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van Emous R. Effects of feeding strategies during lay on broiler breeder production performance, eggshell quality, incubation traits, and behavior. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102630. [PMID: 37146406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a standard diet twice a day or split-feeding in broiler breeders on production performance, eggshell quality, incubation traits, and behavior. A total of 720 Ross 308 female breeders (45 weeks of age [WOA]) and 24 males (25 WOA) were randomly placed in 24 floor pens. The birds followed 3 feeding strategies: 1) Standard breeder diet fed once a day (100% at 0730 h) (CON), 2) Standard breeder diet fed twice a day (50% at 0730 h and 50% at 1600 h) (TAD), and 3) Split-feeding fed twice a day, with a morning (0730 h) and afternoon (1600 h) diet (SF). The morning diet contained more energy, protein, and phosphorus (P) and less calcium (Ca) than the control and afternoon diets. The afternoon diet had lower energy, protein, and P and higher Ca content than the control and morning diets. The TAD and SF birds tended to have a lower water intake (P = 0.055) and water-to-feed ratio (P = 0.054) compared to the CON birds. A 2.1% points higher hen-day egg production was found for the SF birds compared to the CON birds (P = 0.063), whereas the TAD birds did not differ from the other treatments. No differences were found for egg weight, eggshell quality, fertility, embryonic mortality, or average feather cover. A tendency toward a higher albumen percentage (P = 0.060) and lower yolk percentage (P = 0.069) was found for the TAD birds compared to the SF birds. The albumen-to-yolk ratio was higher (P = 0.022) for the TAD birds than for the CON and SF birds. Due to the twice-a-day feed distribution, the TAD and SF birds showed considerably different behavioral patterns than the de CON birds. In conclusion, twice-a-day feeding decreases the water intake and water-to-feed ratio, whereas split-feeding tended to an improved egg production in broiler breeders. However, no effects were observed on eggshell quality and incubation traits, whereas the behavioral patterns of the birds fed twice a day differed considerably with potential better welfare.
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Blanco OA, Chaora SN, Tyler NC, Ciacciariello M. Effect of Temperature and Feeding Time on Shell Thickness. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- OA Blanco
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - SN Chaora
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - NC Tyler
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Zhang Z, Du X, Lai S, Shu G, Zhu Q, Tian Y, Li D, Wang Y, Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhao X. A transcriptome analysis for 24-hour continuous sampled uterus reveals circadian regulation of the key pathways involved in eggshell formation of chicken. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101531. [PMID: 34823187 PMCID: PMC8628016 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian timing system controlled the rhythmic events, for example, ovulation and oviposition in chickens. However, how biological clock mediates eggshell formation remains obscure. Here, A 24-h mRNA transcriptome analysis was carried out in the uterus of 18 chickens with similar oviposition time points to identify the rhythmic genes and to reveal critical genes and biological pathways involved in the eggshell biomineralization. JTK_CYCLE analysis and real-time PCR revealed a total of 1,793 genes from the sequencing database with 23,513 genes (FPKM>1) were rhythmic genes regulating the rhythmic system and the expression of typical clock genes Per2, Cry1, Bmal1, Clock, Per3, and Rev-erbβ were rhythmically expressed, which suggested that endogenous clock in uterus might control the eggshell mineralization. Time of peak expression of the rhythmic genes was analyzed based on their acrophase. The main phases clustered at the periods from Zeitgeber time 0 (ZT0) to ZT4 (6:00–10:00) and from ZT10 to ZT14 (16:00-20:00). The rhythmic genes were annotated to the following Gene Ontology terms rhythmic process, lyase, ATP binding, cell membrane component. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the top 15 rhythmic genes were involved in vital biological pathways, including syndecan (1, 2, 3)-mediated signaling, post-translational regulation of adheres junction stability and disassembly, FoxO family signaling, TGF-β receptor and transport of small molecular pathways. 166 of total 1,235 genes (13.4%) were defined as rhythmic transfer factors (TFs) and they were investigated expression time distribution of cis-elements of circadian clock system D-box, E-box, B-site, and Y-Box within 24 h. Results indicated that rhythmic TFs at each phase are potential drivers of their circadian transcription activities. Compared with the control, the expression abundances of ion transport elements SCNN1G, CA2, SPP1, and ATP1B1 were significantly decreased after the interference of Bmal1 gene in synchronized uterine tubular gland cells. Clock genes changed their expression along with the eggshell formation, indicating that there is circadian clock in the uterus of chicken and it regulates the expression of eggshell formation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaxia Du
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Shuang Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yaofu Tian
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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van Emous RA, Mens AJW. Effects of twice a day feeding and split feeding during lay on broiler breeder production performance, eggshell quality, incubation traits, and behavior. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101419. [PMID: 34607151 PMCID: PMC8493586 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell quality of broiler breeders' eggs decreases at the end of the laying period. Feeding a limited daily allowance of feed in the morning does not supply the necessary nutrients, particularly calcium for eggshell formation, at the right time of the day. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of providing a standard diet twice a day or split feeding (special morning and afternoon diet) in broiler breeders on production performance, eggshell quality, incubation traits, and behavior. At 50 wk of age (WOA) 576 females and 48 males were randomly allotted to 24 floor pens and assigned to one of three treatments: 1) Standard breeder diet fed once a day (100% at 0730 h) (CON1x), 2) Standard breeder diet fed twice a day (50% at 0730 h and 50% at 1400 h) (CON2x), and 3) Split feeding fed twice a day, with a special morning (0730 h) and afternoon (1400 h) diet composition (SP2x). The morning diet was energetically comparable with the control diet, but it contained more protein and phosphorus (P) and less calcium (Ca). The afternoon diet had a lower energy, protein and P and a higher Ca content than the control and morning diet. The SP2x birds tended to have a higher egg production between 51 and 55 WOA (27.0 vs. 25.9 eggs; P = 0.088) compared to the CON1x birds, while the CON2x birds (26.6 eggs) did not differ from the other treatments. No differences were found on egg production for the total period (51-60 WOA) and on other production parameters. The different feeding strategies did not affect eggshell quality and incubation traits. However, the feeding strategies affected the behavioral patterns considerably. Twice a day feeding (CON2x and SP2x) resulted in more time spent on eating and sitting, and in less time spent on foraging and object pecking (P ≤ 0.05) compared to feeding once a day (CON1x). In conclusion, twice a day feeding improves behavior and split feeding improves both egg production and behavior in broiler breeders, however, no effects were observed on eggshell quality and incubation traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A van Emous
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, NL-6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A J W Mens
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, NL-6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Backhouse
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - R.M. Gous
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Lin H, Jiao H, Buyse J, Decuypere E. Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | - H.C. Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | - J. Buyse
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animal, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Katholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. Decuypere
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animal, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Katholic University Leuven, Belgium
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Pu S, Nagaoka K, Watanabe G. Yolk immunoreactive corticosterone in hierarchical follicles of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) exposed to heat challenge. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 279:148-153. [PMID: 30898528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High temperature decreases the egg number, ovarian weight, and hierarchical follicle number. In the present study, we investigated the effect of high temperature on the quality of eggs of adult female quails. Laying quail were raised under a standard thermal condition of 25 °C until exposed to an elevated temperature of 34 °C (experimental) or maintained at 25 °C (control) from 12:00 to 16:00 for 10 consecutive days. Weight and number of eggs were measured; serum and the largest follicles were collected and used for hormone measurement. Ovaries and adrenals were collected for expression analysis of 3β- and 17β-HSD, genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes. Egg weight slightly decreased with an increase in the treatment time in the heat-challenged group; the egg weight significantly decreased in the heat treatment group than in the control group during the last 2 days of experiment (P < 0.05). The laying rate showed no difference during the experimental period but significantly decreased on the last day in the heat treatment group. In the experimental group the ovaries and oviducts were lighter (P < 0.05) and the hierarchical follicle number and ovarian weight decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. Although serum corticosterone level significantly increased after heat challenge (P < 0.05) and immediately recovered to the normal level, yolk immunoreactive corticosterone in the hierarchical follicle (F1, F2, F3) significantly increased (P < 0.05). The expression level of 17β-HSD showed no changes in the ovary but significantly increased in adrenals (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that the effects of heat challenge on the maternal ovary in the quail are mediated through the adrenal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxia Pu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Fernandez IB, Calixto LFL, Torres-Cordido KAA, Lemos MJD, Togashi CK, Souza DSD, Alves ODS, Pizzolante CC. Feeding time under performance and eggs quality of quails in production. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In order to evaluate the performance and egg quality of quails on different time feeding, One hundred ninety two Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at 24 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with two replications and twelve treatments eight birds each. The treatments consisted of two different times of feeding at 6h and 16h. The performance was evaluated by the feed intake (g/bird/day), egg production (%), egg mass (g), feed conversion per egg mass (kg/kg ), feed conversion per dozen eggs (kg/dz) and viability (%). The egg quality was evaluated by the eggshell thickness (mm), percentage of albumen, yolk percentage and average egg weight (g). The feeding time at 16h favored the performance of Japanese quails at 26 and 34 wk of age considering egg production, egg mass and average egg weight. Thus, it is recommended to feed the quails at times that coincide with the highest egg laying intensity, which ranges from 16 to 19h.
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Effect of different feeding schedules on reproductive parameters and egg quality of broiler breeders. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhu YW, Xie JJ, Li WX, Lu L, Zhang LY, Ji C, Lin X, Liu HC, Odle J, Luo XG. Effects of environmental temperature and dietary manganese on egg production performance, egg quality, and some plasma biochemical traits of broiler breeders. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3431-40. [PMID: 26440012 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental temperature and dietary Mn on egg production performance, egg quality, and some plasma biochemical traits of broiler breeders. A completely randomized factorial design involved 2 environmental temperatures (a normal temperature, 21 ± 1°C, and a high temperature, 32 ± 1°C) × 3 dietary Mn treatments (a Mn-unsupplemented corn–soybean meal basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 120 mg of Mn/kg of diet as either MnSO4·H2O or manganese proteinate). There were 6 treatments with 6 replicates (4 birds per replicate). High temperature decreased egg weight (P < 0.0001), laying rate (P < 0.0001), egg yield (P < 0.0001), feed intake (P < 0.0001), egg:feed ratio (P < 0.0001), eggshell strength (P < 0.05) and thickness (P < 0.0001), plasma triiodothyronine level (P < 0.05), and alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.04) whereas it increased rectal temperature (P < 0.0001); plasma malondialdehyde level (P < 0.02); and activities (P < 0.002) of lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase. Broiler breeders fed the diets supplemented with Mn regardless of source had greater (P < 0.05) eggshell strength and lower (P ≤ 0.05) plasma triiodothyronine level and protein carbonyl content than those fed the control diet. The broiler breeders fed the diet supplemented with the organic Mn had greater (P < 0.01) eggshell thickness than those fed the control diet. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between environmental temperature and dietary Mn in laying rate, egg yield, feed intake, and egg:feed ratio. Under normal temperature, dietary Mn did not affect the above 4 parameters; however, under high temperature, broiler breeders fed the diet supplemented with the organic Mn showed greater (P < 0.03) improvements in these 4 parameters than those fed the control diet. The results from this study indicated that high temperature significantly impaired egg production performance and eggshell quality and induced lipid peroxidation and tissue damage whereas dietary supplementation of either organic or inorganic Mn improved eggshell strength and thermotolerance and reduced protein oxidation and that the organic Mn could alleviate the negative effect of high temperature on egg production performance of broiler breeders at the period of 32 to 45 wk of age.
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Backhouse D, Gous RM. The effect of feeding time on shell quality and oviposition time in broiler breeders. Br Poult Sci 2005; 46:255-9. [PMID: 15957448 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500066258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were performed to determine the effect of feeding time on shell quality and oviposition time in broiler breeders. Mean eggshell thickness was increased significantly by 3.5 microm (approximately 1%) per h delay in feeding time when hens were housed in individual cages. However, eggshell thickness was not significantly affected by feeding time when birds were housed on litter floors. Mean oviposition time was delayed relative to lights on by 5 min per h delay in feeding time. Egg weight was not significantly affected by feeding time, suggesting that differences in shell thickness and oviposition times were not due to increased oviducal transit times. Producers who wish to implement delayed feeding may have to turn lights on earlier than usual to compensate for delayed oviposition times.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Backhouse
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Avila VSD, Penz Jr. AM, Rosa PS, Brum PARD, Guidoni AL, Ledur MC. Influence of feeding time on sexual maturity and carcass composition in female broiler breeders. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2003000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Avila VSD, Penz Jr. AM, Brum PARD, Rosa PS, Guidoni AL, Figueiredo ÉAPD. Performance of female broiler breeders submitted to different feeding schedules. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2003000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hassan SM, Mady ME, Cartwright AL, Sabri HM, Mobarak MS. Effect of feeding time on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Poult Sci 2003; 82:1188-92. [PMID: 12872978 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.7.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several feeding regimens are applied to improve performance of fertile egg production during times of heat stress. During a period of heat stress (34 to 36 degrees C), two feeding periods were used to measure the impact of feeding time on reproductive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix cotunix japonica) between 44 and 60 wk of age. Each feeding time treatment had 25 individually caged male and female pairs. Quail were fed ad libitum between 0600 to 1400 or 1400 to 2200 h daily. Results indicated that feeding between 0600 to 1400 h reduced BW, fertility, hatchability, egg production, and egg specific gravity when compared with the effects of feeding between 1400 to 2200 h. Feeding time had no effect on total embryonic mortality, egg weight, or the period between subsequent ovipositions. The different feeding times affected the distribution curve of oviposition over time. An instrument designed to record oviposition time is described. Results showed that selection of the time of day for application of an 8-h restricted feeding regimen affected BW, fertility, hatchability, egg production, egg specific gravity, and oviposition time in Japanese quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hassan
- Department of Animal Production, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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