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El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Yang T, Salem HM, Korma SA, Ahmed AE, Mosa WFA, Abd El-Mageed TA, Selim S, Al Jaouni SK, Zaghloul RA, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Ibrahim SA. Avian campylobacteriosis, prevalence, sources, hazards, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, and control measures: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102786. [PMID: 37454641 PMCID: PMC10371856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian campylobacteriosis is a vandal infection that poses human health hazards. Campylobacter is usually colonized in the avian gut revealing mild signs in the infected birds, but retail chicken carcasses have high contamination levels of Campylobacter spp. Consequently, the contaminated avian products constitute the main source of human infection with campylobacteriosis and result in severe clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, spasm, and deaths in sensitive cases. Thus, the current review aims to shed light on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler chickens, Campylobacter colonization, bird immunity against Campylobacter, sources of poultry infection, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, human health hazard, and the use of standard antimicrobial technology during the chicken processing of possible control strategies to overcome such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A Zaghloul
- Department Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluybia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Carver Hall, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411-1064
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Ansarifar E, Riahi SM, Tasara T, Sadighara P, Zeinali T. Campylobacter prevalence from food, animals, human and environmental samples in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:126. [PMID: 37165317 PMCID: PMC10170724 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter regarded as a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of campylobacter in food, animal and human samples of Iran. RESULTS Quantitative synthesis was performed from 119 articles. White meat had the highest pooled prevalence of Campylobacter spp. (43.9%). Pooled prevalence of 7.9% and 5.5% for Campylobacter, respectively, were determined for red meat and eggs from Iran. Campylobacter was seen in 14.9% of environmental samples and 8.4% of human samples. In most of the samples C. jejuni had higher frequency than C. coli. Most of the isolated Campylobacter harbored several of the known virulence related genes of this pathogen. CONCLUSION Chicken was identified as the Campylobacter reservoir. As such preventive strategies in all stages of poultry production until consumption are necessary to control foodborne human infection with Campylobacter in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ansarifar
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohamad Riahi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Zeinali
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Hadiyan M, Momtaz H, Shakerian A. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profile and molecular typing of
Campylobacter
species isolated from poultry meat samples. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2482-2493. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hadiyan
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
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Dogan OB, Aditya A, Ortuzar J, Clarke J, Wang B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of processing stages and interventions for controlling Campylobacter contamination during broiler chicken processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:227-271. [PMID: 34730272 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to quantify the effects of processing stages and interventions on the prevalence and concentration of Campylobacter on broiler carcasses. To comprehensively capture relevant evidence, six databases were searched using the keywords "Campylobacter" and "broiler chicken." The literature search yielded 10,450 unique citations, and after applying predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 72 and 53 relevant citations were included in meta-analyses for processing stages and interventions, respectively. As the two primary outcomes, log reduction and prevalence changes were estimated for each stage or intervention using a random-effects meta-analysis approach whenever possible. The outcome-level quality assessment was conducted following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The analysis revealed that scalding and chilling majorly reduces the prevalence and concentration of Campylobacter. Immersion chilling reduces the concentration regardless of chemical additives, but its effect on prevalence is not conclusive. The effects of carcass washing applications remain uncertain due to the inconsistency and imprecision of both outcomes. Defeathering and evisceration were identified as stages that can increase both prevalence and concentration. Both chemical and physical processing interventions provide limited efficacy in concentration and prevalence reduction. Major limitations of the review were inconsistency and imprecision at the outcome level and reporting issues and data gaps at the study level. The results are expected to inform quantitative microbial risk assessment model development and support evidence-based decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onay B Dogan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Anand Aditya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Juan Ortuzar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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5
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Significant contribution of the CmeABC Efflux pump in high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli clinical isolates. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:36. [PMID: 34016127 PMCID: PMC8138983 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter resistance to antimicrobial agents is regarded as a major concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the CmeABC efflux pump and the RAPD-PCR pattern in drug-resistant Campylobacter isolates. Methods A total of 283 stool specimens were collected from children under the age of five with diarrhea. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was determined by broth microdilution method and E-test, respectively. Detection of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin determinants was done by amplification of tetO gene and PCR-sequencing of the gyrA gene. The cmeABC transcriptional expression was analyzed by Real-time (RT)-PCR. Clonal correlation of resistant strains was determined by RAPD-PCR genotyping. Results Out of 283 fecal samples, 20 (7.02%) samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. Analysis of duplex PCR assay of the cadF gene showed that 737 and 461 bp amplicons were corresponding to Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, respectively. All of the 17 phenotypically tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter isolates harbored the tetO gene. Also, four phenotypically ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter isolates had a point mutation at codon 257 of the gyrA gene (ACA to ATA; Thr > Ile). High-level expression of the cmeA gene was observed in ciprofloxacin-resistant and high-level tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter isolates, suggesting a positive correlation between the cmeA gene expression level and tetracycline resistance level. Moreover, a statistically significant difference was observed in the cmeA gene expression between ciprofloxacin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains, which signifies the crucial contribution of the efflux pump in conferring multiple drug resistance phenotype among Campylobacter spp. RAPD analysis of Campylobacter isolates exhibited 16 different patterns. Simpsone`s diversity index of RAPD-PCR was calculated as 0.85, showing a high level of homogeneity among the population; however, no clear correlation was detected among tetracycline and/or ciprofloxacin resistant isolates. Conclusion Significant contribution of the CmeABC efflux pump in conferring high-level resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was observed in C. jejuni and C. coli clinical isolates. The resistant phenotype is suggested to be mediated by CmeABC efflux pumps, the tetO gene, and point mutation of the gyrA gene. Genotyping revealed no clonal correlation among resistant strains, indicating distinct evolution of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin resistant genotypes among the isolates.
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Khademi F, Sahebkar A. Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter Species in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8868197. [PMID: 33488728 PMCID: PMC7803110 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8868197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter species are one of the main causes of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. Recently, WHO reported that the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species is becoming a public health issue around the world. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant strains isolated from human and animal origins in Iran. METHODS Using related keywords and without date and language limitations, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and SID to identify relevant studies on the prevalence of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species in Iran. RESULTS A total of 34 reports (9 in Persian and 25 in English) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disk diffusion, E-test, and agar dilution were common methods used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter species against fluoroquinolones were as follows: 53.6%, 41.8%, and 0% to ciprofloxacin for C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, respectively, 24.3% and 25.1% to enrofloxacin for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, 59.6% and 49.2% to nalidixic acid for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, and 87.3% and 64.7% to ofloxacin for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a high prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species in Iran. This calls for the use of more effective antibiotics with low resistance rates including aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and imipenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Alaali Z, Bin Thani AS. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance observed in the Middle East: Environmental and health care retrospectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140089. [PMID: 32559543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest worldwide challenging problems that associates with high morbidity and mortality rates. The resistance of bacteria to various antibiotic classes results in difficulties in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by those bacteria. This paper highlights and provides a critical overview of observational and experimental studies investigating the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in different environments in Middle East countries and the mechanisms by which bacteria acquire and spread resistance. The data of this research considered the published papers within the last ten years (2010-2020) and was carried out using PubMed. A total of 66 articles were selected in this review. This review covered studies done on antibiotic resistant bacteria found in a wide range of environments including foods, animals, groundwater, aquatic environments as well as industrial and hospital wastewater. They acquire and achieve their resistance through several mechanisms such as antibiotic resistant genes, efflux pumps and enzymatic reactions. However, the dissemination and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria is affected by several factors like anthropogenic, domestic, inappropriate use of antibiotics and the expulsion of wastewater containing antibiotic residues to the environments. Therefore, it is important to increase the awareness regarding these activities and their effect on the environment and eventually on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Alaali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain.
| | - Ali Salman Bin Thani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain
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8
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Zhang L, Li Y, Shao Y, Hu Y, Lou H, Chen X, Wu Y, Mei L, Zhou B, Zhang X, Yao W, Fang L, Zhang Y. Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Resistant Profiles of Campylobacter Species Isolated From Poultry and Diarrheal Patients in Southeastern China 2017-2019. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1244. [PMID: 32655522 PMCID: PMC7324532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a zoonotic pathogen that causes foodborne diarrheal illness globally. To better understand health risks in Southeastern China, Campylobacter spp. were surveyed in humans and representative poultry products over 3 years. One hundred and ninety-five representative isolates (n = 148, Campylobacter jejuni; n = 45, Campylobacter coli; n = 2 Campylobacter hyointestinalis) were examined for genetic relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility. Nearly all Campylobacter isolates (99.0%, 193/195) were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials, and 45.6% (89/195) of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Genotypic analysis revealed high diversity among tested strains. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) displayed 120 sequence types (STs) including 42 novel STs being added to the PubMLST international database. Sixty-two STs belonged to 16 previously characterized clonal complexes (CCs), of which CC-21, CC-45, CC-464, CC-574, CC-353, and CC-828 were most frequently identified. In addition, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprinting resulted in 66 PFGE SmaI patterns among the 125 isolates, with eight patterns shared between human and poultry sources. Subtyping data did not correlate with antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Taken together, this large-scale surveillance study highlights high antimicrobial resistance and molecular features of Campylobacter isolates in Southeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Zhang
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Shao
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Hu
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huihuang Lou
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Ouhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouhai, China
| | - Yuejin Wu
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Wenwu Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Abbasi E, van Belkum A, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Quinolone and Macrolide-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni in Pediatric Gastroenteritis Patients from Central Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1080-1086. [PMID: 31021299 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: To determine the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pediatric diarrhea patients in central Iran. Materials and Methods: Stool specimens (n = 230) were investigated using a modified Gram stain, two specific culture media, and C. jejuni-specific PCR. Antibiotic resistance profiles and relevant resistance genes were determined. Genetic relationships among a selection of the isolates were studied by Fla typing. Results: Out of the 230 diarrhea samples, 48 (20.8%) cases of C. jejuni were identified using modified Gram stain, 45 (19.5%) using the culture media, and 76 (33%) cases were identified using PCR. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were observed in 37 (82.2%) strains against tetracycline, in 32 (71.1%) against ciprofloxacin, and in 31 (68.8%) against erythromycin. Twenty (44.4%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin simultaneously. Genotypic investigations found 36 (97.3%) strains carrying the tet (o) gene, 31 (96.8%) harboring the cmeB gene, 22 (68.7%) strains with the gyrA6 gene, 20 (64.5%) strains containing a 23S rRNA mutation, and 21 (65.6%) strains with the qnrS gene. Fla typing of a random subset of 14 strains revealed 11 different types showing the genomic diversity of the isolates. Strains sharing the same Fla type could be easily distinguished by their resistance gene profile. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that genetically diverse quinolone-macrolide-resistant C. jejuni is an important cause of gastroenteritis in children from central Iran. Pediatricians should consider these resistance features once the antibiotic prescription is necessary for prevention of possible complications, especially in those under 5 years of age. Of note, most cases of Campylobacter diarrhea are self-limiting and antibiotics should only be prescribed in those cases where severe complications evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Department, BioMérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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11
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Aminshahidi M, Arastehfar A, Pouladfar G, Arman E, Fani F. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella with High Rate of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production: Two Predominant Etiological Agents of Acute Diarrhea in Shiraz, Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:1037-1044. [PMID: 29106325 PMCID: PMC5709696 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to find the etiology of acute diarrhea in Iranian children and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns. The pathogenic bacteria were recovered from 110/269 (40.9%) diarrheal fecal samples with the following profiles: the most predominant pathogen was diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) (43.6%), comprising enteroaggregative E. coli (23.6%), enteropathogenic E. coli (10.9%), enteroinvasive E. coli (5.5%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (3.6%); Shigella spp. (37.3%), Salmonella spp. (12.7%) and Campylobacter jejuni (6.4%) were ranked second and fourth in terms of prevalence, respectively. The rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production were 66.7% and 53.7% in DEC and Shigella, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin (AMP) (95.1%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (73.2%), azithromycin (ATH) (21.9%), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (14.6%) was observed among Shigella isolates. Multidrug resistance phenotype was observed in 24.4% (10/41) of Shigella isolates, with the most common pattern of resistance to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, AMP, SXT, and ATH. This study indicates an alarming increase in the ESBL production of DEC and Shigella spp. and identifies them as the two most prevalent diarrhea-causing enteropathogens in the region. The results show that CIP could be an alternative to third-generation cephalosporins against these two pathogens. Therefore, it is proposed that further investigation be done in the pursuit of alternative antibiotics that are effective against the resistant cases. For instance, one study could look into the comparative clinical effectiveness of third-generation cephalosporins versus CIP, the latter not being presently the drug of choice for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneli Aminshahidi
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Arastehfar
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmayil Arman
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Fani
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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Jribi H, Sellami H, Mariam S, Smaoui S, Ghorbel A, Hachicha S, Benejat L, Messadi-Akrout F, Mégraud F, Gdoura R. Isolation and Identification of Campylobacter spp. from Poultry and Poultry By-Products in Tunisia by Conventional Culture Method and Multiplex Real-Time PCR. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1623-1627. [PMID: 28853632 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are one of the primary causes of bacterial human diarrhea. The consumption of poultry meats, by-products, or both is suspected to be a major cause of human campylobacteriosis. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in fresh poultry meat and poultry by-products by conventional culture methods and to confirm Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates by using the multiplex PCR assay. Two hundred fifty fresh poultry samples were collected from a variety of supermarkets and slaughterhouses located in Sfax, Tunisia, including chicken (n =149) and turkey (n =101). The samples were analyzed using conventional microbiological examinations according to the 2006 International Organization for Standardization method (ISO 10272-1) for Campylobacter spp. Concurrently, a real-time PCR was used for identification of C. jejuni and C. coli . Of the 250 samples of poultry meat and poultry by-products, 25.6% (n = 64) were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. The highest prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was found in chicken meat (26.8%) followed by turkey meat (23.7%). Among the different products, poultry breasts showed the highest contamination (36.6%) followed by poultry by-products (30%), poultry wings (28%) and poultry legs (26%) showed the lowest contamination, and no contamination was found on neck skin. Of the 64 thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, C. jejuni (59.7%) was the most frequently isolated species and 10.9% of the isolates were identified as C. coli . All of the 64 Campylobacter isolates identified by the conventional culture methods were further confirmed by PCR. The seasonal peak of Campylobacter spp. contamination was in the warm seasons (spring and summer). The study concluded that high proportions of poultry meat and poultry by-products marketed in Tunisia are contaminated by Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, to ensure food safety, poultry meats must be properly cooked before consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Jribi
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Sellami
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Siala Mariam
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Salma Smaoui
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Asma Ghorbel
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Salma Hachicha
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lucie Benejat
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Francis Mégraud
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
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Ma H, Su Y, Ma L, Ma L, Li P, Du X, Gölz G, Wang S, Lu X. Prevalence and Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Retail Chicken in Tianjin, China. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1032-1040. [PMID: 28504616 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide; however, there is a lack of information on the prevalence and antibiotic-resistant profile of C. jejuni in the People's Republic of China. We determined the prevalence and characteristics of C. jejuni on the retail level in Tianjin, one of the five national central cities in China. A total of 227 samples of chicken wings, legs, and breasts were collected from supermarkets and wet markets; 42 of these samples were confirmed to be positive for Campylobacter contamination. The contamination rates of C. jejuni and other Campylobacter species were 13.7% (31 of 227 samples) and 5.7% (13 of 227 samples), respectively. A group of 31 C. jejuni isolates was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All (100%) the selected isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid; 77.4% were resistant to tetracycline, 67.7% to doxycycline, 35.5% to gentamicin, 25.8% to clindamycin and florfenicol, 19.4% to chloramphenicol, and 12.9% to erythromycin and azithromycin. A remarkably high proportion (41.9%) of multidrug-resistant isolates was identified. Multilocus sequence typing was conducted to study the population structure of the C. jejuni strains and their relationship to human isolates. The correlation between antimicrobial resistance traits and certain sequence types (STs) or clonal complexes was determined as well. A great genetic diversity of poultry isolates was identified, with 11 STs belonging to 6 clonal complexes and 11 singleton STs. The novel STs accounted for 40.9% (n = 9) of the 22 STs. ST-21, ST-353, ST-354, ST-443, ST-607, and ST-828 complexes had been previously identified from human isolates. This study revealed an extensive level of antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity in C. jejuni isolated from chicken products in Tianjin, highlighting the necessity of performing enforced interventions to reduce Campylobacter prevalence in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- 1 Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China.,2 Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Yulan Su
- 1 Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China.,2 Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Luyao Ma
- 2 Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Lina Ma
- 2 Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Ping Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjun Du
- 1 Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Greta Gölz
- 3 Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Shuo Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- 2 Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Zhu J, Yao B, Song X, Wang Y, Cui S, Xu H, Yang B, Huang J, Liu G, Yang X, Gong P, Chen Q, Li F. Prevalence and quantification of Campylobacter contamination on raw chicken carcasses for retail sale in China. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Jonaidi-Jafari N, Khamesipour F, Ranjbar R, Kheiri R. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species isolated from the avian eggs. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Meryem G, Zehor G, Fares A, Sadjia M, Amina H. Campylobacter in sheep, calves and broiler chickens in the central region of Algeria: Phenotypic and antimicrobial resistance profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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Abu-Madi M, Behnke JM, Sharma A, Bearden R, Al-Banna N. Prevalence of Virulence/Stress Genes in Campylobacter jejuni from Chicken Meat Sold in Qatari Retail Outlets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156938. [PMID: 27258021 PMCID: PMC4892673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken meat from the shelves of supermarkets in Qatar was tested for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and the presence of five virulence genes (htrB, cdtB, clpP, cadF and ciaB) was assessed in isolates. Forty eight percent of the chickens provided for supermarkets by Saudi (53%) and Qatari (45.9%) producers were found to be contaminated and the most important factor affecting the overall prevalence of contaminated chickens was the store from which chicken samples originated. Variation in prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken meat from different stores was evident even when the same producer supplied the three stores in our survey. Differences in the prevalence and in the combinations of virulence genes in isolates that can and cannot grow in a classic maintenance medium (Karmali) were identified, providing a starting point for linking presence/absence of particular virulence genes with actual in vivo virulence and pathogenicity. Because of the relatively low infective doses of Campylobacter that are required to initiate infection in humans, it will be important to explore further the relationships we identified between certain Campylobacter virulence genes and their capacity for survival in poultry meat, and hence their contribution to the incidence of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan Abu-Madi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Biomedical Research Center, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jerzy M. Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom NG7 2RD
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science, Biomedical Research Center, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rebecca Bearden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Biomedical Research Center, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadia Al-Banna
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Wieczorek K, Osek J. A five-year study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter from poultry carcasses in Poland. Food Microbiol 2015; 49:161-5. [PMID: 25846926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During 2009-2013 a total of 2114 swab samples collected from broiler carcasses in all 16 voivodeships (administrative districts) of Poland were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The antimicrobial resistance of the isolates to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin using the MIC method was also tested. It was found that 1151 (54.4%) carcasses were contaminated with Campylobacter, with 50% of C. jejuni and C. coli species isolated from positive samples. The temporal trend in the prevalence of Campylobacter-positive samples demonstrated that the highest percentage of carcasses was contaminated during the first year of the survey (70.5%) whereas in the last year (2013) only 36.3% of broilers contained these bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance analysis showed that overall 939 (81.6%) of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 646 (56.1%) to tetracycline but only 28 (2.4%) to erythromycin. Significant differences in resistance profiles between C. jejuni and C. coli were observed with greater resistance level observed in the latter species. Furthermore, a significant increase in the percentage of C. jejuni resistant to ciprofloxacin (from 59.6% in 2009 to 85.9% in 2014) and to tetracycline (from 23.2% to 70.4%, respectively) was identified. Only 20 (1.7%) Campylobacter isolates displayed a multiresistance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Wieczorek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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Abdi-Hachesoo B, Khoshbakht R, Sharifiyazdi H, Tabatabaei M, Hosseinzadeh S, Asasi K. Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Isolated From Poultry Carcasses. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e12129. [PMID: 25485062 PMCID: PMC4255377 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Campylobacter is one of the leading bacterial species causing foodborne illnesses in humans. Antimicrobial agents have been extensively used for treatment of Campylobacter infections; but in the recent years, both animal and human isolates of this bacterium have shown resistance to several antibiotics such as tetracycline. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance in Campylobacter spp. recovered from poultry carcasses in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: Eighty-three thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Isolates were first identified based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then screened for presence of tetracycline resistance genes (tet (A), tet (B), tet (O) and te (S)) by PCR. Results: The overall prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli among the examined isolates was 51.8% and 48.2%, respectively. Tetracycline resistance genes of tet (B) and tet (S) were not seen among these Campylobacter spp. Isolates, whereas the most common tet gene identified was tet (O), found in 83.1% (69/83) of all the isolates. The tet (O) gene sequence comparison between C. jejuni and C. coli showed 100% similarity and these sequences (JX853721and JX853722) were also identical to the homologous sequences of other strains of Campylobacter spp. existing in the GenBank databases. In addition, tet (A) was found in 18% (15/83) of Campylobacter spp. isolates. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of tet (A) in Campylobacter spp. There was 100% homology between the sequences of tet (A) from this study (JX891463 and JX891464) and the tet (A) sequences mentioned for other bacteria in the GenBank databases. Conclusions: The high prevalence of tet (O) resistance gene along with new detection of tet (A) resistance gene in Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry carcasses revealed an extensive tetracycline resistance among Campylobacter isolates from poultry in Iran. It emphasized the need for cautious use of tetracycline in poultry production to decrease the extension of tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Abdi-Hachesoo
- Poultry Diseases Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Bahman Abdi-Hachesoo, Poultry Diseases Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7112286950, Fax: +98-7112286940, E-mail:
| | - Rahem Khoshbakht
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Sharifiyazdi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Tabatabaei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Keramat Asasi
- Poultry Diseases Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
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20
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Occurrence of multidrug resistance in Campylobacter from Ivorian poultry and analysis of bacterial response to acid shock. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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21
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Messad S, Hamdi TM, Bouhamed R, Ramdani-Bouguessa N, Tazir M. Frequency of contamination and antimicrobial resistance of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolated from some broiler farms and slaughterhouses in the region of Algiers. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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CampylobacterSpecies. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Abay S, Kayman T, Otlu B, Hizlisoy H, Aydin F, Ertas N. Genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from poultry and humans in Turkey. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 178:29-38. [PMID: 24667316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the investigation of clonal relations between human and poultry Campylobacter jejuni isolates and the determination of susceptibilities of isolates to various antibiotics were aimed. A total of 200 C. jejuni isolates concurrently obtained from 100 chicken carcasses and 100 humans were genotyped by the Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and automated Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic PCR (Rep-PCR, DiversiLab system) methods and were tested for their susceptibility to six antibiotics with disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin (CI), enrofloxacin (EF) and erythromycin (EM) were evaluated by E-test. By using PFGE 174 of (87.0%) the isolates were able to be typed. The clonally related strains were placed in 35 different clusters and 115 different genotypes were obtained. All of the two hundred isolates could be typed by using Rep-PCR and were divided into 133 different genotypes. One hundred and fourteen clonally related isolates (57.0%) were included in 47 clusters. In disk diffusion test, while the susceptibility rates of AMC and S to human and chicken derived C. jejuni isolates were 84.0%-96.0% and 96.0%-98.0%, respectively, all isolates were susceptible to gentamicin. The resistance rates of human isolates to AMP, NA and TE were detected as 44.0%, 84.0% and 38.0% of the resistances of chicken isolates to these antibiotics were 34.0%, 95.0% and 56.0%, respectively. The MIC values of human and chicken isolates to CI, EF and EM were detected as 81.0-93.0%, 85.0-88.0% and 6.0-7.0%, respectively. The clonal proximity rates were detected between human and poultry origin C. jejuni isolates. The discriminatory power of PFGE and Rep-PCR was similar, with Simpson's diversity indexes of 0.993 and 0.995, respectively. Concordance of the two methods as determined by Adjusted Rand coefficient was 0.198 which showed the low congruence between Rep-PCR and PFGE. High rates of quinolone resistance were detected in C. jejuni isolates. This study demonstrated that chicken meat played an important role for infections caused by C. jejuni in Turkey and erythromycin, amoxicillin clavulanic acid and gentamicin are recommended for the treatment of Campylobacteriosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secil Abay
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Kayman
- Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Baris Otlu
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fuat Aydin
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ertas
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Kayseri, Turkey
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Rahimi E, Jalali M, Weese JS. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:119. [PMID: 24499381 PMCID: PMC3918140 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium difficile has been shown to be a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalised patients and the infection is believed to be acquired nosocomially. Recent studies have shown the occurrence of C. difficile in food animals which may act as a source of infection to humans.The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of C. difficile in retail raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran. Method From April to October 2012, a total of 660 raw meat samples from beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo were purchased from 49 butcheries in Isfahan and Khuzestan provinces, Iran, and were evaluated for the presence of C. difficile using a method including selective enrichment in C. difficile broth, subsequent alcohol shock-treatment and plating onto C. difficile selective medium. C. difficile isolates were tested for the presence of toxin genes and were typed using PCR ribotyping. Results In this study, 13 of 660 meat samples (2%) were contaminated with C. difficile. The highest prevalence of C. difficile was found in buffalo meat (9%), followed by goat meat (3.3%), beef meat (1.7%), cow (0.94%) and sheep meat (0.9%). Seven of the 13C. difficile strains (53.9%) were positive for tcdA, tcdB and cdtB toxin genes and were classified as ribotype 078. Four strains (30.8%) were positive tcdA, and tcdB, and one strain (7.7%) was possessed only tcdB. The remaining isolate was non-toxigenic. Susceptibilities of 13C. difficile isolates were determined for 11 antimicrobial drugs using the disk diffusion assay. Resistance to clindamycin, gentamycin, and nalidixic acid was the most common finding. Conclusions To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of the isolation of C. difficile from raw buffalo meat. This study indicates the potential importance of food, including buffalo meat, as a source of transmission of C. difficile to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, P,O, Box: 166 Shahrekord, Iran.
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Thermophilic Campylobacter Isolated from Chicken in Côte d'Ivoire. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012:150612. [PMID: 23133454 PMCID: PMC3485990 DOI: 10.1155/2012/150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacters are major causes of gastroenteritis in human. The main risk factor of infection is consumption of contaminated or by cross-contaminated poultry meat. In Côte d'Ivoire, gastroenteritis is usually observed but no case of human campylobacteriosis has been formally reported to date. The aims of this study were to determine prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from chickens ceaca in commercial slaughter in Abidjan. Between May and November 2009, one hundred and nineteen (119) chicken caeca samples were collected and analyzed by passive filtration method followed by molecular identification (PCR). From these 119 samples, 76 (63.8%) were positive to Campylobacter tests. Among the positive colonies, 51.3% were C. jejuni and 48.7% were C. coli. Of the 39 C. jejuni isolates, 79.5%, 38.5%, 17.9%, 10.3%, and 7.7% were, respectively, resistant, to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. Among the 37 isolates of C. coli, 78.4%, 43.2%, 13.5%, 8.1%, and 0% were resistant, respectively, to the same antibiotics. In conclusion, we reported in this study the presence of high Campylobacter contamination of the studied chickens. Molecular identification of the bacteria was performed and determination of high resistance to antimicrobials of the fluoroquinolone family was revealed.
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Hamidian M, Sanaei M, Bolfion M, Dabiri H, Zali MR, Walther-Rasmussen J. Prevalence of putative virulence markers in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from hospitalized children, raw chicken, and raw beef in Tehran, Iran. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:143-8. [PMID: 21326356 DOI: 10.1139/w10-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of the virulence-associated genes cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, cadF, dnaJ, racR, and pldA has been investigated in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli collected from raw chicken and beef from retailers in Tehran, Iran, and from hospitalized children (age, ≤14 years) suffering from diarrhea. Campylobacter spp. were collectively identified by morphological and biochemical methods. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were discriminated from other Campylobacter spp. by amplification of a specific conserved fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. The distinction between C. jejuni and C. coli was subsequently made by molecular determination of the presence of the hipO gene in C. jejuni or the ask gene in C. coli. Fragments of the studied virulence-associated genes, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, cadF, racR, dnaJ, and pldA, were amplified by PCR and subjected to horizontal gel electrophoresis. A total of 71 isolates of C. jejuni and 24 isolates of C. coli from meat were analyzed, while the numbers of isolates from the hospitalized children were 28 and 9, respectively. The unequal distribution of C. jejuni and C. coli in the samples has also been reported in other studies. Statistical analyses by the use of the two-tailed Fisher's exact test of the occurrence of the virulence genes in the isolates of different origins showed that the occurrence of the dnaJ gene was consistently significantly higher in all C. jejuni isolates than in C. coli. The occurrence of the other virulence markers did not differ significantly between species in the majority of the isolates. The PCR results also showed that the occurrence of the virulence markers in the analyzed isolates was much lower than in other studies, which may be caused by a divergent genomic pool of our isolates in comparison with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamidian
- The Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shaheed Beheshti University, M.C., Tehran, Iran
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