broilers under summer conditions and to investigate whether these effects altered some quality traits and the characteristics of gastrointestinal tract. Methods A total of 768 mixed-sex broiler chicks (Ross 308, one-d-old) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 47.6±1.03 g were allocated into six treatments with four replications in 2×3 factorial arrangement. Factors were: PC, normal (N, 22% to d 15); and low (L, 20% to d 15); and added BCAA blends, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine at zero (0L:0I:0V); 1.0, 0.25, and 0.25 (4L:1I:1V); or 1.0, 0.25, 0.75 (4L:1I:3V) g/kg of diet. Hence, six dietary treatments were named as N0L:0I:0V, N4L:1I:1V, N4L:1I:3V, L0L:0I:0V, L4L:1I:1V, and L4L:1I:3V. Average indoor temperature and humidity were 32.8°C±1.7°C and 61.1% ±4.12%, respectively. Results BW, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass weight were not affected by PC, BCCA and their interaction (p>0.05). The L diets decreased the water holding capacity of the breast (p = 0.002) and thigh (p = 0.050) meats and dressing percentage (p = 0.005) compared to the N diets. The 4L:1I:1V diet decreased breast yield compared to the 0L:0I:0V diets (p = 0.041). The effect of PC on feed intake, mortality and gastrointestinal trait weight were depended on the L:I:V ratios under summer conditions due to interactions between factors (p<0.05). The FI and mortality of L4L:1I:1V broilers were lower than those of N4L:1I:1V birds (p<0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that the blends of BCAAs used failed to improve performance and to promote breast yields, because diets with normal or with reduced protein supplemented or not with BCAAs up to d 15 produced a similar BW and FCR in broilers raised in hot-climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Kop-Bozbay
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akdag
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Helin Atan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nuh Ocak
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Middendorf L, Radko D, Düngelhoef K, Sieverding E, Windhaus H, Mischok D, Visscher C. Amino acid pattern in the liver and blood of fattening turkeys suffering from hepatic lipidosis. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3950-3962. [PMID: 30941423 PMCID: PMC6698191 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipidosis (HL) is a well-known disease in fattening and in parent turkey flocks. Among others, dietary effects like (a lack of) essential amino acids (AA) as lipotrophic factors (e.g., methionine) have been considered as potentially predispositing for HL. Several studies have reported abnormal AA profiles in hepatic diseases of humans and other livestock. The ratio of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to aromatic amino acids (AAA) in plasma is used to predict hepatic cirrhosis. In this study, the state of supply of AA was investigated by comparing non-affected (NA) animals and those affected by HL. The AA pattern in the liver and blood can provide potential indications of pathogenesis of HL. In cooperation with German poultry veterinarians, 3 cases of HL on 3 different fattening turkey farms were visited (13/14 wk old, “B.U.T. Big 6” and “TP7”). Overall, 73 birds were examined, of which 42 birds suffered from HL and 31 were not affected. Feeding samples of the respective actual feed were taken and analyzed. The selection of animals was carried out (NA randomly) by clinical signs such as apathy and dyspnea and the diagnosis was made at necropsy, which could be confirmed by crude fat content in liver tissue (HL: 309, NA: 155). In liver tissue, the CP and AA contents were lower among animals with HL than among NA (P < 0.05). In blood samples, the sum of AA, ammonia, and urea was more than 3 times higher among animals with HL (431 mg/dL serum) than among NA (114 mg/dL serum; P < 0.01). The ratio of BCAA to AAA was also significantly different between the groups (HL: 0.85, NA: 1.42; P < 0.05). In the case of HL, entire herds were not affected and the “non-affected” ones were comparable with healthy slaughtered animals. There seems to be a clear change in protein and AA metabolism of HL animals, which could lead to an optimization in feeding practice in repeated cases of HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Middendorf
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Radko
- Elanco Animal Health GmbH, D-61352 Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - K Düngelhoef
- Tierarztpraxis an der Güterstraße, D-46499 Hamminkeln, Germany
| | - E Sieverding
- Praxis am Bergweg, D-49393 Lohne (Oldenburg), Germany
| | - H Windhaus
- Tierärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis Dres, Windhaus & Hemme, D-49377 Vechta, Germany
| | - D Mischok
- Agro-Vet-Consult, D-49377 Vechta, Germany
| | - C Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Allameh S, Toghyani M. Effect of dietary valine supplementation to low protein diets on performance, intestinal morphology and immune responses in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Ospina-Rojas IC, Murakami AE, do Amaral Duarte CR, Pozza PC, Rossi RM, Gasparino E. Performance, diameter of muscle fibers, and gene expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin in pectoralis major muscle of broilers supplemented with leucine and valine. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to study the interaction between the standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) levels on the mRNA expression of genes involved in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (experiment I) and determine the requirement of these amino acids in low-protein diets, and their effects on performance, serum parameters and muscle fiber diameters of broilers (experiment II) from day 1 to day 21 post hatch. Broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 factorial arrangement for a total of 9 and 25 treatments in experiments I and II, respectively. There was no (P > 0.05) interaction between the SID Leu and Val levels on mRNA expression of mTOR, S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1), eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes in pectoralis major muscle. Leucine supplementation increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of mTOR and S6K1 genes in muscle tissue, whereas Val supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) mRNA expression of the genes investigated. Interaction was observed (P < 0.05) between dietary Leu and Val levels on feed intake and gain:feed. Leucine supplementation may stimulate mRNA expression of mTOR and S6K1 genes in pectoralis major muscle of broilers from day 1 to day 21 post hatch. The SID Leu and Val levels required for the optimization of feed intake, weight gain, and gain:feed in low-crude protein diets for broiler chickens from day 1 to 21 post hatch were estimated at 1.29% and 0.96%, 1.28% and 0.92%, and 1.27% and 0.91%, respectively; however, these requirements may be greater to maximize muscle fiber growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Camilo Ospina-Rojas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Alice Eiko Murakami
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina do Amaral Duarte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Brasil, nº 50W, Tangará da Serra, MT 78300-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Pozza
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Robson Marcelo Rossi
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco E90, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gasparino
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
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22
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Rao SVR, Raju MVLN, Prakash B, Rajkumar U, Srilatha T, Reddy EPK. Effect of feeding higher concentrations of limiting amino acids on performance, slaughter variables and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken fed graded levels of toasted guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:539-544. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1483574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Rama Rao
- ICAR - Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - M. V. L. N. Raju
- ICAR - Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - B. Prakash
- ICAR - Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - U. Rajkumar
- ICAR - Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - T. Srilatha
- ICAR - Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - E. P. K. Reddy
- ICAR - Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, India
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