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Matos Júnior JB, Vicentini TI, Almeida AR, Morita VDS, Sgavioli S, Boleli IC. Hatching phase influences thermal preference of broilers throughout rearing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235600. [PMID: 32628711 PMCID: PMC7337320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we aimed for the first time to analyse whether opposite hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature from day 13 to hatching interferes with the thermal preference and response of broilers to heat stress throughout the rearing period. Fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb-500®) were used in a completely randomized trial with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (Short-Long and Long-Short hatching patterns: short time interval between internal and external pipping followed by long time interval between external pipping and hatching, and long time interval between internal and external pipping followed by short time interval between external pipping and hatching, respectively; and control and high incubation temperatures: 37.5°C and 39°C from the 13rd day, respectively). Thermal manipulation from day 13 was chosen because it is known endocrine axes are already established at this time. At hatching, male chicks were reared in climatical chamber with 16 boxes, maintained at the temperature recommended for this strain, with 4 replicates of 18 chicks per treatment. Broilers with Long-Short hatching pattern and from eggs incubation at 37.5°C preferred the lowest ambient temperature at all analyzed ages, whereas broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern and from eggs incubated at 39°C preferred the highest temperatures from 21 days of age. Heat-exposed broilers showed increased respiratory frequency in all ages analyzed, which should have to contributed to maintainance of their rectal (body) temperature. The hatching patterns did not influence the feed intake, but broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern had better feed conversion, weight gain, and body weight. High incubation temperature reduced the feed consumption, as well as the weight gain and body weight by worsening the feed conversion. The results of this study reveal that hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature influence the broiler thermal preference and heat response throughout the rearing period. Chicks with Long-Short and Short-Long hatching patterns should be reared separately, although this is not practical within a hatcher.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamiris Iara Vicentini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayla Rosa Almeida
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Souza Morita
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Cristina Boleli
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Morita VDS, de Almeida VR, Matos JB, Vicentini TI, van den Brand H, Boleli IC. Incubation Temperature during Fetal Development Influences Morphophysiological Characteristics and Preferred Ambient Temperature of Chicken Hatchlings. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154928. [PMID: 27183111 PMCID: PMC4868306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin and feather characteristics, which play a critical role in body temperature maintenance, can be affected by incubation circumstances, such as incubation temperature. However, no study to date has assessed the influence of incubation temperature during the fetal stage on morphometric characteristics and vascular development of the skin, feather characteristics, and their relationship to hormone levels and preferred temperature in later life in chickens. Broiler breeder eggs were exposed to low (36°C), control (37.5°C), or high (39°C) temperatures (treatments LT, CK, and HT, respectively) from day 13 of incubation onward, because it is known that the endocrine axes are already established at this time. During this period, eggshell temperature of HT eggs (38.8±0.33°C) was higher than of LT (37.4±0.08°C) and CK eggs (37.8 ±0.15°C). The difference between eggshell and incubator air temperature diminished with the increasing incubation temperature, and was approximately zero for HT. HT hatchlings had higher surface temperature on the head, neck, and back, and thinner and more vascularized skin than did CK and LT hatchlings. No differences were found among treatments for body weight, total feather weight, number and length of barbs, barbule length, and plasma T4 concentration. LT hatchlings showed lower plasma T3 and GH, as well as lower T3/T4 ratio and decreased vascularity in the neck, back, and thigh skin compared to CK hatchlings. On the other hand, HT hatchlings had decreased skin thickness and increased vascularity, and preferred a higher ambient temperature compared to CK and HT hatchlings. In addition, for all treatments, surface temperature on the head was higher than of the other body regions. We conclude that changes in skin thickness and vascularity, as well as changes in thyroid and growth hormone levels, are the result of embryonic strategies to cope with higher or lower than normal incubation temperatures. Additionally exposure to increased temperature during incubation is an environmental factor that can exert early-life influence on ambient temperature preference of broiler hatchlings in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane de Souza Morita
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Access road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884–900, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosa de Almeida
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Access road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884–900, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Batista Matos
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Access road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884–900, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Iara Vicentini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Access road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884–900, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Cristina Boleli
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Access road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884–900, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Morita VS, Almeida VR, Matos Junior JB, Vicentini TI, van den Brand H, Boleli IC. Incubation temperature alters thermal preference and response to heat stress of broiler chickens along the rearing phase. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1795-804. [PMID: 26994196 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate whether embryonic temperature manipulation may alter thermal preference throughout the rearing phase of broiler chickens and how this manipulation may affect response to thermal challenge, metabolism, growth rate and feed intake rate. Eggs were exposed to a constant incubation temperature [machine temperatures: 36°C (Low), 37.5°C (Control), and 39°C (High); eggshell temperature of 37.4 ± 0.08°C, 37.8 ± 0.15°C, and 38.8 ± 0.33°C, respectively] from d 13 till hatching. Low treatment chickens showed lower plasma T3 and GH levels at d 1 of age and lower T3 level at d 42 of age compared to the Control treatment. Preferred ambient, rectal temperature, T4 level, growth rate, food intake rate, and response to thermal challenge were not altered in these chickens. On the other hand, High-treatment chickens exhibited high preferred ambient temperature and rectal temperature during the first 2 wk post-hatch, lower plasma T3 level at d 21 and 42 and a delayed increase in respiratory movement in response to thermal challenge compared to the Control treatment. However, chickens subjected to the Control and High treatments did not differ in T4 and GH level and performance. We conclude that exposure to high temperature during late embryonic development has long-lasting effects on the thermoregulatory system of broiler chickens by affecting the heat tolerance of these chickens. Moreover, the preferred ambient temperature of the chickens from heat-treated eggs correspond to those recommended for the strain under study, whereas for the cold-treated and control-chickens it was 1°C below, indicating that incubation temperature might have consequences on the ambient temperature chickens require during the rearing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Morita
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V R Almeida
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B Matos Junior
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T I Vicentini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - I C Boleli
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Adaptive response to Eimeria acervulina in rearing hens is affected by suboptimal incubation temperature and heat exposure in later life. Animal 2012; 6:137-44. [PMID: 22436161 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether suboptimal incubation (SI) temperature in weeks 1 and 3 of layer embryo incubation affects their development and post-hatch adaptive capacity during infectious challenges, by using Eimeria as a model infection under normal and immediately after more challenging environmental conditions of 72 h heat exposure. Eggs (n = 160 per treatment) were incubated at optimal (OI = 37.8°C continuously) or suboptimal eggshell temperature (36.7°C, 37.8°C and 38.9°C in weeks 1, 2 and 3, respectively). At day 33 of age, half the chickens of each incubation treatment were exposed to 72 h heat (35°C), whereas the other half remained under control conditions (21°C). At day 36 of age, all chickens were inoculated with 1 ml of a phosphate buffer saline solution containing 25 000 sporulated Eimeria acervulina oocysts/ml. The adaptive response to E. acervulina was measured by BW gain and FI from days 0 to 3 post infection (p.i.), days 3 to 5 p.i. and days 5 to 7 p.i., and by oocyst production (days 4 and 7 p.i.) and lesion scores in the duodenum (day 3, 4 and 7 p.i.). Our results demonstrated that SI temperatures in weeks 1 and 3 of incubation resulted in a reduction in yolk-free BW, chick length and navel condition. Moreover, SI temperature appeared to reduce the adaptive capacity to E. acervulina. This was demonstrated by tendencies to lower FI (P = 0.07) and BW gain (P = 0.08), more duodenal lesions (P = 0.09) and higher oocyst production (P = 0.02) after inoculation of E. acervulina. Higher lesion scores and faecal oocyst numbers were especially found when suboptimal incubation was combined with heat exposure preceding the infection. In conclusion, SI layer chickens tend to be less able to cope with an infectious challenge post hatch.
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Walstra I, Ten Napel J, Kemp B, van den Brand H. Temperature manipulation during layer chick embryogenesis. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1502-8. [PMID: 20548079 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of temperature manipulation (TM) during late embryogenesis on temperature preference, response to high environmental temperature, behavior, and performance in young layer chicks. Control (CC) embryos (n = 96) were incubated at 37.8 degrees C eggshell temperature throughout incubation. Thermally manipulated embryos (n = 96) were incubated at 37.8 degrees C eggshell temperature throughout incubation and were exposed to 40 degrees C for 4 h/d from embryonic d 14 to 18 (TM chicks). After hatch, chicks from each treatment were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 32 per group) and were subjected to a temperature preference test at d 1, 7, or 33. One day after the temperature preference test, each subgroup was exposed to 1 thermal challenge for 4 h (d 2, 40 degrees C; d 8, 40 degrees C; or d 34, 35 degrees C). Effects of TM on (fearfulness) behavior of chicks were investigated in a tonic immobility test and during home pen observations. Temperature manipulation decreased incubation time with 7 h (P < 0.0001) and body temperature at hatch with 0.2 degrees C (P = 0.002). The TM chicks preferred a lower ambient temperature in the temperature preference test (P < 0.05) and showed a higher body temperature response than CC chicks to the thermal challenge at d 2 and 8 (P < 0.05). No effects of TM on behavior and performance were observed. Because most TM studies are conducted in broilers, this study is the first attempt to unravel the effects of TM during late embryogenesis on posthatch environmental adaptation in layer chicks. The results demonstrated that effects of our TM on postnatal temperature preference and response to high environmental temperatures are only found until d 8 of age. This may suggest 1 of 3 options: a) the timing or the level, or both, of TM and duration were not at the sensitive period of embryogenesis or not sufficient, or both, respectively; b) the level of the postnatal thermal challenge was not strong enough to induce a hyperthermic response; and c) the postnatal effects of TM in layers are limited in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Walstra
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Thompson KM, Holloran MJ, Slater SJ, Kuipers JL, Anderson SH. EARLY BROOD-REARING HABITAT USE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GREATER SAGE-GROUSE IN WYOMING. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2006. [DOI: 10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[332:ebhuap]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pis T. The body temperature and energy metabolism in growing chicks of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus). J Therm Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4565(01)00083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marjoniemi K, Hohtola E, Putaala A, Hissa R. Development of temperature regulation in the grey partridgePerdix perdix. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.1995.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyösti Marjoniemi
- Kyösti Marjoniemi, Esa Hohtola, Ahti Putaala & Raimo Hissa, Department of Zoology, University of Oulu, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Esa Hohtola
- Kyösti Marjoniemi, Esa Hohtola, Ahti Putaala & Raimo Hissa, Department of Zoology, University of Oulu, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ahti Putaala
- Kyösti Marjoniemi, Esa Hohtola, Ahti Putaala & Raimo Hissa, Department of Zoology, University of Oulu, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Raimo Hissa
- Kyösti Marjoniemi, Esa Hohtola, Ahti Putaala & Raimo Hissa, Department of Zoology, University of Oulu, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
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Modrey P, Nichelmann M. Development of autonomic and behavioural thermoregulation in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). J Therm Biol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(92)90035-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Spiers DE, Adams T, Ringer RK. Homeothermic development in the bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hissa R, Saarela S, Rintamäki H, Lindén H, Hohtola E. Energetics and Development of Temperature Regulation in Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.56.2.30156047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Newman PB. The separation of meat from bone—A review of the mechanics and the problems. Meat Sci 1981; 5:171-200. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(81)90002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1979] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Allen H. The response of willow grouse chicks to auditory stimuli. Behav Processes 1980; 5:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(80)90047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/1979] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The response of willow grouse chicks to auditory stimuli 2. Synthesized brooding calls attract machine-incubated chicks. Behav Processes 1979; 4:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(79)90046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/1978] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Myhre K. Behavioral temperature regulation in neonate chick of Bantam hen (Gallus domesticus). Poult Sci 1978; 57:1369-75. [PMID: 724601 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0571369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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The response of willow grouse chicks to auditory stimuli 1. Preference for hen grouse calls. Behav Processes 1977; 2:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(77)90037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/1976] [Revised: 02/15/1977] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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