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Wu S, Wang M, Yang X, Zhao L, Lan Z, Sun S. Research Progress in the Development of Vaccines against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1699. [PMID: 39203540 PMCID: PMC11356929 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are the primary agents responsible for mycoplasma disease in poultry. MG has been identified as a significant cause of chronic respiratory disease in chickens, while MS has been linked to the development of tenosynovitis, joint swelling and other symptoms in chickens, leading to considerable economic losses for the poultry industry. Unfortunately, there is no specific drug for treatment and vaccination is the most important way to control the disease. There are some different types of vaccines, including live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, sub-unit vaccines and vector vaccines. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development of vaccines for MG and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Miaoli Wang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250010, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250010, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250010, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zouran Lan
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250010, China; (M.W.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
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Idowu PA, Mpofu TJ, Zishiri OT, Adelabu OA, Nephawe KA, Mtileni B. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in selected chicken breeds in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:562. [PMID: 38840040 PMCID: PMC11151489 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of chickens on maintaining the economy and livelihood of rural communities cannot be overemphasized. In recent years, mycoplasmosis has become one of the diseases that affect the success of South African chicken production. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are the most prevalent strains of Mycoplasma in South Africa. MG and MS are significant respiratory pathogens affecting the productivity of chickens. The present study aimed to molecularly detect using qPCR and characterize the presence of MG and MS using phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis was utilized to clarify general evolutionary relationships between related taxa of different MG and MS observed in tracheal swabs from South African chicken breeds. METHODS Forty-five tracheal swabs of the Lohmann Brown (n = 9), Rhode Island Red (n = 9), Ovambo (n = 9), Venda (n = 9), and Potchefstroom Koekoek (n = 9) breeds were collected from symptomatic chickens present in the commercial farm. To detect MG and MS, DNA was extracted from tracheal swabs and faecal samples, and qPCR was performed with a 16 s rRNA (310 bp) and vlhA (400 bp) gene fragment. Following the sequencing of all the amplicons, MG, and MS dendrograms showing the evolutionary relationships among the five South African chicken breeds and the GeneBank reference population were constructed. RESULTS The qPCR revealed the presence of MG and MS in 22% (2/9) of the tracheal swab samples tested for MS only in Rhode Island Red breeds; 66.6% (6/9) and 33% (3/9) of the tested samples in Ovambo breeds; and 11.1% (1/9) and 44.4% (4/9) of the tested samples in Venda breeds. No MG or MS were detected in the Lohmann Brown or Potchefstroom Koekoek breed. Furthermore, qPCR revealed the presence of MG in pooled faecal samples from Lohmann Brown and Ovambo breeds. Eight different bacterial isolates were recognized from both samples. Four isolates were of the 16 s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene (named PT/MG51/ck/00, PT/MG48/ck/00, PT/MG41/ck/00 and PT/MG71/ck/00) gene of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and the other was Mycoplasma Synoviae variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A (vlhA) gene (named PT/MSA22/ck/01, PT/MS41/ck/01, PT/MS74/ck/01 and PT/MS46/ck/01) which were available in GenBank. These isolates were successfully sequenced with 95-100% similarity to the isolates from the gene bank. CONCLUSION The study revealed the presence of both MG and MS in the chicken breeds sampled. Furthermore, the different breeds of chicken were found to be susceptible to infection under the intensive or commercial management system. Therefore, continuous surveillance is encouraged to prevent the spread and outbreak of MG and MS in the poultry industry in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ayodeji Idowu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Takalani J Mpofu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Olusesan A Adelabu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Microbiology Department, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Khathutshelo A Nephawe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Bohani Mtileni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Hashish A, McKeen L, Sato Y, El-Gazzar M. Development and Evaluation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Challenge Model in Layer Pullets. Avian Dis 2024; 68:145-155. [PMID: 38885057 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Manufacturers of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) modified live vaccines usually recommend a single application at 8 wk of age. This makes 12-16-wk-old layer pullets suitable for challenge studies intended to evaluate these vaccines. Numerous challenge models in different poultry species and ages have been reported. However, there is not an established layer pullet challenge model for this age. The aim of this study is to develop a suitable challenge model in 12-wk-old layer pullets. MG Rlow strain was used as the challenge strain, and its ability to induce clinical signs and lesions in 12-wk-old Hy-Line W-36 layer pullets was evaluated. Three different doses (low, 7.95 × 104 color-changing units [CCU]/bird; medium, 7.95 × 106 CCU/bird; and high, 7.95 × 108 CCU/bird) via three different routes (eye drop, fine spray, and contact infection) were compared and evaluated using different parameters. At 14 days post-challenge, there were no mortalities in any of the groups throughout the study. Layer pullets directly challenged with the high dose via the fine spray route showed the clearest and most consistent results (clinical signs, positive quantitative real-time PCR [qPCR], seroconversion, air sac scoring, and histopathological changes of the tracheal mucosa). Medium and low challenge doses applied via fine spray or eye drop did not show consistent results. Rlow strain was able to spread to the contact infection birds, as confirmed by the positive qPCR results; however, none of the contact-infected birds showed any clinical signs or gross or microscopic lesions. Our results suggest that a high dose (7.95 × 108 CCU/bird) administered through a fine spray route is the model of choice in any future MG vaccine evaluation trials in 12-wk-old layer pullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Hashish
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Mohamed El-Gazzar
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011,
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Underwood GJ, Andrews DM, Hasanthi Abeykoon AM, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Measures of tracheal lesions are more discriminatory and reproducible indications of chronic respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in poultry. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:550-560. [PMID: 35849061 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary causative agent of chronic respiratory disease in poultry and vaccination is the measure most commonly used for its control. Pathological changes caused by M. gallisepticum are mainly observed in the trachea and air sacs, but assessment of air sac lesions is subjective. Standardised parameters for evaluation of pathological changes, and their reproducibility and discrimination in uninfected and infected groups, are critical when assessing the efficacy of M. gallisepticum vaccination. This study reviewed and critically appraised the published literature on evaluation of vaccine efficacy against pathological changes caused by M. gallisepticum in poultry in the trachea and air sacs. A search of four electronic databases, with subsequent manual filtering, identified 23 eligible papers published since 1962 describing the assessment of histopathological changes in the trachea using tracheal lesion scores and/or measurement of tracheal mucosal thicknesses and assessment of gross air sac lesions using lesion scores. Measurement of tracheal lesions proved a more reliable and robust method of assessing disease induced by M. gallisepticum when compared to assessment of air sac lesions, highlighting the importance of including assessment of tracheal lesions as the primary outcome variable in vaccine efficacy studies. In addition, this study also identified the necessity for use of a standardised model for evaluation and reporting on M. gallisepticum vaccines to minimise variations between vaccine efficacy studies and to allow direct comparisons between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - A M Hasanthi Abeykoon
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Garcia-Vello P, Speciale I, Chiodo F, Molinaro A, De Castro C. Carbohydrate-based adjuvants. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 35-36:57-68. [PMID: 33388128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate adjuvants are safe and biocompatible compounds usable as sustained delivery systems and stimulants of ongoing humoral and cellular immune responses, being especially suitable for the development of vaccines against intracellular pathogens where alum is useless. The development of new adjuvants is difficult and expensive, however, in the last two years, seven new carbohydrate-based adjuvants have been patented, also there are twelve ongoing clinical trials of vaccines that contain carbohydrate-based adjuvants, as well as numerous publications on their mechanism of action and safety. More research is necessary to improve the existent adjuvants and develop innovative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garcia-Vello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (NA), Italy.
| | - Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (NA), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (NA), Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
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Current status of vaccine research, development, and challenges of vaccines for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4195-4202. [PMID: 32867963 PMCID: PMC7598112 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Surprisingly, the limited protection and adverse reactions caused by the vaccines, including live vaccines, bacterin-based (killed) vaccines, and recombinant viral vaccines is still a major concern. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains vary in infectivity and virulence and infection may sometimes unapparent and goes undetected. Although extensive research has been carried out on the biology of this pathogen, information is lacking about the type of immune response that confers protection and selection of appropriate protective antigens and adjuvants. Regardless of numerous efforts focused on the development of safe and effective vaccine for the control of MG, the use of modern DNA vaccine technology selected in silico approaches for the use of conserved recombinant proteins may be a better choice for the preparation of novel effective vaccines. More research is needed to characterize and elucidate MG products modulating MG-host interactions. These products could be used as a reference for the preparation and development of vaccines to control MG infections in poultry flocks.
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Bao J, Wu Z, Ishfaq M, Miao Y, Li R, Clifton AC, Ding L, Li J. Comparison of Experimental Infection of Normal and Immunosuppressed Chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J Comp Pathol 2020; 175:5-12. [PMID: 32138843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Four different models of infection of chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were evaluated. Normal or immunosuppressed chicks (10 days old) were infected with the MG Rlow strain via eye and nasal drops or by direct air sac injection. Bacterial load in the lungs was quantified and air sac and tracheal lesion scores, tracheal mucosal thickness and humoral immune responses were assessed. Serum antibody responses were assessed by use of a serum plate agglutination test. Three days post infection (dpi), all immunosuppressed chicks had developed significant respiratory signs. Chicks infected via air sac injection had significant differences in serum antibody and gross lesion scores at 5 dpi. All chicks had developed pathological changes by 7 dpi. Air sac inoculation of immunosuppressed chicks produced more significant (P ≤0.05) lesions, and these birds had the highest bacterial load in the lungs compared with other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - Z Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - M Ishfaq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - Y Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - R Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | | | - L Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - J Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China.
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Gong X, Chen Q, Ferguson-Noel N, Stipkovits L, Szathmary S, Liu Y, Zheng F. Evaluation of protective efficacy of inactivated Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine with different adjuvants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109995. [PMID: 31877484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a poultry pathogen with a reported distribution throughout the world. Vaccination is utilized as an important component of MS control programs for MS infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate protection efficacy of an inactivated MS vaccine (MS bacterin) with different adjuvants in broilers against a Chinese field isolate (CHN-BZJ2-2015). Vaccination with adjuvants ISA 71 VG and chitosan, respectively, enhanced specific lymphocyte proliferation responses and upregulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2 and IFN-γ prior to challenge. Furthermore, vaccination with adjuvant ISA 71 VG elicited the highest antibody titers, exhibited significantly lower air sac, foot pad and tracheal lesions than the other groups (P < 0.05), and decreased MS colonization. These results demonstrated that inactivated MS vaccine with ISA 71 VG is able to induce both cellular and humoral immune response in broilers and confers a high level of protection upon challenge, demonstrating a potential application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Naola Ferguson-Noel
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
| | | | | | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Leigh SA, Evans JD, Collier SD, Branton SL. The impact of vaccination route on Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine efficacy. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3072-3075. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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