1
|
Chacón RD, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, L Pajuelo S, Diaz Forero AJ, Jimenez-Vasquez V, Médico JA, Soto-Ugaldi LF, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Molecular characterization of the meq oncogene of Marek's disease virus in vaccinated Brazilian poultry farms reveals selective pressure on prevalent strains. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-13. [PMID: 38465827 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2318198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) has become an increasingly virulent pathogen in the poultry industry despite vaccination efforts to control it. Brazil has experienced a significant rise of Marek's disease (MD) outbreaks in recent years. Our study aimed to analyze the complete meq gene sequences to understand the molecular epidemiological basis of MD outbreaks in Brazilian vaccinated layer farms. We detected a high incidence rate of visceral MD (67.74%) and multiple circulating MDV strains. The most prevalent and geographically widespread genotype presented several clinical and molecular characteristics of a highly virulent strain and evolving under positive selective pressure. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis revealed a closer relationship with strains from the USA and Japan. This study sheds light on the circulation of MDV strains capable of infecting vaccinated birds. We emphasize the urgency of adopting preventive measures to manage MDV outbreaks threatening the poultry farming industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian J Sánchez-Llatas
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrea J Diaz Forero
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jack A Médico
- Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis F Soto-Ugaldi
- Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng MC, Lai GH, Tsai YL, Lien YY. Circulating hypervirulent Marek's disease viruses in vaccinated chicken flocks in Taiwan by genetic analysis of meq oncogene. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303371. [PMID: 38728352 PMCID: PMC11086920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is an important neoplastic disease caused by serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV-1), which results in severe economic losses worldwide. Despite vaccination practices that have controlled the MD epidemic, current increasing MD-suspected cases indicate the persistent viral infections circulating among vaccinated chicken farms in many countries. However, the lack of available information about phylogeny and molecular characterization of circulating MDV-1 field strains in Taiwan reveals a potential risk in MD outbreaks. This study investigated the genetic characteristics of 18 MDV-1 strains obtained from 17 vaccinated chicken flocks in Taiwan between 2018 and 2020. Based on the sequences of the meq oncogene, the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the circulating Taiwanese MDV-1 field strains were predominantly in a single cluster that showed high similarity with strains from countries of the East Asian region. Because the strains were obtained from CVI988/Rispens vaccinated chicken flocks and the molecular characteristics of the Meq oncoprotein showed features like vvMDV and vv+MDV strains, the circulating Taiwanese MDV-1 field strains may have higher virulence compared with vvMDV pathotype. In conclusion, the data presented demonstrates the circulation of hypervirulent MDV-1 strains in Taiwan and highlights the importance of routine surveillance and precaution strategies in response to the emergence of enhanced virulent MDV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hua Lai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gentile N, Carrasquer F, Marco-Fuertes A, Marin C. Backyard poultry: exploring non-intensive production systems. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103284. [PMID: 38056053 PMCID: PMC10749279 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of backyard poultry historically encompassed "food-producing animals." Nevertheless, a recent shift in livestock production paradigms within developed countries is evident, as backyard poultry owners now raise their birds for purposes beyond self-consumption, raising animals in a familiar way, and fostering emotional bonds with them. Because backyard animals are frequently privately owned, and the resulting products are typically not marketed, very little information is available about the demographic profile of backyard owners and information on flocks' characteristics, husbandry, and welfare. Thus, this review aims to clarify the characteristics of backyard poultry, highlighting the prevalent infectious diseases and the zoonotic risk to which farmers are exposed. According to the FAO, there are different types of poultry production systems: intensive, sub-intensive, and extensive. The system conditions, requirements, and the resulting performance differ extensively due to the type of breed, feeding practices, prevalence of disease, prevention and control of diseases, flock management, and the interactions among all these factors. The presence and transmission of infectious diseases in avian species is a problem that affects both the animals themselves and public health. Bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Mycoplasma), parasitic (helminths, louses, and mites), and viral (Avian influenza, Newcastle, Marek, Infectious Bronchitis, Gumboro, Infectious Laringotracheitis, and Fowlpox) are the most important pathogens involved in backyard poultry health. In addition, Avian influenza, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli, could be a risk for backyard farmers and/or backyard-derived products consumers. Thus, proper biosecurity implementation measures are mandatory to control them. While the principles and practices of on-farm biosecurity may be well-versed among commercial farmers, hobbyists, and backyard farmers might not be familiar with the necessary steps to protect their flocks from infectious diseases and curb their transmission. This sector represents the fourth category of poultry farming, characterized by the lowest biosecurity standards. Consequently, it is imperative to address the legal status of backyard poultry, educate owners about biosecurity measures, and promote proper veterinary care and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy; Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Carrasquer
- H&N International GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany; Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davidson I, Lupini C, Catelli E, Quaglia G, Maddaloni L, Mescolini G. Virulence evaluation of Israeli Marek's disease virus isolates from commercial poultry using their meq gene sequence. Virus Genes 2024; 60:32-43. [PMID: 38184501 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Fifty-seven Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2) isolates, collected during a 30-year period (1990-2019) from commercial poultry flocks affected by Marek's disease (MD), were molecularly characterised. The GaHV-2 meq gene was amplified and sequenced to evaluate the virus virulence, based on the number of PPPPs within the proline-rich repeats (PRRs) of its transactivation domain. The present illustration of virus virulence evaluation on a large scale of field virus isolates by molecular analysis exemplifies the practical benefit and usefulness of the molecular marker in commercial GaVH-2 isolates. The alternative assay of GaVH-2 virulence pathotyping is the classical Gold Standard ADOL method, which is difficult and impossible to employ on a large scale using the Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chicks of the ADOL strains kept in isolators for two months. The phylogenetic analysis performed in the present study showed that the meq gene amino acid sequences of the 57 Israeli strains divide into 16 phylogenetic branches. The virulence evaluation was performed in comparison with 36 GaHV-2 prototype strains, previously characterised by the in vivo Gold Standard ADOL assay. The results obtained revealed that the GaHV-2 strains circulating in Israel have evolved into a higher virulence potential during the years, as the four-proline stretches number in the meq gene decreased over the investigated period, typically of very virulent virus prototypes. The present study supports the meq gene molecular markers for the assessment of field GaVH-2 strains virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Maddaloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
- Operating Unit of Animal Health and Hygiene of Livestock Production, Department of Public Health, AUSL della Romagna, Forlì, FC, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Motai Y, Murata S, Sato J, Nishi A, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Characterization of a Very Short Meq Protein Isoform in a Marek's Disease Virus Strain in Japan. Vet Sci 2024; 11:43. [PMID: 38275925 PMCID: PMC10818563 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes malignant lymphoma (Marek's disease; MD) in chickens. The Meq protein is essential for tumorigenesis since it regulates the expression of host and viral genes. Previously, we reported that the deletion of the short isoform of Meq (S-Meq) decreases the pathogenicity of MDV. Recently, we identified a further short isoform of Meq (very short isoform of Meq, VS-Meq) in chickens with MD in Japan. A 64-amino-acid deletion was confirmed at the C-terminus of VS-Meq. We measured the transcriptional regulation by VS-Meq in three gene promoters to investigate the effect of VS-Meq on protein function. Wild-type VS-Meq decreased the transrepression of the pp38 promoter but did not alter the transactivation activity of the Meq and Bcl-2 promoters. The deletion in VS-Meq did not affect the activity of the pp38 promoter but enhanced the transactivation activities of the Meq and Bcl-2 promoters. Collectively, the deletion of VS-Meq potentially enhanced the activity of the Meq promoter, while other amino acid sequences in wild-type VS-Meq seemed to affect the weak transrepression of the pp38 promoter. Further investigation is required to clarify the effects of these changes on pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinosuke Motai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sato
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Akihito Nishi
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Agriculture Promotion Department, Kochi Prefecture, 3229 Otsu, Takaoka-cho, Tosa 781-1102, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- International Affairs Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Žlabravec Z, Slavec B, Rožmanec E, Koprivec S, Dovč A, Zorman Rojs O. First Report of Marek's Disease Virus in Commercial Turkeys in Slovenia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:250. [PMID: 38254418 PMCID: PMC10812425 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by Mardivirus gallidalpha 2 (GaAHV-2), also known as MD virus (MDV), is a lymphoproliferative disease that primarily affects chickens. Recently, MDV has been detected in lymphomatous tumors in turkeys in various countries. Between 2021 and 2023, three cases ranging from no to severe clinical disorders (depression, lameness, and increased mortality) occurred in commercial turkey flocks in Slovenia. In all cases, MDV was detected by PCR in DNA samples extracted from organs developing tumor infiltrations. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the meq gene revealed that the GaAHV-2 detected has molecular features of a very virulent pathotype and genetic similarity with GaAHV-2 detected in chickens in Tunisia. This is the first report of MDV in commercial turkeys in Slovenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Žlabravec
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
| | - Brigita Slavec
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
| | - Ema Rožmanec
- Veterinarska Ambulanta PP, d.o.o., Potrčeva cesta 10, 2250 Ptuj, Slovenia
| | - Saša Koprivec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Dovč
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
| | - Olga Zorman Rojs
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oluwayinka EB, Otesile EB, Oni OO, Ajayi OL, Dunn JR. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Marek's disease virus in chickens from Ogun State, Nigeria. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:401-411. [PMID: 37605844 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2243838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is caused by oncogenic MD virus serotype 1 (MDV1) and is characterized by lymphoproliferative lesions resulting in high morbidity and mortality in chickens. Despite being ubiquitous on poultry farms, there is a dearth of information on its molecular characteristics in Nigeria. This study aimed at characterizing three virulence genes (Meq, pp38, and vIL-8) of MDV1 from chickens in Ogun state, Nigeria. Blood, feather quill, and tumour samples of chickens from different commercial poultry farms in Ogun State were pooled, spotted on 107 FTA cards, and screened for MDV1 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic analysis was carried out to compare Nigerian MDV1 Meq, pp38, and vIL-8 genes sequences with the published references. Thirteen samples were MDV1-positive and the Meq, as well as pp38, and vIL-8 genes from the different samples were 100% identical. The Meq genes contained 339 amino acids (aa) with three PPPP motifs in the transactivation domain and two interruptions of the PPPP motifs due to proline-to-arginine substitutions at positions 176 and 217 resulting in a 20.88% proline composition. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Meq gene clustered with strains from Egypt and very virulent ATE2539 strain from Hungary. Mutations were observed in the pp38 protein (at positions 107 and 109) and vIL-8 protein (at positions 4 and 31). Based on the molecular analysis of the three genes, the results indicate the presence of MDV1 with virulence signatures; therefore, further studies on in vivo pathotyping of Nigerian MDV1 from all states should be performed.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Meq, pp38 and vIL-8 genes were 100% identical between Nigerian MDV strains.Proline content in Nigerian meq gene was 20.88% with two PPPP motifs interruptions.Meq, pp38 and vIL-8 genes of Nigerian MDV were similar to Egyptian and Indian strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Oluwayinka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - E B Otesile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O O Oni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O L Ajayi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - J R Dunn
- US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Hosseini H, Nazarpak HH, Molouki A, Dezfoulian O, Morshed R. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Marek's Disease Virus in Iran. Avian Dis 2022; 66:1-5. [PMID: 36106908 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious, lymphoproliferative poultry disease caused by the oncogenic herpesvirus, serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV-1), or Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). MDV strains have shown a continued evolution of virulence leading to immune failure, and MD cases continue to occur or surge. Meq, the major MDV-1 oncoprotein, induces T-cell neoplastic transformation through several mechanisms including inhibition of apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and serum-anchorage independent growth. There is no current information on the MDV serotypes and pathotypes circulating in vaccinated commercial farms in Iran, where the birds are vaccinated at the hatchery with GaHV-2 and Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (MeHV-1) vaccines. This study reports the molecular characterization of a GaHV-2 strain detected in 19 flocks of Iranian layer farms exhibiting MDV-1-like clinical signs and visceral lymphomas. Based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene, the Iranian GaHV-2 isolates could be divided into two separate clades regarding molecular features. The clade containing strains was closely related to Italian, Indian, and Hungarian virulent isolates, and the clade was related to American very virulent plus (vv+) isolates. For the first time, the MDV-1 virus was characterized by an outbreak in poultry flocks in Iran. Although MDV-1 strains obtained in Iran's present outbreak are presumably related to virulent (v) and vv+ pathotypes based on nucleotide, amino acid, and phylogenetic analysis of the viruses, they are not confirmed so far. Thus, it is highly recommended to perform further analyses to demonstrate the pathotype characteristics in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tehran, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran, Iran 1419963111
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran 3149968111,
| | - Hadi Haghbin Nazarpak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran 3581631167
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran 3197619751
| | - Omid Dezfoulian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran 6815144316
| | - Rima Morshed
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Encyclopedia, Tehran, Iran 1997743881
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mescolini G, Baigent SJ, Catelli E, Nair VK. Rapid, Sensitive, and Species-Specific Detection of Conventional and Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkeys Vaccines Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Coupled With a Lateral Flow Device Readout. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:873163. [PMID: 35812862 PMCID: PMC9260039 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.873163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease, an economically important disease of chickens caused by virulent serotype 1 strains of the Mardivirus Marek's disease virus (MDV-1), is effectively controlled in the field by live attenuated vaccine viruses including herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT)—both conventional HVT (strain FC126) and, in recent years, recombinant HVT viruses carrying foreign genes from other avian viruses to protect against both Marek's disease and other avian viral diseases. Testing to monitor and confirm successful vaccination is important, but any such test must differentiate HVT from MDV-1 and MDV-2, as vaccination does not prevent infection with these serotypes. End-point and real-time PCR tests are widely used to detect and differentiate HVT, MDV-1 and MDV-2 but require expensive specialist laboratory equipment and trained operators. Here, we developed and validated two tube-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification tests coupled with detection by lateral flow device readout (LAMP-LFD): an HVT-specific test to detect both conventional and recombinant HVT strains, and a second test using novel LAMP primers to specifically detect the Vaxxitek® recombinant HVT. Specificity was confirmed using DNA extracted from virus-infected cultured cells, and limit of detection was determined using plasmid DNA carrying either the HVT or Vaxxitek® genome. The LAMP-LFD tests accurately detected all HVT vaccines, or Vaxxitek® only, in crude DNA as well as purified DNA extracted from field samples of organs, feathers, or poultry house dust that were confirmed positive for HVT by real-time PCR. These LAMP-LFD tests have potential for specific, rapid, simple, and inexpensive detection of HVT vaccines in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mescolini
- Avian Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susan J. Baigent
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Susan J. Baigent
| | - Elena Catelli
- Avian Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Venugopal K. Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Phylogenetic analyses on Marek's disease virus circulating in Iranian backyard and commercial poultry indicate viruses of different origin. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1683-1689. [PMID: 35484378 PMCID: PMC9433632 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As neoplastic viruses have been affecting Iranian chicken farms more frequently in recent years, the first step in prevention may therefore be to genetically characterize and systematically identify their source and origin. Recently, we published a phylogenetic analysis based on the meq gene of Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, commonly known as serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV-1), that circulated in Iranian backyard and commercial chickens. In the current study, we are reporting for the first time the identification of a 298 aa meq protein containing only two PPPP motifs from an MDV-1-infected unvaccinated backyard turkey. This protein length has never been reported from any turkey species before. According to phylogenetic analysis, a close genetic relationship (0.68%) to several chicken-origin isolates such as the American vv + 648A strain was found. In addition, we identified a standard meq protein from a MDV-1-infected commercial chicken farm. In corroboration with our previous finding from other Iranian provinces, it is likely that the highly identical MDV-1 viruses currently circulating in Iranian chicken farms, which may be indicative of human role in the spread of the virus, have similar Eurasian origin. Our data suggest that regardless of the meq size, MDV-1 circulating in Iran are from different origins. On the other hand, meq sequences from bird species other than chicken have been reported but are very few. Our investigation suggests MDV-1 circulating in turkey do not have species-specific sequences.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sato J, Murata S, Yang Z, Kaufer BB, Fujisawa S, Seo H, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Osterrieder N, Parcells MS, Ohashi K. Effect of Insertion and Deletion in the Meq Protein Encoded by Highly Oncogenic Marek’s Disease Virus on Transactivation Activity and Virulence. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020382. [PMID: 35215975 PMCID: PMC8876991 DOI: 10.3390/v14020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) causes malignant lymphoma in chickens (Marek’s disease, MD). Although MD is currently controlled by vaccination, MDV strains have continuously increased in virulence over the recent decades. Polymorphisms in Meq, an MDV-encoded oncoprotein that serves as a transcription factor, have been associated with the enhanced virulence of the virus. In addition, insertions and deletions in Meq have been observed in MDV strains of higher virulence, but their contribution to said virulence remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the contribution of an insertion (L-Meq) and a deletion in the Meq gene (S-Meq) to its functions and MDV pathogenicity. Reporter assays revealed that both insertion and deletion enhanced the transactivation potential of Meq. Additionally, we generated RB-1B-based recombinant MDVs (rMDVs) encoding each Meq isoform and analyzed their pathogenic potential. rMDV encoding L-Meq indueced the highest mortality and tumor incidence in infected animals, whereas the rMDV encoding S-Meq exhibited the lowest pathogenicity. Thus, insertion enhanced the transactivation activity of Meq and MDV pathogenicity, whereas deletion reduced pathogenicity despite having increased transactivation activity. These data suggest that other functions of Meq affect MDV virulence. These data improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the evolution of MDV virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Sato
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (J.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.F.); (H.S.); (S.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (J.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.F.); (H.S.); (S.K.); (K.O.)
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (N.M.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-5274; Fax: +81-11-706-5217
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (J.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.F.); (H.S.); (S.K.); (K.O.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (B.B.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Sotaro Fujisawa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (J.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.F.); (H.S.); (S.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Hikari Seo
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (J.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.F.); (H.S.); (S.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (N.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (N.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (J.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.F.); (H.S.); (S.K.); (K.O.)
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (N.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (B.B.K.); (N.O.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Mark S. Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (J.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.F.); (H.S.); (S.K.); (K.O.)
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (N.M.); (T.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Murata S, Yamamoto E, Sakashita N, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Research Note: Characterization of S-Meq containing the deletion in Meq protein's transactivation domain in a Marek's disease virus strain in Japan. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101461. [PMID: 34601441 PMCID: PMC8531842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes malignant lymphomas in chickens (Marek's disease; MD). Although MD has caused significant economic losses to the poultry industry, currently, its occurrence in the field is effectively controlled by vaccination. However, the genetic characteristics of MDV strains have changed, and the poultry industry has experienced MD outbreaks in vaccinated chickens because of enhanced virulence. Meq, an oncoprotein of MDV, is a key transcription factor correlated with the tumorigenesis in MD. Animal experiments using recombinant MDV revealed that distinct polymorphisms in Meq affect the virulence of MDV strains. Meq containing an insertion or deletion is present in some MDV strains. In the 2010s, field strains that encode Meq containing the deletion (S-Meq) were reported. In this study, we characterized the genetic features of S-Meq detected in a Japanese MDV strain and analyzed its transactivation activity to investigate S-Meq's protein function. S-Meq lacked 41 amino acids, and the deletion was at the same position as those observed in other countries. In addition, S-Meq exhibited higher transactivation activity than Meq from other MDV strains circulating in Japan. These results suggest that the deletion in the transactivation domain may enhance the Meq protein's function. Further investigation is needed to clarify whether the deletion in the transactivation domain of Meq affects MDV's virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Eiji Yamamoto
- Western Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagawa Prefectural Government, Zentsuji, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molouki A, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Abdoshah M, Shoushtari A, Abtin A, Eshtartabadi F, Mahmoudzadeh Akhijahani M, Ziafatikafi Z, Babaeimarzango SS, Allahyari E, Ahmadzadeh L, Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Lim SHE, Rouhani K, Hosseini H, Nair V. Report of a new meq gene size: The first study on genetic characterisation of Marek's disease viruses circulating in Iranian commercial layer and backyard chicken. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:142-149. [PMID: 34423692 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1963677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. In recent months, several outbreaks with clinical signs of MDV-1 were reported in Iranian parent and laying hen farms, in addition to backyard chickens. Several meq gene sequences from these outbreaks were amplified and molecularly characterised.2. The meq protein sequences revealed three different sizes, namely the standard 339 aa, a shorter form of 338 aa lacking a proline residue at position 191, and a very short (vs) size of 265 aa. Based on sequence and size, the 265 aa meq has never been reported from international research groups before. The protein has only one PPPP repeat motif suggesting it belongs to a highly virulent strain.3. The standard meq sequences showed 100% BLAST identity to the vv+ isolate Polen5. However, the 338 aa form clustered to the clade usually reported from North America.4. This is the first report on genetic analysis of MDV-1 from Iran, but further study is required to obtain a better picture of the diversity and prevalence of different MDV-1 strains circulating in the country's farms, backyard poultry and other bird species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Molouki
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - A Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Abdoshah
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - A Shoushtari
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - A Abtin
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - F Eshtartabadi
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - M Mahmoudzadeh Akhijahani
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Z Ziafatikafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - E Allahyari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - L Ahmadzadeh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - M H Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research, Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - S H E Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - K Rouhani
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - V Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group & OIE Marek's Disease Virus Reference Laboratory, Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kannaki TR, Priyanka E, Nishitha Y, Krishna SV, Haunshi S, Subbiah M. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Marek's disease virus virulence-associated genes from vaccinated flocks in southern India reveals circulation of virulent MDV genotype. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e244-e253. [PMID: 34403565 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a re-emerging viral disease of chickens and a serious economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Continuous surveillance with molecular investigation is essential to monitor the emergence of virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains and to devise any appropriate vaccination strategy and implement bio-security programmes. In the present study, we investigated the cases of MD outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. The MD outbreak was confirmed through necropsy (mainly visceral tumours), histopathology and viral gene specific PCR. The pathotypes of the field MDV strains were assessed by molecular analysis of three virulence-associated genes, meq, pp38 and vIL-8. The Meq sequence of the field strains analyzed in this study lacked the 59 aa unique to mild strains, indicating that they are potentially virulent strains. Mutation at position 71 and the presence of five proline rich repeats in the transactivation domain, both associated with virulence were observed in these strains; however, the signature sequences specific to very virulent plus strains were absent. Phylogenetic analysis of meq oncogene sequences revealed clustering of the field strains with North Indian strains and with a very virulent plus ATE 2539 strain from Hungary. Analyses of pp38 protein at positions 107 and 109 and vIL-8 protein at positions 4 and 31 showed signatures of virulence. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of oncogene and virulence-associated genes of field MDVs from vaccinated flock indicated that these strains possessed molecular features of virulent strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Kannaki
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - E Priyanka
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Nishitha
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Vamshi Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Santosh Haunshi
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Madhuri Subbiah
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bayoumi M, El-Saied M, Ahmed B, El-Mahdy M, Amer H. Gallid Alphaherpesvirus 2 in the Egyptian Turkeys: Molecular Characterization and Establishment of a Universal System for Phylogenetic Classification. Intervirology 2021; 64:156-164. [PMID: 34023833 DOI: 10.1159/000515904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2) is a highly contagious oncogenic virus that causes Marek's disease in chickens and occasionally in turkeys. Among 100 genes identified in GaHV-2 genome, the Meq gene appears to involve viral virulence, oncogenicity, and genetic diversity. Despite the use of Meq gene sequences in phylogenetic classification of GaHV-2 strains circulating in many countries worldwide, no integrated system exists yet. METHODS Turkeys from 2 commercial Egyptian farms were presented with signs of dullness, dehydration, and emaciation. Samples prepared from the internal organs were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Pools of the internal organs were analyzed by PCR for identification of GaHV-2, avian leucosis virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus. The Meq gene of an Egyptian strain was sequenced and analyzed in comparison to 40 reference strains for generation of a universal system for phylogenetic classification of GaHV-2 strains. RESULTS Gross and histopathological examination revealed grayish-white soft masses in the internal organs characterized by diffuse infiltration of pleomorphic neoplastic cells. All lymphoma cells were identified as T-lymphocytes of CD3+ phenotype. Samples of both farms were only positive for GaHV-2 by PCR. Sequence analysis of the Meq gene has classified the current turkey strain as related to the Egyptian strains identified in chicken in 2012. A universal phylogenetic system for classification of GaHV-2 strains into 4 clusters was proposed. The vaccine strains were all grouped in cluster 2, and most of the classical American strains belonged to cluster 4. Cluster 1 was further divided into 3 subclusters (1.1-1.3). CONCLUSION GaHV-2 was identified in turkeys for the first time in Africa and the Middle East. Sequence analysis of the Meq gene of the Egyptian strain along with a wide array of the global strains has enabled the construction of a novel phylogenetic classification system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bayoumi
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed El-Saied
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basem Ahmed
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy El-Mahdy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Haitham Amer
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jin G, Wang K, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang H. Proteomic Level Changes on Treatment in MCF-7/DDP Breast Cancer Drug- Resistant Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:687-699. [PMID: 32053082 PMCID: PMC7403652 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200213102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background
LCL161, a SMAC’S small molecule mimetic, can bind to a variety of IAPs and activate Caspases. We found that on its own, LCL161induces apoptosis of drug-resistant breast cancer cells by binding to a variety of IAPs and activating Caspases. However, when LCL161 is used in combination with Caspase Inhibitors (CI), its capacity to induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells is enhanced. Objective
To carry out proteomic and bioinformatics analysis of LCL161 in combination with CI. We aim to identify the key proteins and mechanisms of breast cancer drug-resistant apoptosis, thereby aiding in the breast cancer drug resistance treatment and identification of drug targeting markers. Methods
Cell culture experiments were carried out to explore the effect of LCL161 combined with CI on the proliferation of breast cancer drug-resistant cells. Proteomic analysis was carried out to determine the protein expression differences between breast cancer drug-resistant cells and LCL161 combined with CI treated cells. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to determine its mechanism of action. Validation of proteomics results was done using Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM). Results
Cell culture experiments showed that LCL161 in combination with CI can significantly promote the apoptosis of breast cancer drug-resistant cells. Up-regulation of 92 proteins and down-regulation of 114 proteins protein were noted, of which 4 were selected for further validation. Conclusion
Our results show that LCL161 combined with CI can promote the apoptosis of drug-resistant breast cancer cells by down-regulation of RRM2, CDK4, and ITGB1 expression through Cancer pathways, p53 or PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. In addition, the expression of CDK4, RRM2, and CDC20 can be down-regulated by the nuclear receptor pathway to affect DNA transcription and replication, thereby promoting apoptosis of breast cancer drug-resistant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongshen Jin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Kangwei Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Genetic Heterogeneity among Chicken Infectious Anemia Viruses Detected in Italian Fowl. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040944. [PMID: 33801597 PMCID: PMC8067058 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is a pathogen of chickens associated with immunosuppression and with a disease named chicken infectious anemia. The present survey reports an epidemiological study on CIAV distribution in Italian broiler, broiler breeder and backyard chicken flocks. Twenty-five strains were detected by a specifically developed nested PCR protocol, and molecularly characterized by partial VP1 gene or complete genome sequencing. Viral DNA amplification was successfully obtained from non-invasive samples such as feathers and environmental dust. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of field or potentially vaccine-derived strains with heterogeneous sequences clustered into genogroups II, IIIa, and IIIb. Marker genome positions, reported to be correlated with CIAV virulence, were evaluated in field strains. In conclusion, this is the first survey focused on the molecular characteristics of Italian CIAVs, which have proved to be highly heterogeneous, implementing at the same time a distribution map of field viruses worldwide.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li M, Wang P, Li Q, Deng Q, Shi M, Mo M, Wei T, Huang T, Wei P. Reemergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus and Marek's disease virus co-infection in Yellow-Chickens in Southern China. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101099. [PMID: 34174570 PMCID: PMC8242061 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and the Marek's disease virus (MDV) cause reticuloendotheliosis (RE) and Marek's disease (MD) in poultry, respectively. According to epidemiological results obtained in our laboratory from 2010 to 2017, the positive rates of REV and MDV co-infection remained at low levels. In the present study, during the period of October 2018 to July 2020, 4 clinical cases with high morbidity (5%-20%) and mortality (2%-10%), caused by the co-infection of REV and vv+ MDV-like strains, were diagnosed and analyzed by histopathological observation, cell cultures and detection with ELISA and IFA, and the PCR and by sequencing of the isolates’ genes. Sequencing and the sequence analysis on the complete genomes of the REV strains and the meq genes of the MDV strains were performed. The results, based on the complete genome, LTR, gag, pol, and env genes’ nucleotide sequences of the REV strains, showed that the REV isolates and 68.0 % (17/25) of the reference strains were in a same branch, and all had a high sequence similarity (>99.0%). The similarities between the four isolates and a vv+MDV strain GX18NNM4 were very high, up to 99.3-99.8%. Also, the amino acid residuals at locations 71, 77, 80, 115, 139, 176, and 217 were all the same as A, E, Y, A, A, R, and A, respectively, in the meq gene of the four MDV isolates. In addition, the substitutes at P176R and P217A interrupted the stretches of the proline-rich repeat PPPP, indicating that these strains belonged to the vv+ MDV-like category. Our findings indicated that the more recent and frequent reemergence of REV and the subsequent co-infection with vv+ MDV-like strain has become one of the causes of the clinical outbreaks of tumors and is undoubtedly a threat to the poultry industry in southern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Peikun Wang
- Institute of Microbe and Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276005, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Qiaomu Deng
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Mengya Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Meilan Mo
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Tianchao Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Murata S, Machida Y, Isezaki M, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Genetic characterization of a Marek's disease virus strain isolated in Japan. Virol J 2020; 17:186. [PMID: 33228722 PMCID: PMC7684920 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Marek’s disease virus (MDV) causes malignant lymphomas in chickens (Marek’s disease, MD). MD is currently controlled by vaccination; however, MDV strains have a tendency to develop increased virulence. Distinct diversity and point mutations are present in the Meq proteins, the oncoproteins of MDV, suggesting that changes in protein function induced by amino acid substitutions might affect MDV virulence. We previously reported that recent MDV isolates in Japan display distinct mutations in Meq proteins from those observed in traditional MDV isolates in Japan, but similar to those in MDV strains isolated from other countries. Methods To further investigate the genetic characteristics in Japanese field strains, we sequenced the whole genome of an MDV strain that was successfully isolated from a chicken with MD in Japan. A phylogenetic analysis of the meq gene was also performed. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Meq proteins in most of the Japanese isolates were similar to those of Chinese and European strains, and the genomic sequence of the Japanese strain was classified into the Eurasian cluster. Comparison of coding region sequences among the Japanese strain and MDV strains from other countries revealed that the genetic characteristics of the Japanese strain were similar to those of Chinese and European strains. Conclusions The MDV strains distributed in Asian and European countries including Japan seem to be genetically closer to each other than to MDV strains from North America. These findings indicate that the genetic diversities of MDV strains that emerged may have been dependent on the different vaccination-based control approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Yuka Machida
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Isezaki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lachheb J, Mastour H, Nsiri J, Kaboudi K, Choura I, Ammouna F, Amara A, Ghram A. Newly detected mutations in the Meq oncogene and molecular pathotyping of very virulent Marek's disease herpesvirus in Tunisia. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2589-2597. [PMID: 32876794 PMCID: PMC7547972 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a contagious avian viral disease that is responsible for large economic losses to farmers. The disease is caused by Marek's disease virus (species Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2), which causes neurological lesions, immune suppression, and tumor proliferation of lymphoid cells that invade a large number of organs and tissues. Despite widespread vaccination, Marek's disease virus (MDV), has shown a continuous increase in its virulence and has acquired the ability to overcome immune responses induced by vaccines. In the present study, the oncogenic serotype MDV-1 was detected by real-time PCR in DNA samples extracted from organs developing tumor infiltrations. Identification of the pathotype based on a 132-bp tandem repeat and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene and its encoded protein allowed classification of the isolated viruses as "very virulent", with two new and unique mutations in the Meq gene resulting in amino acid substitutions. Sequencing of pp38, vIl-8, UL1 and UL44 genes did not reveal any new mutations that were characteristic of the Tunisian isolates or correlated with virulence. These results raised concerns about the ability of HVT and CVI988 vaccines, which are currently used in Tunisia and other countries, to protect chickens against highly virulent virus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Houssem Mastour
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Kaboudi
- Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Carthage, Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Choura
- Society of Animal Nutrition (SNA), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ammouna
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdelkader Amara
- Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Carthage, Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yilmaz A, Turan N, Bayraktar E, Tali HE, Aydin O, Umar S, Cakan B, Sadeyen JR, Baigent S, Iqbal M, Nair V, Yilmaz H. Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of Marek's disease virus in Turkish layer chickens. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:523-530. [PMID: 32316760 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1758301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. There is no current data about the genotypes of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in Turkish poultry flocks; hence, this study was performed to analyse CVI988/Rispens, turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine viruses and MDV field viruses as well as to perform phylogenetic analysis of MDV in Turkish layer chickens. 2. In 2017 and 2018, a total of 602 spleen samples from 49 layer flocks were collected from the Marmara, West Black Sea and Aegean regions. DNA was extracted from the spleen samples and the samples were analysed by real-time PCR probe assay to detect CVI988/Rispens and HVT vaccine viruses and MDV field strains. Samples found positive for MDV by real-time PCR were subjected to PCR using the Meq gene primers for phylogenetic analysis. 3. Amongst 49 flocks, virulent MDV was detected in nine flocks. CVI988/Rispens and HVT vaccine strains were detected in 47 flocks and HVT in all 49 flocks. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and tumours in the oviduct were observed in chickens of affected flocks. Virulent MDV was detected in 120 out of 602 spleen samples. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses showed that MDVs detected in this study were closely related to MDV strains from Italy, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, India and China but showed diversity with MDV strains from Egypt and Hungary. Multiple sequence analysis of the Meq protein revealed several point mutations in deduced amino acid sequences. Interestingly, CVI988/Rispens vaccine virus from China (AF493555) showed mutations at position 66 (G66R) and 71 (S66A) along with two other vaccine strains from China (GU354326.1) and Russia (EU032468.1), in comparison with the other vaccine strain CVI988/Rispens (DQ534538). The molecular analyses of the Meq gene suggested that Turkish field strains of MDV are in the class of virulent or very virulent pathotypes. 4. The results have shown that MDV still affects poultry health, and the phylogenetic and amino acid variation data obtained will help in vaccination and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Turan
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Bayraktar
- Poultry Division, CEVA Animal Health , Maslak, Turkey
| | - H E Tali
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O Aydin
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Umar
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Cakan
- Poultry Division, CEVA Animal Health , Maslak, Turkey
| | - J-R Sadeyen
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute , Woking, UK
| | - S Baigent
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute , Woking, UK
| | - M Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute , Woking, UK
| | - V Nair
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute , Woking, UK
| | - H Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lupini C, Felice V, Silveira F, Mescolini G, Berto G, Listorti V, Cecchinato M, Catelli E. Comparative in vivo pathogenicity study of an ITA genotype isolate (G6) of infectious bursal disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1025-1031. [PMID: 31715072 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new genotype of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), named ITA, was detected in IBD-vaccinated Italian broilers. Genome characterization revealed ITA to be a genetically different IBDV, belonging to genogroup 6 according to a recently proposed IBDV classification. The currently available clinical data do not allow any definition of the degree of pathogenicity of the ITA-IBDV isolates. In the present study, a pathogenicity trial was conducted by the oral inoculation of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Birds were housed in poultry isolators and inoculated at 35 days of age with an ITA-IBDV isolate (35 birds) or a strain belonging to the G1a genogroup as a comparison (35 birds). Control birds (25 birds) were contextually mock-inoculated with sterile water. Birds were observed daily for clinical signs and at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) were bled for IBDV antibody detection. At 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi, five birds from each of the inoculated groups, and three from the control group, were euthanized and subjected to a post-mortem examination; the bursa:body weight and thymus:body weight ratios were calculated. Microscopic lesions of the bursa and thymus were scored on the basis of lymphoid necrosis and/or depletion or cortex atrophy, respectively. Both viruses induced a subclinical course of disease, as neither clinical signs nor mortality were recorded during the study, even in the presence of typical IBDV gross and microscopic lesions. Bursal damage, measured by the bursa:body weight ratio, was more noticeable and precocious after ITA-IBDV inoculation. Histopathology scores of the bursa, indicative of rapid lymphoid depletion, confirmed the aggressiveness of the ITA-IBDV strain in this organ. This study showed that, although the ITA-IBDV strain tested causes infection with a subclinical course, it induces severe damage to lymphoid tissues. Therefore, its circulation in birds might be a threat for the poultry industry and may jeopardize the success of the production cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Viviana Felice
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Flavio Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | | | - Valeria Listorti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mescolini G, Lupini C, Davidson I, Massi P, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Catelli E. Molecular characterization of a Marek's disease virus strain detected in tumour-bearing turkeys. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:202-207. [PMID: 31702386 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1691715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), which primarily affects chickens. However, the virus is also able to induce tumours in turkeys, albeit less frequently than in chickens. This study reports the molecular characterization of a GaHV-2 strain detected in a flock of Italian meat-type turkeys exhibiting visceral lymphomas. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the meq gene revealed that the turkey GaHV-2 has molecular features of high virulence and genetic similarity with GaHV-2 strains recently detected in Italian commercial and backyard chickens. GaHV-2 is ubiquitous among chickens despite vaccination, and chicken-to-turkey transmission is hypothesized due to the presence of broilers in neighbouring pens.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS A GaHV-2 strain from Italian turkeys was molecularly characterized.The turkey strain presented molecular characteristics of high virulence in its meq gene.The turkey strain was closely related to previously detected chicken strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Paola Massi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione Diagnostica di Forlì, Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione Diagnostica di Forlì, Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione Diagnostica di Forlì, Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Detection and Molecular Characterization of a Natural Coinfection of Marek's Disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus in Brazilian Backyard Chicken Flock. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040092. [PMID: 31756886 PMCID: PMC6958383 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are two of the primary oncogenic viruses that significantly affect chickens. In Brazil, there have been no previous published reports on the presence of field REV alone or in coinfection. This retrospective study analyzes samples from a case of lymphoproliferative lesions from a backyard chicken flock. MDV and REV were detected by PCR and classified as MDV1 and REV3, respectively, through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on the glycoprotein B (gB) genes for MDV and the polymerase (pol) and envelope (env) genes for REV. Real-time PCR reactions were performed for MDV to rule out the presence of the Rispens vaccine strain. This is the first report of the presence of REV in coinfection with a MDV clinical case in Brazil and the first molecular characterization of REV in South America. This study highlights the importance of molecular diagnosis for REV and MDV in poultry. In addition, this study highlights the distribution of these two viruses worldwide and the latent risk of them solely or in coinfection to this part of the world.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mescolini G, Lupini C, Davidson I, Massi P, Tosi G, Catelli E. Marek's disease viruses circulating in commercial poultry in Italy in the years 2015-2018 are closely related by their meq gene phylogeny. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:98-107. [PMID: 31411371 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease important to the poultry industry worldwide; it is caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). The virulence of GaHV-2 isolates has shifted over the years from mild to virulent, very virulent and very virulent +. Nowadays the disease is controlled by vaccination, but field strains of increased virulence are emerging worldwide. Economic losses due to MD are mostly associated with its acute form, characterized by visceral lymphomas. The present study aimed to molecularly classify a group of 13 GaHV-2 strains detected in vaccinated Italian commercial chicken flocks during acute MD outbreaks, and to scrutinize the ability of predicting GaHV-2 virulence, according to the meq gene sequence. The full-length meq genes were amplified, and the obtained amino acid (aa) sequences were analysed, focusing mainly on the number of stretches of four proline molecules (PPPP) within the transactivation domain. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out with the Maximum Likelihood method using the obtained aa sequences, and the sequences of Italian strains detected in backyard flocks and of selected strains retrieved from GenBank. All the analysed strains showed 100% sequence identity in the meq gene, which encodes a Meq protein of 339 aa. The Meq protein includes four PPPP motifs in the transactivation domain and an interruption of a PPPP motif due to a proline-to-serine substitution at position 218. These features are typically encountered in highly virulent isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the analysed strains belonged to a cluster that includes high-virulence GaHV-2 strains detected in Italian backyard flocks and a hypervirulent Polish strain. Our results support the hypothesis that the virulence of field isolates can be suggested by meq aa sequence analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Paola Massi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione Diagnostica di Forlì, Forlì, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione Diagnostica di Forlì, Forlì, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|