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Strifler P, Horváth B, Such N, Dublecz K, Pál L. Effects of different dietary threonine and glycine supplies in broilers fed low-protein diets. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1373348. [PMID: 38590541 PMCID: PMC10999546 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1373348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The reduction of crude protein (CP) content of broiler diets with balanced amino acid supply can increase the nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency and reduce ammonia emission, the risk of many health problems in birds. Feeding low protein (LP) diets without the impairment of performance traits needs the optimized dietary levels of threonine (Thr) and the non-essential amino acid (AA) glycine (Gly) and serine (Ser). However, the required concentrations and interactions of Thr and Gly + Ser, expressed as Gly equivalent (Glyequi), in LP diets are not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three LP (LP1-3) grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-35 days) diets with 2% CP reduction compared to the control (C), differing in standardized ileal digestible (SID) Thr to lysine (Lys) ratio (C, LP1, LP3: 63%, LP2: 72%) and Glyequi levels (C: 15.65 g/kg, LP1: 13.74 g/kg, LP2: 13.70 g/kg, LP3: 15.77). The LP treatments did not impair the performance traits of broilers. The LP2 treatment with increased SID Thr-to-Lys ratio (+9.0%) resulted in significantly higher body weight gain and a more advantageous feed conversion ratio in the whole fattening compared to the control treatment with normal CP level (p < 0.05). The LP3 treatment containing swine meat meal with similar Glyequi levels compared to the normal CP treatment led to the most advantageous feed conversion ratio in the finisher phase and the highest nitrogen retention efficiency (p < 0.05). However, the LP3 treatment with a high starch-to-CP ratio negatively influenced the relative carcass weight and the ratio of abdominal fat of broilers (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - László Pál
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University and Agriculture and Life Sciences, Keszthely, Hungary
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Strifler P, Horváth B, Such N, Farkas V, Wágner L, Dublecz K, Pál L. Effects of Feeding Low Protein Diets with Different Energy-to-Protein Ratios on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Nitrogen Excretion of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091476. [PMID: 37174513 PMCID: PMC10177200 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows the effects of feeding low protein (LP) diets with different energy-to-protein ratios were evaluated on the production parameters, carcass composition, meat quality, nitrogen retention, and excreta composition of broilers. A total of 576-day-old Ross 308 broilers were fed a control diet (C) and three LP diets containing 1.5% less crude protein than diet C for 41 days. The LP1 treatment was isocaloric with diet C, while the dietary apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen (AMEn) levels in the case of the LP2 and LP3 treatments were reduced by 1.5% and 3%, respectively. The LP diets were supplemented with six crystalline essential amino acids (AA) to meet the standardized ileal digestible AA requirements of broilers. The LP1 treatment did not affect the performance parameters of broilers and increased the breast meat yield, the nitrogen retention and decreased drip loss of breast meat and the total-N and uric acid-N nitrogen excretion of birds in comparison with the C group. Although the energy-reduced LP2 and LP3 diets resulted in lower final body weight, they did not affect the carcass composition, breast meat quality, nitrogen retention, and excreta composition of birds compared with the control treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Strifler
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | | | - Nikoletta Such
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Valéria Farkas
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - László Wágner
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Károly Dublecz
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - László Pál
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
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3
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Effect of different dietary energy/protein ratios on growth performance, reproductive performance of breeding pigeons and slaughter performance, meat quality of squabs in summer. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Suliman GM, Hussein EOS, Alsagan A, Al-Owaimer AN, Alhotan R, Al-Baadani HH, Ba-Awadh HA, Qaid MM, Swelum AA. Effects of adding nano-emulsified plant oil and probiotics to drinking water during different periods besides sex on processing characteristics, physicochemical properties, and meat quality traits of broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1133605. [PMID: 36896294 PMCID: PMC9989307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1133605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction High-quality meat is one of the consumer demands. Therefore, several studies have concluded that supplementing broilers with natural additives can improve meat quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of nano-emulsified plant oil (Magic oil®) and probiotic (Albovit®) as water additives (at the rate of 1 ml/L and 0.1 g/L, respectively) during different growing periods on processing characteristics, physicochemical properties, and meat quality traits of broilers chickens. Methods A total number of 432-day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups according to the growing periods in which magic oil and probiotics were added to drinking water, each with nine replicates and eight birds per replicate (4♂ and 4♀). On day 35, birds' processing characteristics, physicochemical properties, and meat quality traits were examined. Results and discussion The results showed that treatments had a significant (P < 0.001) impact on cooking loss, cohesiveness, and chewiness. The male broiler chickens had higher (P ≤ 0.05) initial lightness, initial whiteness index, water holding capacity, shear force, live weight, hot and chilled carcass weights, as well as lower gizzard and neck percentages than females. The interactions between treatments and sex showed a significant (P < 0.001) impact on cooking loss, shear force, hardness, springiness, and chewiness. In conclusion, supplementing male broiler chickens with Magic oil and probiotic, particularly from 0-30 days of age had favorable meat chewiness as a result of lower cohesiveness and hardness higher springiness, and the most convenient cooking loss value. Magic oil and probiotic, especially in males, is advisable to be supplemented in water of growing broilers chicken programs from 0 to 30 days of age. Moreover, further studies under commercial conditions are recommended to locate the most favorable combination of Magic oil/probiotic supplements for the best processing characteristics and meat quality attributes outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alsagan
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Al-Owaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani H Al-Baadani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Qaid
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Effects of select tannin-free grain sorghum varieties on the performance, carcass traits, intestinal morphology, and gene expression of jejunal mucosa of broiler chickens. APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.15232/aas.2022-02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Hong JS, Yoo J, Cho HM, Wickramasuriya SS, Macelline SP, Heo JM. Determination of the maximum dietary effect of energy levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of White Pekin duck. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:471-480. [PMID: 35709127 PMCID: PMC9184700 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the maximum dietary energy levels on
growth performance and carcass characteristics of White Pekin duck. the Six
dietary treatments were formulated based on their apparent metabolizable energy
(AME) concentrations from 2,700 to 3,200 kcal/kg with a 100 kcal/kg gap to
evaluate the accurate dietary AME requirement to address current knowledge and
further issues for fulfilling the genetic potential of meat-type white Pekin
ducklings. A total of 432 one-day-old male White Pekin ducklings were randomly
allocated into one of six dietary treatments with six replicates (12 birds per
pen). The diets were formulated as corn-soybean meal-based diets to meet or
exceed the Nutrient Requirement of Poultry specification for meat-type ducks.
Growth performance indices (i.e. average daily gain [ADG], average daily feed
intake, feed conversion ratio) were measured weekly. Medium body weight (BW)
ducklings from each pen were sacrificed to analyze the carcass traits and
abdominal fat content on day 21. Obtained data were analyzed to estimate
significant effect using the one-way ANOVA of IBM SPSS Statistics (Version, 25).
If the p-value of the results were significant, differences in
means among treatments were separated by Tukey’s post hoc test.
Significant differences were then analyzed with a linear and quadratic broken
model to estimate the accurate concentration of AME. Ducklings fed higher
dietary AME diets increased (p < 0.05) BW, ADG.
Ducklings fed higher AME than 2,900 kcal/kg diets increased abdominal fat
accumulation and leg meat portion. The estimated requirement by linear plateau
method showed from 3,000.00 kcal/kg to 3,173.03 kcal/kg whereas the requirement
by quadratic plateau method indicated from 3,100.00 kcal/kg to 3,306.26 kcal/kg.
Collectively, estimated dietary requirements exhibit diverse results based on
the measured traits and analysis methods. All the estimated requirements in this
experiment present higher than previous research, the maximum requirement for
the next diet formulation should be selected by the purpose of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seon Hong
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Jaehong Yoo
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | | | - Shemil Priyan Macelline
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Jung Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
- Corresponding author: Jung Min Heo, Department of
Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea. Tel: +82-42-821-5777, E-mail:
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Kuritza LN, De Almeida LM, Dos Santos MC, Bassi LS, Sonálio KC, Maiorka A, De Oliveira SG. Effect of crude protein reduction in blood, performance, immunological, and intestinal histological parameters of broiler chickens. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13716. [PMID: 35397151 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of the reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) on blood urea, uric acid, performance, immunity, and intestinal histology of broilers. Four diets were formulated with 22.50%, 21.50%, 20.50%, and 19.50% of CP (1 to 21 days) and 19.20%, 18.20%, 17.20%, and 16.20% of CP (22 to 42 days), meeting the requirements of essential amino acids in all diets. A total of 800 male Ross chicks were randomly allocated to 32 pens, with 25 birds each (n = 8). Blood and intestines had been collected for analysis. Uric acid decreased and urea increased with the reduction of CP (p < 0.05). Reduction in performance and intestinal parameters (villus, crypt, and goblet cells) was observed with the reduction of CP (p < 0.05). Lower levels of CP resulted in alteration (p < 0.05) in CD4 and CD8 lineages (21 and 42 days). Broken-line models estimated (p < 0.05) the CP requirement for growth between 21% and 21.3% (1 to 21 days) and between 17.2% and 17.4% (22 to 42 days) and CP requirements between 17.2% and 18.2% for maximum response of immune cells (42 days). Reduction in dietary CP has a negative impact on performance, immune response, and intestinal histology of broilers, even with adequate levels of essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Nagae Kuritza
- Department of Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas Schmidt Bassi
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Katiucia Cristine Sonálio
- Department of Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alex Maiorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Simone Gisele De Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Science, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, Curitiba, Brazil
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8
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Kim M, Voy BH. Fighting Fat With Fat: n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Adipose Deposition in Broiler Chickens. Front Physiol 2021; 12:755317. [PMID: 34658934 PMCID: PMC8511411 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.755317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern broiler chickens are incredibly efficient, but they accumulate more adipose tissue than is physiologically necessary due to inadvertent consequences of selection for rapid growth. Accumulation of excess adipose tissue wastes feed in birds raised for market, and it compromises well-being in broiler-breeders. Studies driven by the obesity epidemic in humans demonstrate that the fatty acid profile of the diet influences adipose tissue growth and metabolism in ways that can be manipulated to reduce fat accretion. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can inhibit adipocyte differentiation, induce fatty acid oxidation, and enhance energy expenditure, all of which can counteract the accretion of excess adipose tissue. This mini-review summarizes efforts to counteract the tendency for fat accretion in broilers by enriching the diet in n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brynn H. Voy
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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9
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Using soybean acid oil or its calcium salt as the energy source for broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and immune responses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Alhotan RA. Commercial poultry feed formulation: current status, challenges, and future expectations. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1891400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wu Y, Tang J, Cao J, Zhang B, Chen Y, Xie M, Zhou Z, Hou S. Effect of Dietary L-Methionine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Plasma Parameters of Starter Pekin Ducks at Different Dietary Energy Levels. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010144. [PMID: 33440693 PMCID: PMC7826553 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tremendous improvements have been made in the duck commercial industry, especially in aspects such as the increase of body weight and shortening of the production cycle. Meat duck production has been increasing annually worldwide. Improvements in precise nutrition were crucial for ducks to improve growth efficiency and reduce diet costs. Currently, L-Met, a new methionine (Met) source, has been commercially available for duck diet formulation. The bioavailability of L-Met is greater than DL-Met for growth performance in duck. The present study estimated the Met requirement of starter Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days of age by supplementing crystal L-Met to formulate the diets at different ME levels. The results suggested that the Met requirement of starter Pekin ducks was affected by dietary ME levels. The data potentially provide theoretical support for the utilization of crystalline L-Met in duck production. Abstract A 2 × 6 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the influences of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and methionine (Met) levels on growth performance, carcass traits, and plasma biochemical parameters of starter Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 600 one-day-old male Pekin ducklings were randomly assigned to 12 groups (six replicates each group and eight ducks per replicate) in a 2 × 6 two-factor arrangement. The basal Met levels of two basal diets (11.54 and 12.52 MJ/kg ME) were 0.31 and 0.29%, respectively. The crystalline L-Met was supplemented to yield six diets according to different supplemental levels (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25%). The results showed that the body weight (BW) and average daily weight gain (ADG) were increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary Met levels. Dietary ME levels changed from 11.54 to 12.52 MJ/kg increased the BW and ADG (p < 0.05) as well as decreased the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio (p < 0.05). As the dietary Met level increased, leg muscle yield increased (p < 0.05). Conversely, increasing the dietary ME level decreased the leg muscle yield (p = 0.0024) and increased abdominal fat (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the concentrations of total cholesterol (TCHO), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) in plasma were decreased (p < 0.05) when the ME levels of diets changed from 11.54 to 12.52 MJ/kg. Meanwhile, the plasma TCHO and HDLC concentrations decreased (p < 0.05) as dietary Met levels increased. Based on the linear-broken line model, the dietary Met requirement of starter Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days of age for optimal ADG were 0.362% (0.052% supplemental L-Met) at 11.54 MJ ME/kg and 0.468% (0.178% supplemental L-Met) at 12.52 MJ ME/kg, respectively, when crystal L-Met was supplemented to formulate the diets. This suggested that the Met requirement of starter Pekin ducks was affected by dietary ME levels. The data potentially provide theoretical support for the utilization of crystalline L-Met in duck production.
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Toghyani M, McQuade LR, Mclnerney BV, Moss AF, Selle PH, Liu SY. Initial assessment of protein and amino acid digestive dynamics in protein-rich feedstuffs for broiler chickens. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239156. [PMID: 32970742 PMCID: PMC7514088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A study evaluating apparent digestibilities of protein and amino acids and their corresponding digestion rates in four small intestinal sites in broiler chickens was completed to further investigate dietary optimisation via synchronised nutrient digestion and absorption. A total of 288 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were offered semi-purified diets with eight protein-rich feedstuffs, including; blood meal (BM), plasma protein meal (PPM), cold pressed (CCM) and expeller-pressed (ECM) canola meal, high (SBM HCP) and low (SBM LCP) crude protein soybean meals, lupins and peas. Diets were iso-caloric, iso-nitrogenous and the test ingredient was the sole source of dietary nitrogen. Each diet was offered to 6 bioassay cages with 6 birds per cage from day 21 to 28 post hatch. On day 28, all birds were euthanized and digesta samples were collected from the proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, proximal ileum and distal ileum to determine apparent protein and amino acids digestibility coefficients, digestion rates and potential digestible protein and amino acids. Dietary protein source significantly influenced energy utilisation, nitrogen retention, apparent protein (N) digestibilities, digestion rates and potential digestible protein along the small intestine. Diets containing BM and SBM LCP exhibited the highest protein digestion rate and potential digestible protein, respectively. Digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of the majority of amino acids in four sections of the small intestine were influenced by dietary protein source (P < 0.01) and blood meal had the fastest protein digestion rate. In general, jejunal amino acid and protein digestibilities were more variable in comparison to ileal digestibilities, and the differences in protein and amino acid disappearance rates were more pronounced between types of feedstuffs than sources of similar feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Toghyani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - L. R. McQuade
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B. V. Mclnerney
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A. F. Moss
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - P. H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - S. Y. Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Chrystal PV, Greenhalgh S, Selle PH, Liu SY. Facilitating the acceptance of tangibly reduced-crude protein diets for chicken-meat production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:247-257. [PMID: 33005758 PMCID: PMC7503076 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inclusions of non-bound amino acids particularly methionine, lysine and threonine, together with the "ideal protein" concept have allowed nutritionists to formulate broiler diets with reduced crude protein (CP) and increased nutrient density of notionally "essential" amino acids and energy content in recent decades. However, chicken-meat production has been projected to double between now and 2050, providing incentives to reduce dietary soybean meal inclusions further by tangibly reducing dietary CP and utilising a larger array of non-bound amino acids. Whilst relatively conservative decreases in dietary CP, in the order of 20 to 30 g/kg, do not negatively impact broiler performance, further decreases in CP typically compromise broiler performance with associated increases in carcass lipid deposition. Increases in carcass lipid deposition suggest changes occur in dietary energy balance, the mechanisms of which are still not fully understood but discourage the acceptance of diets with reductions in CP. Nevertheless, the groundwork has been laid to investigate both amino acid and non-amino acid limitations and propose facilitative strategies for adoption of tangible dietary CP reductions; consequently, these aspects are considered in detail in this review. Unsurprisingly, investigations into reduced dietary CP are epitomised by variability broiler performance due to the wide range of dietary specifications used and the many variables that should, or could, be considered in formulation of experimental diets. Thus, a holistic approach encompassing many factors influencing limitations to the adoption of tangibly reduced CP diets must be considered if they are to be successful in maintaining broiler performance without increasing carcass lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Chrystal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Shiva Greenhalgh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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14
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Johnson C, Duong T, Latham R, Shirley R, Lee J. Increasing amino acid density improves growth performance and processing yield in Cobb 700 × MV broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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15
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Johnson C, Duong T, Latham R, Shirley R, Lee J. Effects of amino acid and energy density on growth performance and processing yield of mixed-sex Cobb 700 × MV broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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16
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Leenstra FR. Effect of age, sex, genotype and environment on fat deposition in broiler chickens—A review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19860002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. R. Leenstra
- Spelderholt Centre for Poultry Research and Extension, 7361 DA Beekbergen, The Netherlands
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Implications of dietary macronutrients for growth and metabolism in broiler chickens. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933907001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- C.C. Whitehead
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH 25 9PS, Scotland,
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19
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Nogueira MFZF, Marcato SM, Furlan AC, Zancanela V, Finco EM, de O Grieser D, Stanquevis CE, de Oliveira-Bruxel TM. Models for predicting protein requirements for meat quail. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:870-879. [PMID: 31099149 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were carried out to determine the crude protein requirements for maintenance (CPm) and weight gain (CPg) of meat quail and to develop protein-requirement prediction models. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine CPm by the nitrogen-balance technique. The regression of nitrogen balance on nitrogen intake revealed a CPm requirement of 2.94 g/kg0.75 /day. Experiment 2 was aimed at determining CPm by the comparative-slaughter technique. Retained nitrogen (RN) and nitrogen intake (NI) were quantified considering the metabolic weight of the birds. The linear regression of RN on NI provided a CPm estimate of 6.63 g/kg0.75 /day. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine CPg. The regression of body nitrogen from the carcasses on fasted body weight revealed CPg estimates of 407.68 (0-7 days), 501.76 (8-14 days), 470.40 (0-14 days), 517.44 (15-21 days), 627.20 (22-28 days), 423.36 (29-35 days), and 517.44 mg/g (15-35 days). The protein-requirement prediction models developed for meat quail aged 0-7, 8-14, 0-14, 15-21, 22-28, 29-35, and 15-35 days were CP = 2.94.W0.75 + 0.408.G; CP = 2.94.W0.75 + 0.502.G; CP = 2.94.W0.75 + 0.470.G; CP = 2.94.W0.75 + 0,517.G; CP = 2.94.W0.75 + 0.627.G; CP = 2.94.W0.75 + 0.423.G; CP = 2.94.W0.75 + 0.517.G, respectively, where: W0.75 = metabolic weight (kg), and G = daily weight gain (g).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simara M Marcato
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Antônio C Furlan
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vittor Zancanela
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eline Maria Finco
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daiane de O Grieser
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Liu SY, Chrystal PV, Cowieson AJ, Truong HH, Moss AF, Selle PH. The influence of the selection of macronutrients coupled with dietary energy density on the performance of broiler chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185480. [PMID: 29053729 PMCID: PMC5650139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 360 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used in a feeding study to assess the influence of macronutrients and energy density on feed intakes from 10 to 31 days post-hatch. The study comprised ten dietary treatments from five dietary combinations and two feeding approaches: sequential and choice feeding. The study included eight experimental diets and each dietary combination was made from three experimental diets. Choice fed birds selected between three diets in separate feed trays at the same time; whereas the three diets were offered to sequentially fed birds on an alternate basis during the experimental period. There were no differences between starch and protein intakes between choice and sequentially fed birds (P > 0.05) when broiler chickens selected between diets with different starch, protein and lipid concentrations. When broiler chickens selected between diets with different starch and protein but similar lipid concentrations, both sequentially and choice fed birds selected similar ratios of starch and protein intake (P > 0.05). However, when broiler chickens selected from diets with different protein and lipid but similar starch concentrations, choice fed birds had higher lipid intake (129 versus 118 g/bird, P = 0.027) and selected diets with lower protein concentrations (258 versus 281 g/kg, P = 0.042) than birds offered sequential diet options. Choice fed birds had greater intakes of the high energy diet (1471 g/bird, P < 0.0001) than low energy (197 g/bird) or medium energy diets (663 g/bird) whilst broiler chickens were offered diets with different energy densities but high crude protein (300 g/kg) or digestible lysine (17.5 g/kg) concentrations. Choice fed birds had lower FCR (1.217 versus 1.327 g/g, P < 0.0001) and higher carcass yield (88.1 versus 87.3%, P = 0.012) than sequentially fed birds. This suggests that the dietary balance between protein and energy is essential for optimal feed conversion efficiency. The intake path of macronutrients from 10–31 days in choice and sequential feeding groups were plotted and compared with the null path if broiler chickens selected equal amounts of the three diets in the combination. Regardless of feeding regimen, the intake paths of starch and protein are very close to the null path; however, lipid and protein intake paths in choice fed birds are father from the null path than sequentially fed birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Aaron J. Cowieson
- Poultry Research Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Ha H. Truong
- Poultry Research Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Amy F. Moss
- Poultry Research Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
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21
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Growth performance, nutrient utilisation and carcass composition respond to dietary protein concentrations in broiler chickens but responses are modified by dietary lipid levels. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:250-262. [PMID: 28875867 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A total of ten experimental diets with protein concentrations ranging from 154 to 400 g/kg and two lipid levels (46 and 85 g/kg) with identical energy densities were offered to 240 male Ross 308 broilers from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. Growth performance was monitored and nutrient utilisation (apparent metabolisable energy (AME), N-corrected AME (AMEn), AME daily intake, AME:gross energy ratios, N retention) was determined. The weight gain response of broiler chickens to dietary protein concentrations in diets containing high and low lipid levels was diverse, with the relevant quadratic regressions being significantly different (P0·05). AMEn was also linearly (P<0·0001) increased with dietary protein concentrations but regressions in diets with low and high lipid content were significantly different (P<0·03). Carcass protein content increased linearly with dietary protein content in diets containing high lipid concentrations (r 0·933, P<0·0001); by contrast, this relationship was quadratic (R 2=0·93, P<0·0001) in diets with low lipid levels. In conclusion, predictably, the effects of dietary protein concentrations on broiler performance were profound; however, the impact of dietary protein on performance in broiler chickens was modified by dietary lipid concentrations.
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22
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Ghazanfari S, Tahmoorespur M, Nobari K. Changes in ghrelin mRNA level, plasma growth hormone concentration and performance in different dietary energy and protein levels in broiler chicken. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Bajpai SK, Das A, Kullu SS, Saini M, Sarode RM, Sharma AK. Effect of feeding graded levels of crude protein on nutrient utilization and feather growth in Lady Amherst's pheasants. Zoo Biol 2015; 35:51-60. [PMID: 26669611 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to find out the optimum level of crude protein (CP) in the diet of captive Lady Amherst's pheasants (LAP) on molt, 18 male birds were randomly distributed into three groups of six each in an experiment based on completely randomized block design. The CP content of the diets of birds in groups I, II, and III was 13.4, 16.5, and 19.1%, respectively. Intake and apparent balance of nitrogen increased linearly (P < 0.001) as CP content of the diet increased. Intake and utilization of energy, calcium, and phosphorous were similar among groups. Body mass change and growth rate of feathers were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in group I as compared to groups II and III. There was a positive co-relationship between ME intake and change in body weight (R(2) = 0.89, F = 126.4, P < 0.001). Regression analysis indicates that LAP can maintain body mass when ME supply is 122.2 Kcal/kg BW(0.75)/d. Linear relationships between intake and apparent retention of N, Ca, and P as expressed on mg/kg BW(0.75)/d were all significant. Apparent nitrogen retention, and mean feather growth rate was lower in birds fed diet containing 13.4% CP. Feeding of the diets containing 16.5% CP resulted in improved retention of nitrogen, and mean feather growth rate. Further increase in dietary concentration of CP to 19.1% showed no further improvement. It was concluded that a diet containing 16.5% CP would be optimum for Lady Amherst's pheasants during molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh K Bajpai
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asit Das
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Singray S Kullu
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohini Saini
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roshan M Sarode
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Carré B, Méda B. Cross relationships between growth performance, growth composition and feed composition in broiler chickens, calculated from published data. Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Carré B, Juin H. Partition of metabolizable energy, and prediction of growth performance and lipid deposition in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1287-97. [PMID: 25834251 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study presented here consisted of the calculation of cross relationships between growth performance parameters, body growth composition, and feed characteristics, using data from an experiment reported in 2 previous publications. In the previous experiment, 30 pelleted diets were given to broiler chickens (8/diet) (21 to 35 d) for in vivo measurement and prediction of AMEn and net energy (NE) values of diets, using 3 trials with 10 diets/trial. In the course of NE determination, individual values for growth, feed intake, and deposition of lipid and protein were measured. Average energy deposited as lipid and protein represented 25.4 and 19.1% AME intake, respectively. Using a multiple regression predicting AME intake, the partial efficiencies of AME for energy deposition as lipid and protein were calculated to be 91.6 and 67.3%, respectively, and the daily amount of AME required for maintenance was evaluated at 0.683 MJ/kg BW0.7. The mean diet NE/AMEn ratios were predicted by an equation combining the lipid content of body growth (positive coefficient) and the apparent digestible protein (ADP) to AMEn ratio (ADP/AMEn), with a quadratic expression for the latter variable. This quadratic response expressed a positive asymptotic relationship, with a plateau for ADP/AMEn values above 1.45 [%/(MJ/kg)]. The equations predicting growth always included either the dietary percentage of water-insoluble cell wall or the AMEn value. The other major parameters predicting growth were either the lipid content of body growth or the CP/AMEn ratio. In many cases, quadratic responses were observed in growth prediction equations. Regressions predicting feed efficiency showed only linear responses. Feed efficiency was predicted precisely by multiple linear regressions based only on AMEn and a dietary protein parameter. According to these regressions, 1% CP was equivalent to 0.247 MJ/kg AMEn in terms of feed efficiency. The most efficient regression predicting the individual lipid content of body growth combined the protein efficiency value (negative coefficient), the CP/AMEn ratio (negative coefficient), AMEn (positive coefficient), and the feather content of body growth (positive coefficient).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carré
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 83, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - H Juin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Expérimentale 1206, Elevage Alternatif et Santé des Monogastriques, F-17700 Surgères, France
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26
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Liu SK, Niu ZY, Min YN, Wang ZP, Zhang J, He ZF, Li HL, Sun TT, Liu FZ. Effects of dietary crude protein on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum biochemical indexes of Lueyang black-boned chickens from seven to twelve weeks of age. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1701103-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SK Liu
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - ZY Niu
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - YN Min
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - ZP Wang
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - J Zhang
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - ZF He
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - HL Li
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - TT Sun
- Northwest A & F University, China
| | - FZ Liu
- Northwest A & F University, China
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27
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Zeng QF, Cherry P, Doster A, Murdoch R, Adeola O, Applegate TJ. Effect of dietary energy and protein content on growth and carcass traits of Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2015; 94:384-94. [PMID: 25691755 PMCID: PMC4990891 DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the influence of dietary energy and protein concentrations on growth performance and carcass traits of Pekin ducks from 15 to 35 d of age. In experiment 1, 14-d-old ducks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary metabolizable energy (11.8, 12.8, and 13.8 MJ/kg) and 3 crude protein concentrations (15, 17, and 19%) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (6 replicate pens; 66 ducks/pen). Carcass characteristics were evaluated on d 28, 32, and 35. In Experiment 2, 15-d-old ducks (6 replicate cages; 6 ducks/cage) were randomly allotted to the 9 diets that were remixed with 0.5% chromic oxide. Excreta were collected from d 17 to 19, and ileal digesta was collected on d 19 to determine AMEn and amino acid digestibility. In Experiment 1, there were interactions (P < 0.05) between dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein (CP) on body weight (BW) gain and feed intake, wherein BW gain increased more to increasing dietary CP as dietary metabolizable energy increased. However, feed intake was only influenced by dietary crude protein at 11.8 MJ ME/kg and not 12.8 or 13.8 MJ/kg. As dietary CP increased from 15 to 19%, breast meat yield increased by 10.8% on d 35 (P < 0.01). Conversely, increasing metabolizable energy from 11.8 to 13.8 MJ/kg increased dressing percentage, breast skin, and subcutaneous fat, but decreased breast meat yield (% but not weight) on d 35 (P < 0.01). In Experiment 2, the determined AMEn for diets formulated to contain 11.8, 12.8, or 13.8 MJ ME/kg were 11.66, 12.68, and 13.75 MJ/kg, respectively; determined standardized ileal digestible Lys was 0.95, 1.00, and 1.21% for diets formulated to contain 15, 17, or 19% crude protein, respectively. The best body weight gain and feed conversion ratio was obtained when ducks were fed a high dietary AMEn (13.75 MJ/kg) and high CP (19%, 1.21% SID Lys). These results provide a framework for subsequent modeling of amino acid and energy inputs and the corresponding outputs of growth performance and carcass components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q F Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | | | - O Adeola
- Animal Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - T J Applegate
- Animal Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Salarpour A, Rahmatnejad E, Khotanlou H. Modelling broilers' abdominal fat in response to dietary treatments. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:237-43. [PMID: 25088089 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks are capable of modelling any complex function and can be used in poultry production. Dietary crude fibre (CF) and exogenous enzymes (exEn) extensively affected abdominal fat (AF) of broilers. Current methods to study AF and its correlation with dietary CF levels and exEn supplements are costly, laborious and time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to develop an artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) to model data on the response of broiler chickens (AF) to CF and exEn from 0 to 42 days of age. A data set containing eight treatments was divided to the train, validation, and test data set of the ANN models. The information about feeding eight diets at two periods [starter (0-21 days of age) and grower (22-42 days of age)] were used to estimate AF of broilers by ANN-GA. A multilayer feed-forward neural network with different structures was developed using matlab software, and optimal values for the ANN weights were obtained using the genetic algorithm (GA). Crude fibre, and exEn were used as input variables and AF of broilers was output variable. The best model of ANN-GA was determined based on the train root mean square error (RMSE). The best selected ANN-GA showed desirable results, RMSE, 0.1286% and R(2) coefficient, 0.876 for test data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salarpour
- Young Researchers & Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
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Hada FH, Malheiros RD, Silva JDT, Marques RH, Gravena RA, Silva VK, Moraes VMB. Effect of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and selenium levels on the performance, carcass yield, and blood changes in broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2013000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Mirzaaghatabar F, Saki A, Zamani P, Aliarabi H, Hemati Matin H. Effect of different levels of diet methionine and metabolisable energy on broiler performance and immune system. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2010.530249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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31
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Tahmoorespur M, Ghazanfari S, Nobari K. Evaluation of adiponectin gene expression in the abdominal adipose tissue of broiler chickens: feed restriction, dietary energy, and protein influences adiponectin messenger ribonucleic acid expression. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2092-100. [PMID: 20852099 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of feed restriction and different energy and protein contents of the diet on BW, abdominal adipose tissue percentage, and adiponectin gene expression in abdominal adipose tissue in broiler chickens. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether feed restriction and dietary energy and protein levels alter adiponectin mRNA abundance in broiler chicks. Body weight and abdominal adipose tissue percentage were recorded and abdominal adipose tissue samples were collected at sampling days. Adiponectin mRNA expression in abdominal adipose tissue was quantitated using real-time quantitative PCR. We found that BW, abdominal adipose tissue percentage, and adiponectin gene expression were decreased in restricted chicks compared with those fed ad libitum at 32 d of age, but feed restriction had no effect on abdominal adipose tissue percentage and adiponectin gene expression at 49 d of age (experiment 1). Body weight was increased significantly in broilers fed on low-energy diets compared with those fed high-energy diets in experiment 1. Also, increasing levels of dietary protein increased BW in broiler chicks in experiment 2. A positive response in adiponectin gene expression and abdominal adipose tissue percentage was achieved by decreasing protein level in the diet of chicks at 32 d of age, but dietary protein had no effect on adiponectin gene expression at 49 d of age (experiment 1). Also, in experiment 2, abdominal adipose tissue percentage increased as dietary protein with fixed level of energy decreased in broiler chickens at 42 and 56 d of age. In experiment 1, increasing dietary energy levels increased adiponectin gene expression and abdominal adipose tissue percentage in chicks at 32 d of age. Also, we showed that dietary energy had an effect on abdominal adipose tissue percentage at 49 d of age. In experiment 2, a high-energy diet with a fixed level of protein increased abdominal adipose tissue percentage in chicks at 42 and 56 d of age. Dietary energy and protein levels had no significant effect on adiponectin gene expression in abdominal adipose tissue in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tahmoorespur
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
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32
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Xie M, Zhao J, Hou S, Huang W. The apparent metabolizable energy requirement of White Pekin ducklings from hatch to 3 weeks of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Niu Z, Shi J, Liu F, Wang X, Gao C, Yao L. Effects of Dietary Energy and Protein on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of Broilers during Starter Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2009.508.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ipek A, Karabulut A, Sahan U, Canbolat O, Yilmaz-Dikmen B. The effects of different feeding management systems on performance of a slow-growing broiler genotype. Br Poult Sci 2009; 50:213-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660902773683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Pesti GM, Fletcher DL. The response of male broiler chickens to diets with various protein contents during the grower and finisher phases. Br Poult Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668408454882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Fan H, Xie M, Wang W, Hou S, Huang W. Effects of Dietary Energy on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of White Growing Pekin Ducks from Two to Six Weeks of Age. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1162-4. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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Swennen Q, Laroye C, Janssens G, Verbeke K, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Rate of metabolic decarboxylation of leucine as assessed by a l[1-13C1]leucine breath test combined with indirect calorimetry of broiler chickens fed isocaloric diets with different protein:fat ratio. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2007; 91:347-54. [PMID: 17615007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that broiler chickens reared on a low-protein diet have a more efficient protein digestion. However, information on the fate of absorbed amino acids in relation to the dietary crude protein level in poultry is sparse. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a methodology for a 1-(13)C(1)-leucine breath test combined with indirect calorimetry, and to apply this technique using broiler diets known to induce differences in protein retention. From 14 days of age onwards, broiler chickens were reared on one of two isocaloric diets with substitutions between fat and protein [low-protein (LP) vs. high-protein (HP) diet: 130.4 vs. 269 g protein/kg; and 101.8 vs. 27.9 g fat/kg]. Every 4 or 5 days, three chickens per diet were placed in the respiratory cells for 48 h. The broilers were intubated with 40 mg 1-(13)C(1)-leucine/kg body weight, followed by breath sampling for 4 h at 15-min intervals and mass spectrometric analysis of the (13)C:(12)C ratio in the samples. The CO(2) level in the respiratory cell air was monitored and excreta samples were collected. The methodology to study l[1-(13)C(1)]leucine decarboxyation in chickens using a breath test combined with indirect calorimetry was accomplished. Results of the nitrogen balance test indicated that the LP broilers had an improved dietary protein retention compared with the HP animals. Moreover, LP chickens decarboxylated a significantly lower percentage of l[1-(13)C(1)]leucine, demonstrating several 'protein- or amino acid-sparing' mechanisms in animals reared on a diet with lower protein level, both at the digestive and at the postabsorptive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Swennen
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, K.U.Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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38
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Huang CC, Hsieh CC, Chiang SH. Estimating the energy partitioning of Taiwanese native chickens by mathematical model. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Waldroup P, Keen C, Yan F, Zhang K. The Effect of Levels of α-Galactosidase Enzyme on Performance of Broilers Fed Diets Based on Corn and Soybean Meal. J APPL POULTRY RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/15.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Araújo LF, Junqueira OM, Araújo CSS, Barbosa LCGS, Ortolan JH, Faria DE, Stringhini JH. Energy and lysine for broilers from 44 to 55 days of age. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2005000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Swennen Q, Janssens GPJ, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Effects of substitution between fat and protein on feed intake and its regulatory mechanisms in broiler chickens: energy and protein metabolism and diet-induced thermogenesis. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1997-2004. [PMID: 15615013 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.12.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary macronutrient ratio on energy, protein, and lipid metabolism and on the involvement of diet-induced thermogenesis in feed intake regulation of broiler chickens. Male broilers were reared from 1 to 7 wk on isoenergetic diets with substitutions between fat and protein and similar carbohydrate content [low protein (LP): 126 vs. 242 g of protein/kg; low fat (LF): 43 vs. 106 g of fat/kg]. Every week from 21 d onward, 3 chickens per group were placed in open-circuit respiratory cells to measure energy and protein metabolism in fasting, short-term refeeding (5 h) and ad libitum conditions. As LP chickens had a significantly lower BW from 2 wk onward, all parameters were expressed per kilograms of metabolic BW. Feed intake, gross energy intake, and apparent metabolizable energy intake were significantly higher in LP than LF birds. The excessive energy relative to protein intake resulted in significantly increased heat production and energy retention as fat. The latter effect and a significantly increased respiratory quotient indicated higher de novo lipogenesis in the LP chickens. Furthermore, the efficiency of protein retention was significantly better in LP broilers. Neither diet-induced thermogenesis nor feed intake during a 5-h refeeding period was affected by diet composition. Our results indicate that isoenergetic substitution of fat for protein has a strong effect on growth and on energy and protein balance in broilers. The theory linking diet-induced thermogenesis to feed intake could not be corroborated or countered, and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Swennen
- Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Department of Animal Production, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Reginatto MF, Ribeiro AML, Penz Jr AM, Kessler AM, Krabbe EL. Suplementação de Treonina em Dietas de Frangos de Corte, Variando a Energia e as Relações Energia: Proteína. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2000000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dois experimentos (EXP 1 e 2) foram conduzidos para avaliar relações energia metabolizável:proteína bruta (EM:PB) e a adição de treonina (Thr) em dietas com alta (A) (3.200kcal EM/kg) e baixa (B) (2.900kcal EM/kg) energia, sobre desempenho e composição de carcaças de frangos de corte machos. As relações energia:proteína foram 139 e 160 kcal/%, para as dietas iniciais (1 a 21 dias) (EXP 1) e 160 e 181kcal/%, para as de crescimento (22 a 40 dias) (EXP 2), nos dois níveis de energia. As dietas com ampla relação EM:PB foram suplementadas, ou não, com Thr a fim de iguala-las às dietas com menor EM:PB. Os níveis de Met+Cys e de Lys foram constantes. As aves receberam uma dieta única após (EXP1), ou antes (EXP2) do fornecimento das dietas experimentais. Nos dois EXP as dietas A proporcionaram melhor desempenho: ganho de peso (GP),consumo de ração e conversão alimentar (CA) (p<0,01), ao final de cada período experimental. Porém, no EXP 1, as aves que receberam dietas B tiveram melhor conversão calórica (CC, kcal/kg,) (p<0,01) no período total (1 a 40 dias), indicando um período de crescimento acelerado. Os níveis de Thr (0,74 e 0,69% para A e B respectivamente) das dietas com relação EM:PB ampla não foram limitantes no desempenho das aves. No EXP 2, a EM:PB 181 deprimiu o GP (p<0,08) e piorou a CA (p<0,01), nas energias A e B. Portanto, em dietas práticas iniciais, Thr não foi um aminoácido (AA) limitante. Porém, de 22 a 40 dias, a adição de Thr foi necessária, em dietas com EM:PB 181kcal/%(EXP 2). A suplementação de Thr não influenciou a composição das carcaças nos dois EXP.
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44
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Cheng TK, Hamre ML, Coon CN. Effect of Constant and Cyclic Environmental Temperatures, Dietary protein, and Amino Acid Levels on Broiler Performance. J APPL POULTRY RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/8.4.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Smith ER, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI, Ware GO, Menten JF. Further studies on the influence of genotype and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poult Sci 1998; 77:1678-87. [PMID: 9835343 DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.11.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to quantify genetic differences in response to dietary protein level of male vs female broilers. Broilers (1 d old) from a "high-yield" strain cross (Ross x Ross 208) and a "fast-growing" strain cross (Peterson x Arbor Acres) were placed on fresh pine shavings in floor pens. From Day 0 to 18, all birds were fed a 23% CP starter diet. During Days 18 to 53 male birds were fed either a 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, or 26% CP diet (3,200 kcal ME/kg) and female birds were fed the 16, 20, or 24% CP diet. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted in the performance of the different strains. Ross x Ross 208 male birds had a higher body weight (3.37 vs 3.16 kg), higher feed intake (7.08 vs 6.78 kg), higher breast yield (31.76 vs 29.25%), higher carcass yield (73.90 vs 71.85%), and a lower adjusted feed conversion ratio (FCR; 2.10 vs 2.16 g:g) than Peterson x Arbor Acres males at 53 d of age. As compared to Peterson x Arbor Acres females, Ross x Ross 208 female broilers also had a higher body weight (2.68 vs 2.55 kg), higher breast meat yield (33.61 vs 30.80%), higher carcass yield (75.31 vs 73.91%), and lower adjusted FCR (1.97 vs 2.04 g:g). Qualitative differences in the response of these strains were confirmed and better qualitative data is presented that can be used to predict the important output parameters from the import inputs in broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Smith
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Smith ER, Pesti GM. Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poult Sci 1998; 77:276-81. [PMID: 9495493 DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.2.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to quantify the responses of two broiler strain crosses to different dietary protein levels on performance and carcass yields. Day-old broiler chicks from a high-yield strain cross (Ross x Ross 208) and a fast-growing strain cross (Peterson x Arbor Acres) were placed in floor pens on fresh pine shavings. All birds were fed a 23% CP starter for the first 18 d. During Days 18 to 53, birds were fed either 16, 20, or 24% CP diets (3,200 kcal ME/kg). At 53 d of age, significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted in the performance of the strains. Overall, Ross x Ross birds had higher body weights (3.29 vs 3.10 kg), higher feed intakes (6.40 vs 6.11 kg), and higher carcass yields (72.51 vs 71.17%), although the differences were dependent on dietary protein levels. Strain cross had no significant effect on feed conversion (1.95 g feed: g gain vs 1.97 g:g). Results indicated that both strain cross and protein level had effects on body weight and feed intake, and there were significant strain cross by protein level interactions for body weight and carcass weight. Increasing dietary protein level increased body weights more for the Ross x Ross 208 than for the Peterson x Arbor Acres broilers. Feed conversion was indirectly proportional to dietary protein level, but was not affected by strain cross. Percentage carcass yield was greatly affected by strain (P < 0.0001), but protein level had no significant effect (P = 0.68). The significant interactions indicate that different strain crosses should have different feeding programs to maximize profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Smith
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2772, USA
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Cheng TK, Hamre ML, Coon CN. Effect of Environmental Temperature, Dietary Protein, and Energy Levels on Broiler Performance. J APPL POULTRY RES 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/6.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Kirkpinar F, Oğuz I. Influence of various dietary protein levels on carcase composition in the male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Br Poult Sci 1995; 36:605-10. [PMID: 8590093 DOI: 10.1080/00071669508417806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of various dietary protein concentrations on the carcase composition of male Japanese quail. 2. Six diets varying in protein from 160 to 300 g/kg and containing approximately 11.72 MJ/kg ME were fed for 5 weeks and analysed for dry matter, protein, fat and ash. 3. Treatments affected carcase weight, dry matter, protein, ether extract and ash (P < 0.01). 4. The water content of the carcases decreased with increasing dietary protein concentrations, while the carcase protein content increased with higher dietary protein. The carcases with the highest fat content were obtained from quail receiving the low protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kirkpinar
- Aegean University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Nutrition, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Rivas FM, Firman JD. The Influence of Energy and Protein on Turkeys During the Finisher Period. J APPL POULTRY RES 1994. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/3.4.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Boekholt HA, van der Grinten P, Schreurs VV, Los MJ, Leffering CP. Effect of dietary energy restriction on retention of protein, fat and energy in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 1994; 35:603-14. [PMID: 7828016 DOI: 10.1080/00071669408417725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. Broiler chickens were fed 60-100% of recommended energy intakes to study the effects of energy restriction on protein and fat retention. 2. At an energy retention of 179 kJ/kg W0.75 d, only protein was retained. At higher energy intakes, each increment in retention had a rather constant composition: about 85% energy in fat and 15% in protein. At lower energy intakes body fat was mobilised whereas protein was deposited. 3. The efficiencies of energy retention in protein and fat were estimated to be 0.66 and 0.86 respectively. 4. The rather constant composition of additional retained energy after additional energy supply provides an explanation for a linear relationship between energy intake and energy retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Boekholt
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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