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Moradi S, Abdollahi MR, Moradi A, Jamshidi L. Effect of Bacterial Phytase on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Bone Mineralization in Broilers Fed Pelleted Diets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091450. [PMID: 37174487 PMCID: PMC10177589 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of a bacterial 6-phytase on growth performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of nutrients, blood parameters, and bone mineralization in broilers was evaluated. A total of 630 one-day-old male broilers were allocated to 7 dietary treatments, including positive control (PC) diet containing dicalcium phosphate, the PC marginally reduced in available P (avP) by 0.1% and calcium (Ca) by 0.2% vs. PC (NC1) or moderately reduced by 0.15 and 0.3% vs. PC (NC2), respectively, and four further diets comprising the NC1 and NC2 supplemented with 500 or 1000 FTU/kg of phytase in starter and finisher phases. A constant Ca to avP ratio was maintained across all diets. The body weight gain (BWG) and feed per unit gain (FCR) of birds fed NC1 and NC2 diets supplemented with phytase (500 and 1000 U/kg) was equivalent to that of birds fed the PC diet at 35 days. Phytase supplementation in the NC1 diet linearly increased the CAID of nitrogen (N) (p < 0.01), phosphorus (P) (p < 0.01), and Ca (p < 0.05). Additionally, phytase reduced (p < 0.01) excreta P concentration by approximately 27%, improved (p < 0.001) toe ash, and tended to increase tibia ash (p = 0.08), comparable with the PC. In conclusion, the addition of bacterial 6-phytase dosed in the range of 500-1000 FTU/kg was effective in replacing 1.5 g/kg avP and 3 g/kg Ca in broilers fed pelleted diets, using bone quality, BWG, and FCR as outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah 85438-67156, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Arash Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah 85438-67156, Iran
| | - Leili Jamshidi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 516-69315, Iran
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Qiu K, Wang XC, Wang J, Wang H, Qi GH, Zhang HJ, Wu SG. Comparison of amino acid digestibility of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and low-gossypol cottonseed meal between broilers and laying hens. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:619-628. [PMID: 36108696 PMCID: PMC9996273 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine and compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) fed to broiler chickens and laying hens. METHODS Three semi-purified diets containing the identical crude protein concentration at 20% were formulated to contain SBM, CSM, or LCSM as the sole source of N. A N-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA for broilers and hens. A total of 300 male Ross 308 chicks at one-day-old and 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 30-week-old with initial egg production rate of 88.3%±1.0% were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments, respectively. RESULTS CSM and LCSM showed more Arg and Cys+Met while less Lys, Ile, Leu, and Thr relative to SBM. Significant interactions existed between species and experimental diets for AID (except for Arg, Asp, Glu, Gly, and Pro) and SID (except for Arg, His, and Phe) of most AA. Most AA in diets showed higher AID (except for Lys) and SID (except for Lys, Met, and Ser) in broilers relative to laying hens. The AID and SID of all AA were significantly different between the three diets. In broilers, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg in SBM and LCSM was higher than CSM. In laying hens, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg, Met+Cys, and Phe in SBM was higher than CSM and LCSM. CONCLUSION The accurate determination of AID and SID of AA in CSM and LCSM for broilers and layers benefits the application of CSM and LCSM in chicken diets. The cottonseed by-products CSM or LCSM showed the species-specific AA digestibility values for broilers and layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Lima GS, Lima MR, Gomes G, Cavalcante D, Guerra RR, da Silva JHV, Cardoso AS, Kaneko IN, Perazzo Costa FG. Superdosing of bacterial phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) in broiler diets with reduced levels of digestible amino acids. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Siegert W, Krieg J, Sommerfeld V, Borda-Molina D, Feuerstein D, Camarinha-Silva A, Rodehutscord M. Phytase Supplementation Effects on Amino Acid Digestibility in Broiler Chickens are Influenced by Dietary Calcium Concentrations but not by Acid-Binding Capacity. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab103. [PMID: 34447898 PMCID: PMC8382274 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responses to dietary calcium (Ca) and supplemented phytase on prececal amino acid digestibility (pcAAD) in broiler chickens vary among studies. The variation may arise from the dietary acid-binding capacity (ABC) that influences the activity of enzymes in the digestive tract and from microbial activity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether the ABC influences phytase effects on pcAAD and whether microbial activity contributes to this. METHODS Male Ross 308 broiler chickens were provided 1 of 12 diets in 72 pens (15/pen) from day 16 of age until the end of the experiment on days 21 or 22. In a 3 × 2 × 2-factorial arrangement, the ABC was varied by replacing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with Ca-formate or by adding formic acid to CaCO3-containing diets, and contained 5.6 or 8.2 g Ca/kg and 0 or 1500 phytase units/kg. The ileum content was collected for pcAAD measurement and microbial community composition was used to investigate whether changes in pcAAD are related to the microbiota. RESULTS Three-factor ANOVA showed that reducing the ABC increased pcAAD (average 1.1 percentage points) and no significant interaction of the ABC with Ca concentration and phytase supplementation including 3-way interactions. Without phytase, increasing dietary Ca concentration decreased pcAAD (average 3.1 percentage points). Phytase supplementation increased pcAAD (average 2.1 and 5.0 percentage points at low and high Ca concentrations, respectively), to reach the same level for both Ca concentrations. Microbial functional predictions pointed towards an influence of the microbiota in the crop and ileum content on amino acid concentrations, as indicated by different relative abundances of predicted genes related to amino acid biosynthesis, degradation, and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Dietary Ca concentrations but not the ABC modulates the effect of supplemented phytase on pcAAD in broiler chickens. The microbiota might contribute to differences in pcAAD by changing the amino acid composition of the digesta. The extent of this effect is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Krieg
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Ravindran V. Progress in ileal endogenous amino acid flow research in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:5. [PMID: 33413625 PMCID: PMC7789490 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress in our understanding of the endogenous protein concept over the past century is reviewed. Non-dietary proteins found in the digesta at the terminal ileum of poultry, known as endogenous protein loss, are comprised of digestive secretions, mucus and sloughed gut epithelial cells. The measurement of this loss is of fundamental importance because it is an indicator of gut metabolism and is essential to adjust apparent estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility. The ileal endogenous amino acid losses comprise of two components, namely basal and specific losses. The basal losses are fixed and associated with feed dry matter intake, whereas the specific losses are variable and induced by the presence of dietary components such as fibre and anti-nutrients. Currently there is no methodology available to directly measure the specific endogenous losses and these losses are calculated by determining the basal and total (basal plus specific) losses and, then subtracting the basal losses from total losses. The seminal features, specific applications and shortcomings of available methodologies are briefly outlined as well as the practical challenges faced in using the published endogenous amino acid loss values for true digestibility corrections. The relevance of taurine as a component of endogenous protein flow in poultry is identified for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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An BK, An SH, Jeong HS, Kim KE, Kim EJ, Lee SR, Kong C. Evaluation of energy and amino acids of brown rice and its effects on laying performance and egg quality of layers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:374-384. [PMID: 32568264 PMCID: PMC7288238 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME),
nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and ileal digestible amino acid (AA) content of
brown rice (BR) and to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of BR
on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 72 Hy-line
Brown layers (49-week-old) were allocated to two treatments using a completely
randomized block design, and each treatment included six cages per treatment and
six hens per cage. A semi-purified diet was formulated to include BR as the sole
source of AA and energy and an N-free diet was used to determine basal
endogenous loss of AA. The hens were fed a commercial layer diet for adaptation
to the experimental environment and diet for 7 days from d 0, and then fed
experimental diets for 5 days from d 7. Excreta were collected from d 10 to 11
and ileal digesta were collected on d 12. On a dry matter (DM) basis, the AME
and AMEn of BR was determined at 3,773 and 3,729 kcal/kg, respectively. The
apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of BR ranged from 32.7% for Thr to 73.7% for
Arg. The range of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) value was between
79.4% for Met and 96.6% for Lys. In Exp. 2, 252 Hy-line Brown layers
(44-week-old) were divided into four groups, comprising seven replicates of nine
birds each and assigned to four experimental diets containing 0 (Control), 5%,
10%, or 15% BR for 5 weeks. The BR-containing diets were formulated to be equal
in the content of AMEn and digestible AA to those of the diet without BR. No
significant differences were observed in laying performances. Egg quality and
blood profiles were not linearly or quadratically affected by dietary
treatments. These results suggest that up to 15% BR can be included into layer
feed without any adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality, if its
energy and digestible AA values are well evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Ki An
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Su Hyun An
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Han-Seul Jeong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Eun Jip Kim
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Yonam College, Cheonan 31005, Korea
| | - Sang-Rak Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Changsu Kong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea.,Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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Cowieson AJ, Sorbara JOB, Pappenberger G, Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V. Toward standardized amino acid matrices for exogenous phytase and protease in corn-soybean meal-based diets for broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3196-3206. [PMID: 32475456 PMCID: PMC7597660 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 468 male Ross 308 broilers were used in a digestibility study to determine the additivity of apparent or standardized amino acid (AA) digestibility values for corn, soybean meal (SBM), or a mixture of corn and SBM that were supplemented, or not, with either phytase, protease, or a combination of phytase and protease. These treatments generated a total of 12 experimental diets that were arranged in a 3 × 4 design. A nitrogen-free diet was also fed to estimate endogenous AA loss. Apparent and standardized AA digestibility values were assessed on day 28 posthatch. The apparent digestibility of AA in the complete diet was higher (P < 0.05) than expected based on the digestibility of the corn and SBM individually. However, this overestimation was corrected by the adjustment to standardized values. Importantly, addition of protease or the combination of protease and phytase increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of AA in corn and SBM. Furthermore, these effects were arithmetically coherent with respect to the measured effects of the enzymes in the mixture of corn and SBM, even improving the additivity of AA digestibility values when assessed on an apparent basis. This study demonstrates that the effect of exogenous protease and phytase on AA digestibility in complete diets is predictable based on measurements made in individual ingredients. In addition to improving digestibility values per se, exogenous protease and phytase may enhance precision in least cost formulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - J O B Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Mtei AW, Abdollahi MR, Schreurs NM, Ravindran V. Impact of corn particle size on nutrient digestibility varies depending on bird type. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5504-5513. [PMID: 31329975 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between bird type (broilers and layers) and corn particle size (fine, medium, and coarse) on the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of DM, nitrogen (N), starch, fat, gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), and AMEn was investigated in a 2 by 3 factorial study of 6 dietary treatments. Whole corn was ground in a hammer mill to pass through screen sizes of 2.0, 5.0, and 8.0 mm for fine, medium, and coarse grades, respectively. A corn-soybean meal diet, mixed using the same batch of ingredients, was fed to both bird types. Titanium dioxide was included in all diets for digestibility measurements. 35-day-old Ross 308 male broilers and 59-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were used in this study. For each bird type, 108 birds of uniform body weights were accommodated in 18 replicates (6 replicates per particle size and 6 birds per replicate). The treatment diets were offered ad libitum for 7 d prior to the collection of ileal digesta. A bird type by particle size interaction was observed (P < 0.001) for the CAID of DM, starch and GE. In broilers, CAID of DM, starch and GE was unaffected by particle size, whilst in layers, increasing the corn particle size to medium and coarse resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) CAID for DM, starch and GE compared to fine particles. The CAID of N and fat was greater (P < 0.05) in broilers than layers and the opposite was observed (P < 0.05) for Ca and P. Regardless of bird type, coarse and medium-ground corn resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) Ca digestibility compared to finely-ground corn. Overall, broilers had a greater digestibility of nutrients than layers, except for Ca and P. Feeding medium and coarse corn particles benefited the CAID of DM, starch and GE in layers, suggesting that digestive system in these birds is probably more sensitive to feed particle size than broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Mtei
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - N M Schreurs
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Woyengo T, Wilson J. Enhancing nutrient utilization in maize for broiler chickens by superdosing phytase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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