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Armando F, Ferrari L, Arcari ML, Azzali G, Dallatana D, Ferrari M, Lombardi G, Zanfabro M, Di Lecce R, Lunghi P, Cameron ER, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Endocanalicular transendothelial crossing (ETC): A novel intravasation mode used by HEK-EBNA293-VEGF-D cells during the metastatic process in a xenograft model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239932. [PMID: 33085676 PMCID: PMC7577447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer metastasis, intravasation of the invasive tumor cell (TCi) represents one of the most relevant events. During the last years, models regarding cancer cell intravasation have been proposed, such as the “endocanalicular transendothelial crossing” (ETC) theory. This theory describes the interplay between two adjacent endothelial cells and the TCi or a leukocyte during intravasation. Two endothelial cells create a channel with their cell membranes, in which the cell fits in without involving endothelial cell intercellular junctions, reaching the lumen through a transendothelial passage. In the present study, ten SCID mice were subcutaneously xenotransplanted with the HEK-EBNA293-VEGF-D cell line and euthanized after 35 days. Post-mortem examinations were performed and proper specimens from tumors were collected. Routine histology and immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, pAKT, pERK, ZEB-1, TWIST-1, F-actin, E-cadherin and LYVE-1 were performed followed by ultrastructural serial sections analysis. A novel experimental approach involving Computed Tomography (CT) combined with 3D digital model reconstruction was employed. The analysis of activated transcription factors supports that tumor cells at the periphery potentially underwent an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like process. Topographical analysis of LYVE-1 immunolabeled lymphatics revealed a peritumoral localisation. TEM investigations of the lymphatic vessels combined with 3D digital modelling enhanced the understanding of the endotheliocytes behavior during TCi intravasation, clarifying the ETC theory. Serial ultrastructural analysis performed within tumor periphery revealed numerous cells during the ETC process. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that ETC is an intravasation mode more frequently used by the TCi than by leukocytes during intravasation in the HEK-EBNA293-VEGF-D xenograft model and lays down the potential basis for promising future studies regarding intravasation blocking therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Armando
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AMC); (FA); (LF)
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AMC); (FA); (LF)
| | | | - Giacomo Azzali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Dallatana
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maura Ferrari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini”, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Guerino Lombardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini”, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanfabro
- Practitioner, 3D Veterinary Printing Project, Parma, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Diagnostic Imaging Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Lunghi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma,Parma, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Anna M. Cantoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail: (AMC); (FA); (LF)
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Carman CV, Martinelli R. T Lymphocyte-Endothelial Interactions: Emerging Understanding of Trafficking and Antigen-Specific Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:603. [PMID: 26635815 PMCID: PMC4657048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunity requires regulated trafficking of T cells in and out of diverse tissues in order to orchestrate lymphocyte development, immune surveillance, responses, and memory. The endothelium serves as a unique barrier, as well as a sentinel, between the blood and the tissues, and as such it plays an essential locally tuned role in regulating T cell migration and information exchange. While it is well established that chemoattractants and adhesion molecules are major determinants of T cell trafficking, emerging studies have now enumerated a large number of molecular players as well as a range of discrete cellular remodeling activities (e.g., transmigratory cups and invadosome-like protrusions) that participate in directed migration and pathfinding by T cells. In addition to providing trafficking cues, intimate cell-cell interaction between lymphocytes and endothelial cells provide instruction to T cells that influence their activation and differentiation states. Perhaps the most intriguing and underappreciated of these "sentinel" roles is the ability of the endothelium to act as a non-hematopoietic "semiprofessional" antigen-presenting cell. Close contacts between circulating T cells and antigen-presenting endothelium may play unique non-redundant roles in shaping adaptive immune responses within the periphery. A better understanding of the mechanisms directing T cell trafficking and the antigen-presenting role of the endothelium may not only increase our knowledge of the adaptive immune response but also empower the utility of emerging immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Carman CV. Mechanisms for transcellular diapedesis: probing and pathfinding by 'invadosome-like protrusions'. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3025-35. [PMID: 19692589 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.047522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-system functions require that blood leukocytes continuously traffic throughout the body and repeatedly cross endothelial barriers (i.e. diapedese) as they enter (intravasate) and exit (extravasate) the circulation. The very earliest studies to characterize diapedesis directly in vivo suggested the coexistence of two distinct migratory pathways of leukocytes: between (paracellular pathway) and directly through (transcellular pathway) individual endothelial cells. In vivo studies over the past 50 years have demonstrated significant use of the transcellular diapedesis pathway in bone marrow, thymus, secondary lymphoid organs, various lymphatic structures and peripheral tissues during inflammation and across the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier during inflammatory pathology. Recently, the first in vitro reports of transcellular diapedesis have emerged. Together, these in vitro and in vivo observations suggest a model of migratory pathfinding in which dynamic 'invadosome-like protrusions' formed by leukocytes have a central role in both identifying and exploiting endothelial locations that are permissive for transcellular diapedesis. Such 'probing' activity might have additional roles in this and other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Carman CV, Springer TA. Trans-cellular migration: cell-cell contacts get intimate. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:533-40. [PMID: 18595683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trans-cellular migration, the movement of one cell directly through another, seems an unlikely, counterintuitive, and even bizarre process. Trans-cellular migration has been reported for nearly half a century in leukocyte transendothelial migration in vivo, but is not well enough accepted to widely feature in textbook accounts of diapedesis. Recently, the first in vitro and additional in vivo observations of trans-cellular diapedesis have been reported. Mechanisms by which this occurs are just beginning to be elucidated and point to podosome-like protrusive activities in leukocytes and specific fusogenic functions in endothelial cells. Emerging evidence for a quantitatively significant contribution of trans-cellular migration to leukocyte trafficking in increasingly diverse settings suggests that this phenomenon represents an important and physiologic cell biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Carman CV, Sage PT, Sciuto TE, de la Fuente MA, Geha RS, Ochs HD, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM, Springer TA. Transcellular diapedesis is initiated by invasive podosomes. Immunity 2007; 26:784-97. [PMID: 17570692 PMCID: PMC2094044 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diapedesis is critical for immune system function and inflammatory responses. This occurs by migration of blood leukocytes either directly through individual microvascular endothelial cells (the "transcellular" route) or between them (the "paracellular" route). Mechanisms for transcellular pore formation in endothelium remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that lymphocytes used podosomes and extended "invasive podosomes" to palpate the surface of, and ultimately form transcellular pores through, the endothelium. In lymphocytes, these structures were dependent on Src kinase and the actin regulatory protein WASP; inhibition of podosome formation selectively blocked the transcellular route of diapedesis. In endothelium, membrane fusion events dependent on the SNARE-containing membrane fusion complex and intracellular calcium were required for efficient transcellular pore formation in response to podosomes. These findings provide insights into basic mechanisms for leukocyte trafficking and the functions of podosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V. Carman
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter T. Sage
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracey E. Sciuto
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Raif S. Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Harold F. Dvorak
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ann M. Dvorak
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- *Correspondence:
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Seitz V, Hummel M, Walter J, Stein H. Evolution of classic Hodgkin lymphoma in correlation to changes in the lymphoid organ structure of vertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 27:43-53. [PMID: 12477500 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to integrate evolutionary concepts into lymphoma research we mapped features of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (a disease which has been recently described to be derived from germinal center B-cells) onto a phylogenetic tree of vertebrates. Secondly, we matched the phylogenetic occurrence of classic Hodgkin lymphoma to the changes in the lymphoid organ structure during vertebrate evolution. According to our analysis, classic Hodgkin lymphoma evolved exclusively at the developmental stage of mammals. Interestingly the appearance of Hodgkin lymphoma is correlated to the evolution of germinal centers in mammals. This lends some credit to the hypothesis that genes specific to the germinal center reaction are involved in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin lymphoma. However, as evolution did not stop at the developmental stage of the mammalian stem-species, to a certain extent species with specific differences of classic Hodgkin lymphoma can be expected. One such difference is that classic Hodgkin lymphoma occurs with a significantly higher frequency in humans than in all other mammals. This could be partially due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in approximately 40%-50% of Hodgkin disease cases, that is associated with an expression of the EBV-encoded oncogen LMP-1. In conclusion we propose that the mapping of lymphoma related characteristics onto a phylogenetic tree is a valuable new tool in lymphoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Seitz
- Max Planck Institute Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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