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Schüler SC, Liu Y, Dumontier S, Grandbois M, Le Moal E, Cornelison DDW, Bentzinger CF. Extracellular matrix: Brick and mortar in the skeletal muscle stem cell niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1056523. [PMID: 36523505 PMCID: PMC9745096 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1056523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an interconnected macromolecular scaffold occupying the space between cells. Amongst other functions, the ECM provides structural support to tissues and serves as a microenvironmental niche that conveys regulatory signals to cells. Cell-matrix adhesions, which link the ECM to the cytoskeleton, are dynamic multi-protein complexes containing surface receptors and intracellular effectors that control various downstream pathways. In skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue of the body, each individual muscle fiber and its associated muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are surrounded by a layer of ECM referred to as the basal lamina. The core scaffold of the basal lamina consists of self-assembling polymeric laminins and a network of collagens that tether proteoglycans, which provide lateral crosslinking, establish collateral associations with cell surface receptors, and serve as a sink and reservoir for growth factors. Skeletal muscle also contains the fibrillar collagenous interstitial ECM that plays an important role in determining tissue elasticity, connects the basal laminae to each other, and contains matrix secreting mesenchymal fibroblast-like cell types and blood vessels. During skeletal muscle regeneration fibroblast-like cell populations expand and contribute to the transitional fibronectin-rich regenerative matrix that instructs angiogenesis and MuSC function. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the skeletal muscle ECM in health and disease and outline its role in orchestrating tissue regeneration and MuSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja C. Schüler
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dumontier
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - DDW Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - C. Florian Bentzinger
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: C. Florian Bentzinger,
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Kahsay A, Rodriguez-Marquez E, López-Pérez A, Hörnblad A, von Hofsten J. Pax3 loss of function delays tumour progression in kRAS-induced zebrafish rhabdomyosarcoma models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17149. [PMID: 36229514 PMCID: PMC9561152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a soft tissue cancer that arises in skeletal muscle due to mutations in myogenic progenitors that lead to ineffective differentiation and malignant transformation. The transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7 and their downstream target genes are tightly linked with the fusion positive alveolar subtype, whereas the RAS pathway is usually involved in the embryonal, fusion negative variant. Here, we analyse the role of Pax3 in a fusion negative context, by linking alterations in gene expression in pax3a/pax3b double mutant zebrafish with tumour progression in kRAS-induced rhabdomyosarcoma tumours. Several genes in the RAS/MAPK signalling pathway were significantly down-regulated in pax3a/pax3b double mutant zebrafish. Progression of rhabdomyosarcoma tumours was also delayed in the pax3a/pax3b double mutant zebrafish indicating that Pax3 transcription factors have an unappreciated role in mediating malignancy in fusion negative rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kahsay
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå University, Johan Bures Väg 12, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - E. Rodriguez-Marquez
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå University, Johan Bures Väg 12, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A. López-Pérez
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Johan Bures Väg 12, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A. Hörnblad
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Johan Bures Väg 12, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - J. von Hofsten
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå University, Johan Bures Väg 12, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Zhang XX, Lian T, Ran JS, Li ZQ, Han SS, Liu YP. KLF5 functions in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of chicken satellite cells. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:222. [PMID: 31114746 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
KLF5 is an important regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in mammals. Little is known about the function of KLF5 in the regulation of chicken. Hence, qPCR was used to detect the expression of KLF5 in different tissues of chicken. And chicken skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) were transfected KLF5-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to assay SMSCs' proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The results showed that KLF5 expressed higher in skeletal muscle than in the other tissues of chicken. Knockdown of KLF5 significantly inhibited the differentiation and increased apoptosis of chicken SMSCs, but it had no significant effect on proliferation of SMSCs. These results indicate that KLF5 plays an essential role during myogenesis, which will affect muscle repair and muscle regeneration, and may ameliorate muscle aging or sarcopenia.
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Forcina L, Miano C, Pelosi L, Musarò A. An Overview about the Biology of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:24-37. [PMID: 31015789 PMCID: PMC6446479 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666190116094736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peculiar ability of skeletal muscle tissue to operate adaptive changes during post-natal de-velopment and adulthood has been associated with the existence of adult somatic stem cells. Satellite cells, occupying an exclusive niche within the adult muscle tissue, are considered bona fide stem cells with both stem-like properties and myogenic activities. Indeed, satellite cells retain the capability to both maintain the quiescence in uninjured muscles and to be promptly activated in response to growth or re-generative signals, re-engaging the cell cycle. Activated cells can undergo myogenic differentiation or self-renewal moving back to the quiescent state. Satellite cells behavior and their fate decision are finely controlled by mechanisms involving both cell-autonomous and external stimuli. Alterations in these regu-latory networks profoundly affect muscle homeostasis and the dynamic response to tissue damage, con-tributing to the decline of skeletal muscle that occurs under physio-pathologic conditions. Although the clear myogenic activity of satellite cells has been described and their pivotal role in muscle growth and regeneration has been reported, a comprehensive picture of inter-related mechanisms guiding muscle stem cell activity has still to be defined. Here, we reviewed the main regulatory networks determining satellite cell behavior. In particular, we focused on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlining satel-lite cell maintenance and commitment. Besides intrinsic regulations, we reported current evidences about the influence of environmental stimuli, derived from other cell populations within muscle tissue, on satel-lite cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Carmen Miano
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Laura Pelosi
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14 Rome 00161, Italy
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Horodyska J, Wimmers K, Reyer H, Trakooljul N, Mullen AM, Lawlor PG, Hamill RM. RNA-seq of muscle from pigs divergent in feed efficiency and product quality identifies differences in immune response, growth, and macronutrient and connective tissue metabolism. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:791. [PMID: 30384851 PMCID: PMC6211475 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed efficiency (FE) is an indicator of efficiency in converting energy and nutrients from feed into a tissue that is of major environmental and economic significance. The molecular mechanisms contributing to differences in FE are not fully elucidated, therefore the objective of this study was to profile the porcine Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle transcriptome, examine the product quality from pigs divergent in FE and investigate the functional networks underpinning the potential relationship between product quality and FE. RESULTS RNA-Seq (n = 16) and product quality (n = 40) analysis were carried out in the LTL of pigs differing in FE status. A total of 272 annotated genes were differentially expressed with a P < 0.01. Functional annotation revealed a number of biological events related to immune response, growth, carbohydrate & lipid metabolism and connective tissue indicating that these might be the key mechanisms governing differences in FE. Five most significant bio-functions altered in FE groups were 'haematological system development & function', 'lymphoid tissue structure & development', 'tissue morphology', 'cellular movement' and 'immune cell trafficking'. Top significant canonical pathways represented among the differentially expressed genes included 'IL-8 signalling', 'leukocyte extravasation signalling, 'sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling', 'PKCθ signalling in T lymphocytes' and 'fMLP signalling in neutrophils'. A minor impairment in the quality of meat, in relation to texture and water-holding capacity, produced by high-FE pigs was observed. High-FE pigs also had reduced intramuscular fat content and improved nutritional profile in terms of fatty acid composition. CONCLUSIONS Ontology analysis revealed enhanced activity of adaptive immunity and phagocytes in high-FE pigs suggesting more efficient conserving of resources, which can be utilised for other important biological processes. Shifts in carbohydrate conversion into glucose in FE-divergent muscle may underpin the divergent evolution of pH profile in meat from the FE-groups. Moreover, altered amino acid metabolism and increased mobilisation & flux of calcium may influence growth in FE-divergent muscle. Furthermore, decreased degradation of fibroblasts in FE-divergent muscle could impact on collagen turnover and alter tenderness of meat, whilst enhanced lipid degradation in high-FE pigs may potentially underlie a more efficient fat metabolism in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Horodyska
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland.,Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany.,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, AGRIC, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruth M Hamill
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland.
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Forcina L, Miano C, Musarò A. The physiopathologic interplay between stem cells and tissue niche in muscle regeneration and the role of IL-6 on muscle homeostasis and diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:1-9. [PMID: 29778303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a complex, dynamic tissue characterized by an elevated plasticity. Although the adult muscle is mainly composed of multinucleated fibers with post mitotic nuclei, it retains a remarkable ability to regenerate in response to traumatic events. The regenerative potential of the adult skeletal muscle relies in the activity of satellite cells, mononucleated cells residing within the muscle in intimate association with myofibers. Satellite cells normally remain quiescent in their sublaminar position, sporadically entering the cell cycle to guarantee an efficient cellular turnover, by fusing with pre-existing myofibers, and to maintain the stem cell pool. However, after muscle injury satellite cells undergo an extensive increase of their activity in response to environmental stimuli, thereby participating to the regeneration of a functional muscle tissue. Nevertheless, regeneration is affected in several pathologic conditions and by a wide range of environmental signals that are highly variable, not only through time, but also depending on the physiological or pathological conditions of the musculature. Among these factors, the interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical physiopathologic role on muscle homeostasis and diseases. The basis of muscle regeneration and the impact of IL-6 on the physiopathology of skeletal muscle will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Carmen Miano
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy; Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy.
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Wang J, Tan J, Qi Q, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Hu L, Chen H, Fang X. miR-487b-3p Suppresses the Proliferation and Differentiation of Myoblasts by Targeting IRS1 in Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:760-774. [PMID: 29910686 PMCID: PMC6001677 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs that can play critical gene-regulatory roles during skeletal muscle development and are highly conserved. miR-487b-3p is expressed in muscle, and the detailed mechanism by which it regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation has not been explored. Here, we found that miR-487b-3p expression was significantly higher in goat muscle tissues than in other tissues and was higher in fetal goat muscle tissues than in mature goat tissues, suggesting that miR-487b-3p has an important effect on skeletal muscle myogenesis. Functional studies showed that miR-487b-3p overexpression significantly suppressed C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation, which was accompanied by the down-regulation of functional genes related to proliferation (MyoD, Pax7 and PCNA) and differentiation (Myf5, MyoG and Mef2c), whereas the inhibition of miR-487b-3p accelerated C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation and was accompanied by the up-regulation of functional genes. Using Target-Scan and David, we found that miR-487b-3p targeted the 3'-UTR of IRS1, an essential regulator in the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk pathways. We then confirmed the targeting of IRS1 by miR-487b-3p using dual-luciferase assays, RT-qPCR and western blotting. Furthermore, IRS1 silencing markedly inhibited proliferation and differentiation in cultured C2C12 myoblasts, confirming the important role of IRS1 in myogenesis. These results reveal an IRS1-mediated regulatory link between miR-487b-3p and the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk pathways during skeletal muscle myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Jiaoyan Tan
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Lingzhi Yang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Linyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810001, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Xingtang Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
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Griffin J, St-Pierre N, Lilburn M, Wick M. Transcriptional comparison of myogenesis in leghorn and low score normal embryos. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1531-1543. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Xiao Y, Wu C, Li K, Gui G, Zhang G, Yang H. Association of growth rate with hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:43. [PMID: 28484596 PMCID: PMC5420090 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The growth rate often varies among individual broilers of the same breed under a common management condition. To investigate whether a variation in the growth rate is associated with a difference in hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers, a feeding trial was conducted with 10,000 newly hatched Ross 308 chicks in a commercial production facility under standard management. At 38 d of age, 30 fast-, 30 medium-, and 30 slow-growing broilers were selected among 600 healthy male individuals. The levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and growth hormone in the serum or breast muscle were assayed by ELISA or RIA kits, and the expression levels of several representative pro- and anti-myogenic genes in the breast muscle were also measured by real-time PCR. Results Results showed that both absolute and relative weights of the breast muscle were in linear positive correlations with the body weight of broilers (P < 0.001). Fast-growing broilers had higher concentrations of IGF-1 than slow-growing broilers (P < 0.05) in both the serum and breast muscle. The serum concentration of T3 was significantly higher in fast-growing birds than in slow-growing birds (P < 0.05). However, no difference was observed in growth hormone or T4 concentration among three groups of birds. Additionally, a decreased expression of an anti-myogenic gene (myostatin) and increased expressions of pro-myogenic genes such as myogenic differentiation factor 1, myogenin, muscle regulatory factor 4, myogenic factor 5, IGF-1, and myocyte enhancer factor 2B, C, and D were observed in fast-growing broilers (P < 0.05), relative to slow-growing broilers. Conclusions Collectively, these findings suggested that the growth rate is linked to the hormone and myogenic gene expression levels in broiler chickens. Some of these parameters such as serum concentrations of IGF-1 and T3 could be employed to breed for enhanced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Xiao
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Choufei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Kaifeng Li
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Guohong Gui
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
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Powell D, Velleman S, Cowieson A, Singh M, Muir W. Influence of chick hatch time and access to feed on broiler muscle development. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1433-48. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Monteforte AJ, Lam B, Das S, Mukhopadhyay S, Wright CS, Martin PE, Dunn AK, Baker AB. Glypican-1 nanoliposomes for potentiating growth factor activity in therapeutic angiogenesis. Biomaterials 2016; 94:45-56. [PMID: 27101205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis is a highly appealing concept for treating tissues that become ischemic due to vascular disease. A major barrier to the clinical translation of angiogenic therapies is that the patients that are in the greatest need of these treatments often have long term disease states and co-morbidities, such as diabetes and obesity, that make them resistant to angiogenic stimuli. In this study, we identified that human patients with type 2 diabetes have reduced levels of glypican-1 in the blood vessels of their skin. The lack of this key co-receptor in the tissue may make the application of exogenous angiogenic growth factors or cell therapies ineffective. We created a novel therapeutic enhancer for growth factor activity consisting of glypican-1 delivered in a nanoliposomal carrier (a "glypisome"). Here, we demonstrate that glypisomes enhance FGF-2 mediated endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. In addition, glypisomes enhance FGF-2 trafficking by increasing both uptake and endosomal processing. We encapsulated FGF-2 or FGF-2 with glypisomes in alginate beads and used these to deliver localized growth factor therapy in a murine hind limb ischemia model. Co-delivery of glypisomes with FGF-2 markedly increased the recovery of perfusion and vessel formation in ischemic hind limbs of wild type and diabetic mice in comparison to mice treated with FGF-2 alone. Together, our findings support that glypisomes are effective means for enhancing growth factor activity and may improve the response to local angiogenic growth factor therapies for ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Monteforte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brian Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Subhamoy Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine S Wright
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Life Sciences and Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Patricia E Martin
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Life Sciences and Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aaron B Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; The Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Bhullar AS, Putman CT, Mazurak VC. Potential Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Myogenic Program of Satellite Cells. Nutr Metab Insights 2016; 9:1-10. [PMID: 26884682 PMCID: PMC4747635 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s27481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle loss is associated with aging as well as pathological conditions. Satellite cells (SCs) play an important role in muscle regeneration. Omega-3 fatty acids are widely studied in a variety of muscle wasting diseases; however, little is known about their impact on skeletal muscle regeneration. The aim of this review is to evaluate studies examining the effect of omega-3 fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid on the regulation of SC proliferation and differentiation. This review highlights mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may modulate the myogenic program of the stem cell population within skeletal muscles and identifies considerations for future studies. It is proposed that minimally three myogenic transcriptional regulatory factors, paired box 7 (Pax7), myogenic differentiation 1 protein, and myogenin, should be measured to confirm the stage of SCs within the myogenic program affected by omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritpal S Bhullar
- M.Sc, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Science, Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles T Putman
- PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Science, Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Harding RL, Velleman SG. MicroRNA regulation of myogenic satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 412:181-95. [PMID: 26715133 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myogenic satellite cells are stem cells responsible for muscle growth and regeneration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play significant roles in regulating numerous cellular processes. Two genes essential to satellite cell function are syndecan-4 and glypican-1. To determine if miRNAs influence myogenic satellite cell function, one miRNA predicted to bind syndecan-4 (miR-128) and two predicted to bind glypican-1 (miR-24 and miR-16) were inhibited in vitro by transfection of inhibitors targeting each miRNA. Inhibition of these miRNAs differentially affected the expression of syndecan-4, glypican-1, and myogenic regulatory factors myoD and myogenin. Inhibition of miR-16 reduced proliferation of satellite cells at 72 h. Inhibition of miR-128 and miR-24 did not affect proliferation. Inhibition of miRNAs reduced differentiation of satellite cells into myotubes at 48 and 72 h except for miR-16, which only affected differentiation at 72 h. Inhibition of all three miRNAs decreased myotube width at 24 h of differentiation and increased myotube width at 48 h of differentiation. Inhibiting these miRNAs also increased the number of nuclei per myotube at 72 h of differentiation. These data demonstrate individual miRNAs regulate genes essential for myogenic satellite cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Harding
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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Rønning SB, Carlson CR, Stang E, Kolset SO, Hollung K, Pedersen ME. Syndecan-4 Regulates Muscle Differentiation and Is Internalized from the Plasma Membrane during Myogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129288. [PMID: 26068620 PMCID: PMC4467083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface proteoglycan syndecan-4 has been reported to be crucial for muscle differentiation, but the molecular mechanisms still remain to be fully understood. During in vitro differentiation of bovine muscle cells immunocytochemical analyses showed strong labelling of syndecan-4 intracellularly, in close proximity with Golgi structures, in membranes of intracellular vesicles and finally, in the nuclear area including the nuclear envelope. Chase experiments showed that syndecan-4 was internalized from the plasma membrane during this process. Furthermore, when syndecan-4 was knocked down by siRNA more myotubes were formed, and the expression of myogenic transcription factors, β1-integrin and actin was influenced. However, when bovine muscle cells were treated with a cell-penetrating peptide containing the cytoplasmic region of syndecan-4, myoblast fusion and thus myotube formation was blocked, both in normal cells and in syndecan-4 knock down cells. Altogether this suggests that the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-4 is important in regulation of myogenesis. The internalization of syndecan-4 from the plasma membrane during muscle differentiation and the nuclear localization of syndecan-4 in differentiated muscle cells may be part of this regulation, and is a novel aspect of syndecan biology which merits further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathrine R. Carlson
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein O. Kolset
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Powell D, McFarland D, Cowieson A, Muir W, Velleman S. The effect of nutritional status on myogenic gene expression of satellite cells derived from different muscle types. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2278-88. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Velleman SG, Coy CS, Emmerson DA. Effect of the timing of posthatch feed restrictions on broiler breast muscle development and muscle transcriptional regulatory factor gene expression. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1484-94. [PMID: 24879698 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the timing of an immediate posthatch feed restriction on broiler pectoralis major muscle development was studied by applying a 20% feed restriction either the first or second week after hatch. Pectoralis major muscle morphological structure and the expression of the myogenic transcriptional regulatory factors, myogenic determination factor 1 (MyoD), myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4), and myogenin, were measured. Broiler chicks at hatch were divided into a full-fed (control) group and a 20% feed restriction treatment administered either the first or second week posthatch. At the end of the feed restriction, the chicks were placed on a full feed ad libitum diet with no further restrictions. Muscle fiber diameter and fiber bundle size of the pectoralis major muscle were smaller in the wk 1 restricted group than the control group by 7 d of age. By 15 d of age through the duration of the study, d 43, both endomysial and perimysial connective tissue spacing were diminished in the wk 1 feed-restricted group. The expression of MyoD, MRF4, and myogenin was affected by the wk 1 feed restriction. The expression of MyoD and MRF4 was significantly increased during the first week posthatch. Both of the genes have been shown to be expressed during proliferation especially MyoD, which is required for muscle cell proliferation. In contrast, myogenin expression was significantly decreased. Myogenin expression is required for differentiation to occur. The morphological changes and gene expression changes observed with the wk 1 feed restriction were eliminated by moving the 20% feed restriction to wk 2, which is after the period of maximal myogenic satellite cell mitotic activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the timing of early posthatch feed restrictions to chicks is critical for the morphological development of the pectoralis major muscle and the expression of genes required for muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster 44691
| | - C S Coy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster 44691
| | - D A Emmerson
- Aviagen Incorporated, 5015 Bradford Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805
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Harthan LB, McFarland DC, Velleman SG. The effect of nutritional status and myogenic satellite cell age on turkey satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and expression of myogenic transcriptional regulatory factors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans syndecan-4 and glypican-1. Poult Sci 2014; 93:174-86. [PMID: 24570437 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Posthatch satellite cell mitotic activity is a critical component of muscle development and growth. Satellite cells are myogenic stem cells that can be induced by nutrition to follow other cellular developmental pathways, and whose mitotic activity declines with age. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of restricting protein synthesis on the proliferation and differentiation, expression of myogenic transcriptional regulatory factors myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin, and myogenic regulatory factor 4, and expression of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans syndecan-4 and glypican-1 in satellite cells isolated from 1-d-, 7-wk-, and 16-wk-old turkey pectoralis major muscle (1 d, 7 wk, and 16 wk cells, respectively) by using variable concentrations of Met and Cys. Four Met concentrations-30 (control), 7.5, 3, or 0 mg/L with 3.2 mg/L of Cys per 1 mg/L of Met-were used for culture of satellite cells to determine the effect of nutrition and age on satellite cell behavior during proliferation and differentiation. Proliferation was reduced by lower Met and Cys concentrations in all ages at 96 h of proliferation. Differentiation was increased in the 1 d Met-restricted cells, whereas the 7 wk cells treated with 3 mg/L of Met had decreased differentiation. Reduced Met and Cys levels from the control did not significantly affect the 16 wk cells at 72 h of differentiation. However, medium with no Met or Cys suppressed differentiation at all ages. The expression of myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor 4, syndecan-4, and glypican-1 was differentially affected by age and Met or Cys treatment. These data demonstrate the age-specific manner in which turkey pectoralis major muscle satellite cells respond to nutritional availability and the importance of defining optimal nutrition to maximize satellite cell proliferation and differentiation for subsequent muscle mass accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Harthan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
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Shin J, McFarland DC, Strasburg GM, Velleman SG. Function of death-associated protein 1 in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of chicken satellite cells. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:777-90. [PMID: 23483580 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle growth and regeneration are processes closely associated with proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of muscle cells. Death-associated protein 1 (DAP1) has been identified as a negative regulator of autophagy. Little is known about the function of DAP1 in the regulation of myogenesis and satellite cells. METHODS Chicken satellite cells were transfected with DAP1 cloned into the pCMS-enhanced green fluorescent protein vector or pcDNA3.1 vector, or a small interference RNA against the endogenous DAP1 gene. The cells were assayed for proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. RESULTS The overexpression of DAP1 increased proliferation, differentiation, and myotube diameter, but it had no effect on satellite cell apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of DAP1 significantly decreased proliferation, differentiation, and number of nuclei per myotube, and it increased apoptosis of the cells. CONCLUSION DAP1 is required for regulating myogenesis and apoptosis of satellite cells, which may affect muscle mass accretion and regeneration, and ameliorate muscle sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Shin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 213 Gerlaugh Hall, 1680 Madison Avenue, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, USA
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The effect of syndecan-4 and glypican-1 expression on age-related changes in myogenic satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and fibroblast growth factor 2 responsiveness. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:590-602. [PMID: 24036479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells responsible for muscle growth and regeneration. Satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and responsiveness to fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is, in part, regulated by the heparan sulfate proteoglycans syndecan-4 and glypican-1. Syndecan-4 and glypican-1 expression declines with satellite cell age and may be associated with decreased satellite cell activity. The objective of the current study was to determine if overexpression of syndecan-4 and glypican-1 would increase proliferation, differentiation and FGF2 responsiveness in satellite cells isolated from pectoralis major muscle from 16-wk-old turkeys. Overexpression of syndecan-4 and glypican-1 did not have a significant effect on proliferation and differentiation in 1d, 7 wk, and 16 wk satellite cells, and did not affect FGF2 responsiveness during proliferation. Expression of syndecan-4 and glypican-1 increased differentiation at 48 h in 1d, 7 wk, and 16 wk cells treated with FGF2. Expression of myogenic regulatory factors MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 was affected by the overexpression of syndecan-4 and glypican-1. However, changes in myogenic regulatory factor expression did not have a significant effect on proliferation or differentiation. These data demonstrate that syndecan-4 and glypican-1 are likely not directly associated with the age related decrease in satellite cell activity.
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Harthan LB, McFarland DC, Velleman SG. Changes in proliferation, differentiation, fibroblast growth factor 2 responsiveness and expression of syndecan-4 and glypican-1 with turkey satellite cell age. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:622-34. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Harthan
- Department of Animal Sciences; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster; Ohio; USA
| | - Douglas C. McFarland
- Department of Animal Science; South Dakota State University; Brookings; South Dakota; USA
| | - Sandra G. Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster; Ohio; USA
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Effects of 17β-estradiol on turkey myogenic satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and expression of glypican-1, MyoD and myogenin. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:565-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dwivedi PP, Lam N, Powell BC. Boning up on glypicans-opportunities for new insights into bone biology. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:91-114. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Lam
- Craniofacial Research Group; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute; North Adelaide; South Australia; Australia
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Modulation of turkey myogenic satellite cell differentiation through the shedding of glypican-1. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shin J, McFarland DC, Velleman SG. Migration of turkey muscle satellite cells is enhanced by the syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain through the activation of RhoA. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 375:115-30. [PMID: 23212449 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan-4 (S4) is a cell membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan that forms oligomers in muscle satellite cells. The S4 oligomers activate protein kinase Cα (PKCα) through the S4 cytoplasmic domain and may regulate the activation of ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), a signal transduction molecule down-stream of PKCα which is thought to influence cell migration. However, little is known about the function of the S4 cytoplasmic domain in satellite cell migration and RhoA activation. The objective of the current study was to determine the function of S4 and its cytoplasmic domain in cell migration and RhoA activation. To study the objective, clones of S4 and S4 without the cytoplasmic domain (S4C) were used in overexpression studies, and small interference RNAs targeting S4 or RhoA were used in knockdown studies. Satellite cell migration was increased by S4 overexpression, but decreased by the knockdown or deletion of the S4 cytoplasmic domain. The RhoA protein was activated by the overexpression of S4, but not with the deletion of the S4 cytoplasmic domain. The treatment of Rho activator II or the knockdown of RhoA also modulated satellite cell migration. Finally, co-transfection (S4 overexpression and RhoA knockdown) and rescue (the knockdown of S4 and the treatment with Rho activator II) studies demonstrated that S4-mediated satellite cell migration was regulated through the activation of RhoA. The cytoplasmic domain of S4 is required for cell migration and RhoA activation which will affect muscle fiber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Shin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 213 Gerlaugh Hall, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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