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Zurak D, Gunjević V, Grbeša D, Svečnjak Z, Kralik Z, Košević M, Džidić A, Pirgozliev V, Kljak K. Kernel properties related to carotenoid release during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion in commercial dent maize hybrids. Food Chem 2024; 435:137535. [PMID: 37742464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of study was to investigate the relationships between maize kernel properties and carotenoid release during simulated gastrointestinal digestion of 103 hybrids of dent type. Commercial maize hybrids significantly differed in kernel hardness, chemical composition and carotenoid profile. Across all hybrids, the amount of digestible individual carotenoids increased as follows: β-carotene < α-cryptoxanthin < β-cryptoxanthin < lutein < zeaxanthin. The amount of digested carotenoids correlated negatively with amylose content and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, while it correlated positively with the content of neutral detergent fibres and amylopectin as well as the Stenvert index. However, the content of endosperm lipids could not be related to carotenoid digestibility. Findings clearly indicate that the carotenoid release from the kernel during digestion is related to specific physical and chemical properties, leading to a better understanding of the effects of kernel matrix structure on carotenoid digestibility in dent-type maize hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Zurak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Veronika Gunjević
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Grbeša
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Manuela Košević
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Alen Džidić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vasil Pirgozliev
- Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Kristina Kljak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Vargas JI, Gulizia JP, Bonilla SM, Sasia S, Pacheco WJ. Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility of Corn of Different Origin Fed to Male Broilers from 12 to 18 Days of Age. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3111. [PMID: 37835717 PMCID: PMC10571875 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of corn samples from the United States (USA), Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRA) fed to 432 and 324 YPM × Ross 708 male broilers from 12 to 18 d of age were evaluated using the total collection method (experiment 1) and index method (experiment 2), respectively. In experiment 1, broilers were fed either a basal diet with 30% dextrose inclusion, or a test diet obtained by the replacement of dextrose with corn from each origin. In experiment 2, broilers were fed one of three test diets in which corn from each origin was the only source of AA. All dietary treatments had 12 replicate cages. Similar (p > 0.05) AME (dry-matter basis) values were observed between corn samples. The highest gap in AME (43 kcal/kg) was found between corn from BRA (3694 kcal/kg) and corn from the USA (3651 kcal/kg). Likewise, similar (p > 0.05) AIAAD values were observed for all AA apart from tryptophan (Trp), as corn from BRA (77.45%) had a higher (p = 0.024) Trp digestibility than corn from the USA (72.53%). Overall, a similar nutrient utilization by the birds was observed for the corn samples, regardless of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I. Vargas
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wilmer J. Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Vargas JI, Gulizia JP, Bonilla SM, Sasia S, Pacheco WJ. Effect of Corn Origin on Broiler Performance, Processing Yield, and Nutrient Digestibility from 1 to 35 Days of Age. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071248. [PMID: 37048504 PMCID: PMC10092958 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment studied the effect of feeding corn from the United States (USA), Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRA) on broiler performance, processing yield, and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 35 d of age. A total of 900-day old YPM × Ross 708 male broilers were randomly sorted in 36 floor pens, each containing 25 chicks and subjected to three experimental diets, resulting in 12 replications per dietary treatment. Starter, grower, and finisher diets were formulated to be only different in corn origin. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey’s HSD test, with statistical significance considered at p ≤ 0.05. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake from 1 to 35 d of age among the treatments. However, broilers fed diets with the inclusion of corn from the USA and BRA had a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with broilers fed diets with corn from ARG from to 1 to 35 d of age (1.434 and 1.434 vs. 1.452 g:g; p = 0.002). Broilers fed diets with the inclusion of corn from BRA had a higher breast weight compared with broilers fed diets with the inclusion of corn from ARG (575 vs. 553 g; p = 0.036), but did not differ in breast weight of broilers fed diets with corn from the USA (575 vs. 556 g; p > 0.05). Corn origin did not influence (p > 0.05) crude protein and fat digestibility. However, broilers fed diets with corn from the USA and BRA had greater phosphorus (P) (63.37, 62.23 vs. 55.26%; p = 0.0003), calcium (Ca) (41.59, 43.85 vs. 30.23%; p = 0.0003), and potassium (K) (88.98, 87.97 vs. 86.04%; p = 0.001) digestibility compared with broilers fed diets with corn from ARG. Overall, corn origin influenced FCR, breast weight, and P, Ca, and K digestibility of broilers from 1 to 35 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I. Vargas
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Joseph P. Gulizia
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Susan M. Bonilla
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Santiago Sasia
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wilmer J. Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Zurak D, Vlajsović D, Duvnjak M, Salajpal K, Kljak K. Factors affecting starch digestibility rate of maize grain in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2163043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Zurak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D. Vlajsović
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Duvnjak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K. Salajpal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K. Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ali M, Lee SY, Park JY, Nam KC. Evaluation of Meat from Native Chickens: Analysis of Biochemical Components, Fatty Acids, Antioxidant Dipeptides, and Microstructure at Two Slaughter Ages. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:788-801. [PMID: 34632399 PMCID: PMC8460333 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined biochemical components, fatty acids, antioxidant dipeptides,
and muscle fiber density of breast and thigh muscles from Korean new native
chicken strains (A and B) at two slaughter ages, compared with white
semi-broiler (W) or broilers. The pH values were different by chicken breed. The
new native strains had the lowest fat content in the breast at 12 wk
(p<0.05). Regardless of the muscles, A and B at 12 wk had higher levels
of arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6), and
nervonic acid (C24:1) than broilers (p<0.05). A similar result was
observed for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyunsaturated and
saturated fatty acids ratio (P/S) content in the breast. Irrespective of the
muscles, A and B enriched with omega-3 fatty acids had a lower
ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio than broilers (p<0.05) at 12 wk. Of the
antioxidant di-peptides, the anserine contents were highest in A and B than in
the W or broilers (p<0.05), regardless of the muscles and slaughter ages.
Furthermore, the breast meat from A and B contained a higher muscle fiber
density for both slaughter ages than the W and broilers (p<0.05). Based
on these findings, even if the commercial birds (broilers or W) are raised under
the similar environmental conditions as A and B, the new native chicken strains
have distinct meat quality attributes, particularly higher ARA and DHA levels,
lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio, and higher anserine contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabbat Ali
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea.,Department of Animal Production and Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Seong-Yun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Ki-Chang Nam
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
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Giacobbo FCN, Eyng C, Nunes RV, de Souza C, Teixeira LV, Pilla R, Suchodolski JS, Bortoluzzi C. Influence of Enzyme Supplementation in the Diets of Broiler Chickens Formulated with Different Corn Hybrids Dried at Various Temperatures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030643. [PMID: 33671022 PMCID: PMC7997286 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of exogenous enzymes is a common nutrition strategy of the poultry industry. However, the influence of this additive on the microbiota and its efficiency when the diets are formulated with different hybrids of corn dried under high temperature are still unclear. From a practical point of view, evaluating the mode of action of enzymes in different situations is crucial to ensure competitive performance results with low production costs. The current study confirmed that regardless of corn hybrids and drying temperature, dietary supplementation with amylase, xylanase, and protease was beneficial for intestinal morphology and allowed a modulation of the cecal microbiota. This influence may have changed the digestive process and use of nutrients by the broilers, resulting in better animal performance. Abstract We evaluated the influence of enzymatic supplementation on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of broilers. A total of 2160 1-day-old male chicks were used in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (three corn hybrids, two drying temperatures −80 and 110 °C, with or without the inclusion of an enzymatic blend (amylase, xylanase, and protease) (20 birds/pen, n = 9). For all performance and digestibility parameters, we observed, in general, isolated effects of the corn hybrids and drying temperature. Birds that received the enzymatic blend in the diet showed better weight gain from 1 to 21 days (d) and better digestibility coefficients of nutrients at 42 d. Birds fed diets with corn dried at 80 °C showed a better feed conversion ratio from 1 to 42 d. At 21 d of age, enzymatic supplementation had positive effects on jejunum morphology. Enzyme supplementation increased the abundance of the phylum Tenericutes, class Bacilli and Mollicutes, reduced Clostridia, and increased the abundances of the families Lactobacillaceae, Anaeroplasmataceae, and O_RF39;F. In conclusion, the addition of amylase, xylanase, and protease led to a better nutrient digestibility, performance, and intestinal morphology. In addition, enzyme supplementation changed the diversity, composition, and predicted function of the cecal microbiota at d 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele C. N. Giacobbo
- Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil; (F.C.N.G.); (R.V.N.); (C.d.S.)
| | - Cinthia Eyng
- Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil; (F.C.N.G.); (R.V.N.); (C.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-45-99800-0893
| | - Ricardo V. Nunes
- Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil; (F.C.N.G.); (R.V.N.); (C.d.S.)
| | - Cleison de Souza
- Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil; (F.C.N.G.); (R.V.N.); (C.d.S.)
| | | | - Rachel Pilla
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (R.P.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (R.P.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Cristiano Bortoluzzi
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA;
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7
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Kljak K, Duvnjak M, Grbeša D. Effect of starch properties and zein content of commercial maize hybrids on kinetics of starch digestibility in an in vitro poultry model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6372-6379. [PMID: 31278750 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kinetics of starch digestion is a key determinant of poultry performance. Research so far has shown that starch digestibility kinetics depends on the molecular structure of starch but also on the properties of the complex matrix in which starch granules are embedded in most feedstuffs. However, the manner in which genotype differences in the same plant affect starch digestibility kinetics has not yet been addressed. The present study explored the extent to which the starch digestibility rate in commercial high-yielding maize hybrids depended on amylose / amylopectin content, starch granule size and shape, and zein in total starch (TS) content. RESULTS Hybrids differed in all the traits examined, giving the following ranges: amylose content, 165-207 g kg-1 DM; zein in TS content, 70-89 g kg-1 DM; starch granule equivalent diameter, 11.5-12.3 μm, and in vitro starch digestion rate, 1.22-1.44 h-1 . The starch digestion rate correlated negatively with zein in TS content (r = -0.36) and positively with equivalent diameter (r = 0.45). The negative correlation between starch digestion rate and zein in TS suggests that some zein remained after grinding and pepsin incubation and acted as a barrier to amylolytic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS When starch granules are embedded in a complex protein matrix, zein limits their accessibility to enzymes and affects the starch digestibility rate. Surprisingly, our results suggest that when enzymes reach starch granules, they digest a greater proportion of the starch when the granules are larger. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Duvnjak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Grbeša
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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9
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Identifying variation in the nutritional value of corn based on chemical kernel characteristics. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Liu JB, Yan HL, Zhang Y, Hu YD, Zhang HF. Effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology and antioxidant capacity in broilers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:605-614. [PMID: 31480160 PMCID: PMC7054606 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine the effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant capacity in broilers. METHODS A total of 800 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers (45.4±0.5 g) were blocked based on body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 cages per treatment and 20 broilers per cage in this 6-week experiment. Dietary treatments included a basal diet and diets with 100% of control maize replaced by stale maize. RESULTS The content of fat acidity value was higher (p<0.05) while the starch, activities of catalase and peroxidase were lower (p<0.05) than the control maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experiment, feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 0 to 21 and the whole experiment as well as relative weight of liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus (p<0.05) on d 21. Feeding stale maize diets decreased jejunum villus height (VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD) (p<0.05) on d 21 and 42 as well as ileum VH/CD on d 42. The levels of immunoglobulin G, acid α-naphthylacetate esterase positive ratios and lymphocyte proliferation on d 21 and 42 as well as lysozyme activity and avian influenza antibody H5N1 titer on d 21 decreased (p<0.05) by the stale maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) serum interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 on d 21 and interleukin-6 on d 21 and 42. Broilers fed stale maize diets had lower levels of (p<0.05) total antioxidative capacity on d 42, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase on d 21 and 42, but higher (p<0.05) levels of malondialdehyde on d 21 and 42. CONCLUSION Feeding 100% stale maize decreased ADFI and FCR, caused adverse effects on immunity and antioxidant function and altered intestinal morphology in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H L Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Y Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Y D Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - H F Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Alves BM, Cargnelutti Filho A, Toebe M, Burin C. Linear relations among phenological, morphological, productive and protein-nutritional traits in early maturing and super-early maturing maize genotypes. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Zhao JP, Cui DP, Zhang ZY, Jiao HC, Song ZG, Lin H. Live performance, carcass characteristic and blood metabolite responses of broilers to two distinct corn types with different extent of grinding. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:378-388. [PMID: 27080870 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The major objective of this research was to establish the main and interactive effects of corn type and extent of grinding on broiler performance including carcass characteristics. A completely randomized experimental design with a 2 (corn type) × 2 (fine and coarse) factorial arrangement, each with six replicates of 45 male Ross chicks, was applied. Experimental diets, containing dent or hard corn, were formulated with two extents of grinding (3.00 or 6.00 mm screens) for three growing phases. In comparison with dent corn, the hard corn increased body weight (BW) gain and thigh muscle yield (p < 0.05), while decreasing feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01) and abdominal fat deposition (p < 0.05), some aspects of which were age-dependent and appeared to vary with extent of grinding. Coarser grinding increased the weight of proventriculus (p < 0.01), gizzard (p < 0.05) and small + large intestine (p < 0.10) relative to BW, particularly towards market size. These results suggest that feeding hard corn or large-particle-size corn have some favourable effects on growth performance or gastrointestinal development for finishing broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zhao
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - D P Cui
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,New Hope Liuhe Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Z Y Zhang
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - H C Jiao
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Z G Song
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - H Lin
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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13
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Rodrigues SIFC, Stringhini JH, Ceccantini M, Penz Júnior AM, Ribeiro AML, Peripolli V, McManus CM. CHEMICAL AND ENERGETIC CONTENT OF CORN BEFORE AND AFTER PRE-CLEANING. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i217226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry normally has little control over the raw material that arrives at the processing plant. This experiment aimed to evaluate chemical and energetic quality of corn obtained in a feed mill before and after pre-cleaning. Twenty samples of 30 kg of corn each were taken from trucks delivering corn to the mill. The trucks were then unloaded and the material passed through a pre-cleaning process when another sample was taken. Samples were graded and physical properties evaluated: density (g/L), grain percentages of foreign material, impurities, fragments, broken, soft, insect damaged, fire-burnt, fermented, damaged, cracked and fine particles, as well as chemical composition analysis: Apparent metabolizable energy for poultry (AME), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), starch (STA), water activity (WA), crude protein (CP), digestible and total lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and arginine. The experiment was a randomized design with two treatments (before and after pre-cleaning) and twenty replications. Data was analyzed using SAS ® and treatment differences obtained using F test. Correlations and principal components were calculated. There was a decrease in density after the pre-cleaning process, which was probably due to the removal of earth and stones rather than grain and its fractions. Significant increases were found for insect damage, fermented and damaged grain while fire-burn was significantly reduced after the pre-cleaning process. Starch increased after pre-cleaning which is a result of contaminants that normally are poor in this carbohydrate, but fiber levels increased too. Apparent metabolizable energy, aminoacids, digestible (P<0.05) and total (P<0.05) histidine, total lysine and methionine (P<0.1) levels were reduced after pre-cleaning. Density was higher when there were fewer impurities such as straw, husk or small grains. Broken corn was positively correlated (P<0.05) with foreign material (0.63) and fragments (0.76), while proportion of damaged corn was positively correlated with foreign material (0.68), fragments (0.58) and broken corn (0.83). In this study, even in samples classified as excellent quality before pre-cleaning, the pre-cleaning process was effective in reducing humidity and water activity which helps control the growth of fungi or other microorganisms. Starch and fiber levels increased after pre-cleaning while apparent metabolizable energy levels was not improved by pre-cleaning.
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14
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Masey O'Neill HV, Liu N, Wang JP, Diallo A, Hill S. Effect of xylanase on performance and apparent metabolisable energy in starter broilers fed diets containing one maize variety harvested in different regions of china. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:515-23. [PMID: 25049592 PMCID: PMC4092908 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the variability in broiler performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal digestible energy (IDE) between five different maize samples fed with and without xylanase at 16,000 U/kg. Various in vitro characterisations were conducted to determine if any could predict performance or AME. Samples of the maize were harvested in five diverse regions and fed individually in a mash diet as follows (g/kg): test maize 608.3; soya bean meal (SBM) 324.1; poultry fat 25.2; salt 4.6; met 2.6; lys 1.6; thr 0.5; limestone 9.7, dical 18.4; vit/min 5.0; CP 210 and ME (kcal/kg) 3,085. The diets were fed to 720 broilers with 6 replicates, each containing 12 birds per treatment, from 0 to 18 d of age. Maize samples were analysed for starch, protein, crude fibre, fat, protein solubility index (PSI) and vitreousness using near infra red reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). They were also assayed using an in vitro starch digestibility method. The results showed that there was no effect of harvest region on the feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the broilers over the 18 d period (p = 0.959, 0.926, 0.819 respectively). There was an improvement in all parameters with the addition of xylanase (FI p = 0.011; BWG and FCR p<0.001). There was a significant positive effect of xylanase on IDE, AME, IDE Intake (IDEI) and AME intake (AMEI) (p<0.0001 in all cases). Although there was no significant effect of maize source, there was a strong trend towards variability in IDE (p = 0.066) and AME (p = 0.058). There were no significant correlations (p<0.05) between any proximate or physiochemical values and any performance or AME values. This may suggest that none of those selected were suitable predictors for performance or AME. The broilers performed well according to the breed guidelines, with slightly increased FI, increased BWG and similar FCR prior to the addition of xylanase. When FCR and BWG were analysed with FI as a covariate, xylanase addition remained significant suggesting that the improvement in BWG and FCR was driven by an increase in digestibility and nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Liu
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, UK
| | - J P Wang
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, UK
| | - A Diallo
- Department of Food Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - S Hill
- Department of Food Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Gehring C, Bedford M, Cowieson A, Dozier W. Effects of corn source on the relationship between in vitro assays and ileal nutrient digestibility. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1908-14. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Sarate P, Tamhane V, Kotkar H, Ratnakaran N, Susan N, Gupta V, Giri A. Developmental and digestive flexibilities in the midgut of a polyphagous pest, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2012; 12:42. [PMID: 22954360 PMCID: PMC3476687 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Developmental patterns and survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a polyphagous insect pest, have been studied with reference to the effect of diet on major gut digestive enzymes (amylases, proteases, and lipases). Significant correlations between nutritional quality of the diet and larval and pupal mass were observed when H. armigera larvae were fed on various host plants viz. legumes (chickpea and pigeonpea), vegetables (tomato and okra), flowers (rose and marigold), and cereals (sorghum and maize). Larvae fed on diets rich in proteins and/or carbohydrates (pigeonpea, chickpea, maize, and sorghum) showed higher larval mass and developed more rapidly than larvae fed on diets with low protein and carbohydrate content (rose, marigold, okra, and tomato). Low calorific value diets like rose and marigold resulted in higher mortality (25-35%) of H. armigera. Even with highly varying development efficiency and larval/pupal survival rates, H. armigera populations feeding on different diets completed their life cycles. Digestive enzymes of H. armigera displayed variable expression levels and were found to be regulated on the basis of macromolecular composition of the diet. Post-ingestive adaptations operating at the gut level, in the form of controlled release of digestive enzymes, might be a key factor contributing to the physiological plasticity in H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Sarate
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 (M.S.), India
- these authors contributed equally to the work
| | - V.A. Tamhane
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 (M.S.), India
| | - H.M. Kotkar
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 (M.S.), India
- these authors contributed equally to the work
| | - N. Ratnakaran
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 (M.S.), India
| | - N. Susan
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 (M.S.), India
| | - V.S. Gupta
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 (M.S.), India
| | - A.P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 (M.S.), India
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17
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Jung YK, Jeon HJ, Jung S, Choe JH, Lee JH, Heo KN, Kang BS, Jo CR. Comparison of Quality Traits of Thigh Meat from Korean Native Chickens and Broilers. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.5.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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