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Capria VM, Arruda AG, Cheng TY, Campler MR, Youngblood BL, Moeller SJ, Bowman AS, Kieffer JD. Water-based medium-expansion foam depopulation of adult cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad065. [PMID: 37415594 PMCID: PMC10321402 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current options for depopulation of adult cattle are limited, have logistic constraints, and may not be practical on a large scale. Aspirated water-based foam (WBF) has been shown to be successful in depopulating poultry and swine but has yet to be tested in cattle. WBF is advantageous because necessary equipment can be readily available, easy to use, and presents minimal personnel risk. With the use of a modified rendering trailer in a field setting, we evaluated the efficacy of aspirated WBF for depopulation of adult cattle. Water-based medium-expansion foam was added to the trailer holding cattle to a depth of approximately 50 cm greater than head height. The study was conducted as a gated design and the initial trial was conducted using six anesthetized and six conscious animals for verification of the process and followed by four replicates each containing 18 conscious cattle. A total of 84 cattle were used, with a subset (n = 52) implanted with subcutaneous bio-loggers that recorded activity and electrocardiograms. Cattle were loaded onto the trailer and three gasoline-powered water pumps delivered foam into the trailer followed by a 15-min foam dwell period. Average (± SD) time to completely fill the trailer with foam was 84.8 ± 11.0 s. No animal vocalizations were heard during foam application or the dwell period, and all cattle were confirmed dead upon removal from the trailer after 15 min of immersion. Necropsies of a subset of cattle revealed foam extending to at least the tracheal bifurcation in all cattle and distal to this level in 67% (8/12) animals. Time to cessation of movement, which served as a proxy for loss of consciousness, was 2.5 ± 1.3 min and time to cardiac death was 8.5 ± 2.5 min as determined by data from animals carrying subcutaneous bio-loggers. The results of this study indicate that WBF is a rapid and effective method for depopulation of adult cattle with potential advantages in speed and carcass handling and disposal over current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria M Capria
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andréia G Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Magnus R Campler
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brad L Youngblood
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven J Moeller
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Stiewert A, Archer G. Comparing two captive bolt devices on market age Pekin ducks. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Benson ER, Weiher JA, Alphin RL, Farnell M, Hougentogler DP. Evaluation of Two Compressed Air Foam Systems for Culling Caged Layer Hens. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8050061. [PMID: 29695072 PMCID: PMC5981272 DOI: 10.3390/ani8050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) and other highly contagious poultry diseases continue to be a concern for those involved in the poultry industry. In the situation of an outbreak, emergency depopulation of the birds involved is necessary. In this project, two compressed air foam systems (CAFS) were evaluated for mass emergency depopulation of layer hens in a manure belt equipped cage system. In both experiments, a randomized block design was used with multiple commercial layer hens treated with one of three randomly selected depopulation methods: CAFS, CAFS with CO₂ gas, and CO₂ gas. In Experiment 1, a Rowe manufactured CAFS was used, a selection of birds were instrumented, and the time to unconsciousness, brain death, altered terminal cardiac activity and motion cessation were recorded. CAFS with and without CO₂ was faster to unconsciousness, however, the other parameters were not statistically significant. In Experiment 2, a custom Hale based CAFS was used to evaluate the impact of bird age, a selection of birds were instrumented, and the time to motion cessation was recorded. The difference in time to cessation of movement between pullets and spent hens using CAFS was not statistically significant. Both CAFS depopulate caged layers, however, there was no benefit to including CO₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Benson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Jaclyn A Weiher
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Robert L Alphin
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Morgan Farnell
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Daniel P Hougentogler
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Pritchett EM, Rogers AG, Caputo MP, Benson ER, Alphin RL, Johnson AL. Application of the wireless electroencephalogram to measure stress in White Pekin ducks. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:162-8. [PMID: 24934517 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stress in poultry can produce many undesirable effects on bird health and production performance. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a potential measure to assess stress through analysis of brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). In two experiments, White Pekin ducks were implanted with EEG transmitters and treated with potential stressors in a chamber or in their pens. Electrocardiograms and blood corticosterone levels were collected as standard measures of stress. EEG analysis showed an increase in the relative delta frequency and a decrease in the relative alpha frequency during the treatment period for shock (P < 0.05). EEG analysis of the second experiment showed no differences between time periods for all frequencies for all treatments. Based on these results, EEG is currently not a viable technique for the measurement of acute stress in commercial poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Pritchett
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - A G Rogers
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - M P Caputo
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - E R Benson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
| | - R L Alphin
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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Rankin MK, Alphin RL, Benson ER, Johnson AL, Hougentogler DP, Mohankumar P. Comparison of water-based foam and carbon dioxide gas emergency depopulation methods of turkeys. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3144-8. [PMID: 24235223 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recommended response strategies for outbreaks of avian influenza and other highly contagious poultry diseases include surveillance, quarantine, depopulation, disposal, and decontamination. The best methods of emergency mass depopulation should maximize human health and safety while minimizing disease spread and animal welfare concerns. The goal of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2 mass depopulation methods on adult tom turkeys. The methods tested were carbon dioxide gassing and water-based foam. The time to unconsciousness, motion cessation, brain death, and altered terminal cardiac activity were recorded for each bird through the use of an electroencephalogram, accelerometer, and electrocardiogram. Critical times for physiological events were extracted from sensor data and compiled in a spreadsheet for statistical analysis. A statistically significant difference was observed in time to brain death, with water-based foam resulting in faster brain death (µ = 190 s) than CO2 gas (µ = 242 s). Though not statistically significant, differences were found comparing the time to unconsciousness (foam: µ = 64 s; CO2 gas: µ = 90 s), motion cessation (foam: µ = 182 s; CO2 gas: µ = 153 s), and altered terminal cardiac activity (foam: µ = 208 s; CO2 gas µ = 242 s) between foam and CO2 depopulation treatments. The results of this study demonstrate that water-based foam can be used to effectively depopulate market size male turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Rankin
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
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Caputo MP, Benson ER, Pritchett EM, Hougentogler DP, Jain P, Patil C, Johnson AL, Alphin RL. Comparison of water-based foam and carbon dioxide gas mass emergency depopulation of White Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2012; 91:3057-64. [PMID: 23155013 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass depopulation of production birds remains an effective means of controlling fast-moving, highly infectious diseases such as avian influenza and virulent Newcastle disease. Two experiments were performed to compare the physiological responses of White Pekin commercial ducks during foam depopulation and CO(2) gas depopulation. Both experiment 1 (5 to 9 wk of age) and 2 (8 to 14 wk of age) used electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and accelerometer to monitor and evaluate the difference in time to unconsciousness, motion cessation, brain death, altered terminal cardiac activity, duration of bradycardia, and elapsed time from onset of bradycardia to onset of unconsciousness between foam and CO(2) gas. Experiment 2 also added a third treatment, foam + atropine injection, to evaluate the effect of suppressing bradycardia. Experiment 1 resulted in significantly shorter times for all 6 physiological points for CO(2) gas compared with foam, whereas experiment 2 found that there were no significant differences between foam and CO(2) gas for these physiological points except brain death, in which CO(2) was significantly faster than foam and duration of bradycardia, which was shorter for CO(2). Experiment 2 also determined there was a significant positive correlation between duration of bradycardia and time to unconsciousness, motion cessation, brain death, and altered terminal cardiac activity. The time to unconsciousness, motion cessation, brain death, and altered terminal cardiac activity was significantly faster for the treatment foam + atropine injection compared with foam. Both experiments showed that bradycardia can occur as a result of either submersion in foam or exposure to CO(2) gas. The duration of bradycardia has a significant impact on the time it takes White Pekin ducks to reach unconsciousness and death during depopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Caputo
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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