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Sharma NK, Wu SB, Morgan NK, Crowley TM. Artificial gut and the applications in poultry: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:156-166. [PMID: 35757559 PMCID: PMC9184286 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Artificial gut models including both the gastric and intestinal phases have been used in poultry research for decades to predict the digestibility of nutrients, the efficacy of feed enzymes and additives, and caecal fermentation. However, the models used in the past are static and cannot be used to predict interactions between the feed, gut environment and microbiome. It is imperative that a standard artificial gut model for poultry is established, to enable these interactions to be examined without continual reliance on animals. To ensure the validity of an artificial model, it should be validated with in vivo studies. This review describes current practices in the use of artificial guts in research, their importance in poultry nutrition studies and highlights an opportunity to develop a dynamic gut model for poultry to reduce the number of in vivo experiments.
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Liu C, Zhang W, Li Y, Pan K, OuYang K, Song X, Xiong X, Zang Y, Wang L, Qu M, Zhao X. Characterization of yeast cell surface displayed Lentinula edodes xylanase and its effects on the hydrolysis of wheat. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:341-347. [PMID: 35026222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study displayed a xylanase from Lentinula edodes on the surface of Pichia pastoris (sdLeXyn) and investigated its properties and effects on the wheat hydrolysis. Fluorescence microscope results showed that sdLeXyn was successfully anchored and displayed on the surface of P. pastoris X-33 cells. The highest activity of sdLeXyn was obtained at pH 3.0 and 50 °C. The sdLeXyn exhibited anti-high temperature property and showed broad temperature adaptability (>55% of the highest activity at 20-80 °C). The sdLeXyn was very stable at room temperature and could remain functionally stable at 50 °C for 3 h. The Km value was greater in sdLeXyn than that in free recombinant L. edodes xylanase. The sdLeXyn exhibited well resistance to Mn2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Na+, Cu2+, Mg2+, K+, Ni2+ (1 mM and 5 mM) except Cu2+, which reduced the sdLeXyn activity by 54.5% at 5 mM dosage. The activity of sdLeXyn was increased by 42.6% by 5 mM Mn2+, 5 mM DTT, Trition X-100, and Tween 20 did not affect the activity of sdLeXyn, but SDS and EDTA slightly reduced it by 12.8% and 14.6%, respectively. The sdLeXyn could resist the degradation of pepsin, efficiently hydrolyzed wheat and reduced the viscosity of wheat hydrolysate. Current data indicate that the sdLeXyn has a potential as a feed additive to improve the utilization of wheat in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Kehui OuYang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiaozhen Song
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiaowen Xiong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Yitian Zang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
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Influence of Age on the Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Corn and Barley in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123575. [PMID: 34944350 PMCID: PMC8697954 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SIDCs) of nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AAs) in corn and barley at six different ages (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42) of broilers using the direct method. The apparent AA digestibility coefficients were corrected using age-appropriate basal endogenous AA losses. No age effect (p > 0.05) was noted for the SIDC of N in corn. The average SIDC of indispensable AAs (IAAs) and total AAs (TAAs) was influenced in a quadratic manner (p < 0.05) with the values being higher at day 7 that decreased at day 14, increased and plateaued between days 21 and 35 and dropped again at day 42. The average SIDC of dispensable AAs (DAAs) was influenced linearly (p < 0.05). In barley, the SIDC of N and average IAAs, DAAs and TAAs was affected (quadratic; p < 0.001) by age. The digestibility increased from day 7 to 21 and then plateaued up to day 42. The present findings confirm that the SIDC of AA in corn and barley are influenced by broiler age and that the age effect on AA digestibility may need to be considered for precise feed formulation.
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Effect of a Mycotoxin Binder (MMDA) on the Growth Performance, Blood and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Ochratoxin A and T-2 Mycotoxin Contaminated Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113205. [PMID: 34827937 PMCID: PMC8614287 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a global concern, resulting in adverse effects on productivity and animal health and, therefore, a great economic loss. Ochratoxin A and T-2 mycotoxins are among the mycotoxins that contaminate animal feed. These mycotoxins could adversely affect the health of broilers, and the most effective method to mitigate the toxic effects of mycotoxins is the use of detoxifying agents. In the present experiment, broiler chickens were allotted into five groups. Group 1 received a non-contaminated diet; group 2 received a non-contaminated diet + 3 g/kg of a mycotoxin binder (MMDA); group 3 received a non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin; group 4 received a non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin + 1 g/kg MMDA; and group 5 received a non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin + 3 g/kg MMDA for 35 days. The results revealed that OTA and T-2 toxin negatively affected the productive parameters and some blood and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. The addition of the detoxifying agent (MMDA at 1 or 3 g/kg feed) to contaminated diets alleviated the adverse effects observed on productivity and the broilers heath related parameters. Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the feed additive, a novel multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA) containing modified zeolite (clinoptilolite), Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls, and silymarin, as detoxifiers of 0.5 mg/kg (0.5 ppm) ochratoxin A (OTA) and 1 mg/kg (1 ppm) T-2 toxin on broiler chickens. A total of 240 1-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into five different dietary treatments: (1) control (non-contaminated diet); (2) non contaminated diet + 3 g/kg of MMDA; (3) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin; (4) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin + 1 g/kg MMDA; and (5) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg/kg OTA + 1 g/kg T-2 toxin + 3 g/kg MMDA. The results showed that, in the starter period, from 1 to 10 days, the presence of OTA and T-2 mycotoxins reduced the consumption of feed and the growth of the broilers, and no effects of the detoxifying product were observed in the productivity of the chickens, at any of the doses tested, compared to the contaminated control (treatment 3). However, in the growing period, the same negative effect of mycotoxins was registered, but a recovery was observed in the consumption of feed and in the weight of the broilers that consumed 3 g/kg of the MMDA mycotoxin binder, reaching similar values to those of chickens fed uncontaminated control diets. The presence of mycotoxins in feed led to a reduction in the concentration of total proteins and albumin in blood compared to controls, and the presence of the detoxifying product partially reversed this effect. The breast yield of the chickens fed with mycotoxins was lower than that of the animals fed with the control feed and was not affected by the presence of the product tested, at 1 or 3 g/kg. The weight of the different organs (liver, gizzard, kidneys, or spleen), the intestinal pH, the histology of the small intestine, and oral lesions were not affected by the experimental treatments. In summary, the productive parameters and some blood and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens were impaired by the dietary presence of OTA and T-2 toxin. The tested product included at 1 or 3 g/kg feed in contaminated diets improved performance and seems to be effective in partly counteracting the deleterious effects of the tested mycotoxins.
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Barua M, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Wester TJ, Girish CK, Chrystal PV, Ravindran V. An investigation into the influence of age on the standardized amino acid digestibility of wheat and sorghum in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101466. [PMID: 34628287 PMCID: PMC8517207 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SIDC) of nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in wheat and sorghum at 6 different ages (d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42) of broilers were determined. Two assay diets were formulated to contain 93.8% of each grain as the sole source of AA in the diet. Titanium dioxide (0.5%) was added as an indigestible marker. Each assay diet was fed to 6 replicate cages housing 14 (d 7), 12 (d 14), 10 (d 21), 8 (d 28), 8 (d 35), and 6 (d 42) birds per cage for 4 d prior to ileal digesta collection. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AIDC) were standardized by using the age-appropriate basal endogenous AA losses. In the case of wheat, AIDC of N and all AA increased (linear or quadratic, P < 0.05 to 0.001) with advancing age. No age effect was noticed on the SIDC of N, average of indispensable (IAA) and dispensable AA (DAA), though the average of total AA (TAA) tended (linear, P = 0.09) to increase as birds grew older. In sorghum, the AIDC of N, average of IAA and DAA were unaffected (P > 0.05) by age. The SIDC of N, average SIDC of IAA, DAA and TAA were higher at d 7, reduced at d 14 and then plateaued. Among the IAA, the SIDC of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, Val, and the SIDC of all individual DAA (except Cys) decreased with age (linear or quadratic, P < 0.05 to 0.001) with higher values at d 7. The higher SIDC values determined at d 7 were due to higher EAA losses during wk 1. The results showed that broiler age influences AA digestibility and this may need be considered in practical feed formulations. The age effect is variable depending on the grain type and specific AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barua
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - F Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - T J Wester
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C K Girish
- Nutrition and Care, Animal Nutrition, Evonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd, 609927 Singapore
| | - P V Chrystal
- Complete Feed Solutions, Howick 2145, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Adejumo IO, Bryson B, Olojede OC, Bedford MR, Adedokun SA. Effect of sodium sources and exogenous phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digesta pH of 21-day-old broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101467. [PMID: 34624775 PMCID: PMC8503657 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) and NaCl+sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and supplemental phytase (0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg) on performance, nutrient digestibility and utilization, and digesta pH of male broiler chickens were investigated in a 2 × 4+1 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with 6 replicate cages of 8 birds per replicate. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial with contrast between the positive control and the diets containing 0 FTU phytase. Phytase supplementation linearly improved (P < 0.05) average body weigh gain (BWG) and feed intake (d 0-14 and 0-21). Apparent jejunal dry matter (DM) digestibility and digestible energy in birds fed diets containing only NaCl increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation whereas quadratic (P < 0.05) effect was observed in birds fed diets containing a combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Phytase supplementation improved (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) apparent ileal nitrogen and P digestibility. Apparent utilization of DM, nitrogen, energy, and metabolizable energy increased (linear; P < 0.05) with increasing level of phytase supplementation. Apparent P utilization increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) for both sodium sources but calcium utilization only increased (linear; P < 0.05) with the combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Bone breaking strength (linear and quadratic) and bone ash (linear) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. The combination of NaCl and NaHCO3 resulted in lower (P < 0.05) pH of digesta in the proximal ileum whereas the pH of the digesta in the distal ileum (linear) and the average pH of ileal contents (linear and quadratic) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. Results from this study showed that birds' performance and utilization of nutrients and energy by broilers in the presence of phytase was, in general, not influenced by the source of sodium in the diet. Data from this study showed that NaHCO3 can replace a portion of NaCl in the diet of broilers supplemented with phytase without any significant negative effect on performance and that the 2,000 FTU phytase level resulted in better BWG and feed intake as well nutrient and energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I O Adejumo
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B Bryson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - O C Olojede
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Ruhnke I, Akter Y, Sibanda TZ, Cowieson AJ, Wilkinson S, Maldonado S, Singh M, Hughes P, Caporale D, Bucker S, O’Shea CJ. The Response of Layer Hen Productivity and Egg Quality to an Additional Limestone Source When Offered Diets Differing in Calcium Concentrations and the Inclusion of Phytase. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102991. [PMID: 34680010 PMCID: PMC8532841 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary calcium is essential for optimal egg production and quality in laying hens, but high concentrations can impede the digestibility of other dietary components. The provision of limestone grit in addition to the main diet may help maintain overall calcium intake while allowing a reduction in dietary calcium levels. The impact of phytase, an enzyme that increases calcium availability in the gut, on the voluntary consumption of limestone grit is unknown. Here, the capacity for hens with access to a separate limestone grit source to modify Ca consumption when offered varying dietary Ca levels and phytase was evaluated. Dietary phytase reduced limestone grit consumption. Egg production was unaffected by reducing dietary calcium levels or the phytase addition. Eggshell measurements worsened in line with decreasing dietary calcium levels despite the provision of limestone grit. In summary, the provision of limestone grit resulted in comparable egg production but not eggshell quality in hens offered suboptimal levels of dietary calcium. Abstract Laying hens require substantial quantities of calcium (Ca) to maintain egg production. However, maintaining recommended dietary Ca through inclusion of limestone may impede nutrient digestibility, including that of other minerals. It was hypothesized that providing a separate source of dietary Ca in the form of limestone grit would preserve Ca intake of hens offered diets containing suboptimal Ca concentrations. Furthermore, the impact of dietary phytase at a “superdosing” inclusion rate on the voluntary consumption of limestone grit was evaluated. One hundred and forty-four laying hens (19 weeks of age) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising three dietary Ca concentrations (40, 30, and 20 g/kg) and ±dietary phytase (3500 FYT/kg diet) on an ad libitum basis for six weeks. Limestone grit (3.4 ± 1.0 mm) was provided to all hens ad libitum. Hens offered diets containing phytase consumed significantly less limestone grit p = 0.024). Egg weight, rate of lay, and egg mass were unaffected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). Egg shell weight % (p < 0.001), shell thickness (p < 0.001), and shell breaking strength (p < 0.01) decreased in line with dietary Ca levels. In summary, dietary superdosing with phytase reduced the consumption of a separate limestone source in individually housed, early lay ISA Brown hens. Egg shell quality variables but not egg production worsened in line with lower dietary Ca levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ruhnke
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (I.R.); (T.Z.S.)
| | - Yeasmin Akter
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia; (Y.A.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (P.H.); (D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Terence Zimazile Sibanda
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (I.R.); (T.Z.S.)
| | | | | | - Stephanie Maldonado
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia; (Y.A.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (P.H.); (D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Mini Singh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia; (Y.A.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (P.H.); (D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Patrick Hughes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia; (Y.A.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (P.H.); (D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Dylana Caporale
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia; (Y.A.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (P.H.); (D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Stephan Bucker
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia; (Y.A.); (S.M.); (M.S.); (P.H.); (D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Cormac John O’Shea
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Bioveterinary and Microbial Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Gomez-Garcia J, Chavez-Carbajal A, Segundo-Arizmendi N, Baron-Pichardo MG, Mendoza-Elvira SE, Hernandez-Baltazar E, Hynes AP, Torres-Angeles O. Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101932. [PMID: 34696362 PMCID: PMC8539449 DOI: 10.3390/v13101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern bacteriophage encapsulation methods based on polymers such as alginate have been developed recently for their use in phage therapy for veterinary purposes. In birds, it has been proven that using this delivery system allows the release of the bacteriophage in the small intestine, the site of infection by Salmonella spp. This work designed an approach for phage therapy using encapsulation by ionotropic gelation of the lytic bacteriophage S1 for Salmonella enterica in 2% w/v alginate beads using 2% w/v calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. This formulation resulted in beads with an average size of 3.73 ± 0.04 mm and an encapsulation efficiency of 70%. In vitro, the beads protected the bacteriophages from pH 3 and released them at higher pH. To confirm that this would protect the bacteriophages from gastrointestinal pH changes, we tested the phage infectivity in vivo assay. Using a model chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, we confirmed that after 3 h of the beads delivery, infective phages were present in the chicken’s duodenal and caecal sections. This study demonstrates that our phage formulation is an effective system for release and delivery of bacteriophage S1 against Salmonella Enteritidis with potential use in the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth Gomez-Garcia
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | | | - Nallelyt Segundo-Arizmendi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | - Miriam G. Baron-Pichardo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | - Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira
- Laboratory of Virology Postgraduate Field 1, Cuautitlán School of Higher Studies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1st May Avenue, Sta María Guadalupe las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico;
| | - Efren Hernandez-Baltazar
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | - Alexander P. Hynes
- Departament of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.P.H.); (O.T.-A.); Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 28155) (A.P.H.); +52-777-3-29-70-00 (ext. 3373) (O.T.-A.)
| | - Oscar Torres-Angeles
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.H.); (O.T.-A.); Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 28155) (A.P.H.); +52-777-3-29-70-00 (ext. 3373) (O.T.-A.)
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Lee SA, Febery E, Wilcock P, Bedford MR. Application of Creep Feed and Phytase Super-Dosing as Tools to Support Digestive Adaption and Feed Efficiency in Piglets at Weaning. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2080. [PMID: 34359207 PMCID: PMC8300370 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 64 piglets were used in a 35-day study to evaluate whether creep feeding piglets on the sow or super-dosing phytase to piglets post-weaning can be used as a tool to reduce stress and support adaption to weaning. Treatments consisted of creep or no creep feed being offered pre-weaning and with or without phytase supplementation at 2000 FTU/kg post-weaning. Blood samples were collected from eight piglets per treatment on days 0 (weaning), 7 and 21 post-weaning to determine plasma cortisol and myo-inositol concentrations. Four piglets per treatment (n = 16) were administered Heidelberg pH capsules 1 week prior to weaning, on the day of weaning, as well as 7 days and 21 days post-weaning, with readings monitored over a 3 h period. In the first week post-weaning, creep-fed piglets had higher daily gains (0.23 vs. 0.14 kg/d, p < 0.05) and a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR, 0.99 vs. 1.35, p < 0.01), compared to non-creep-fed pigs. At 21 days post-weaning, irrespective of creep feed, phytase supplementation reduced FCR (1.10 vs. 1.18, p = 0.05) of piglets. Average real-time stomach pH was lower in creep-fed piglets at 1 week prior to weaning (pH 3.2 vs. 4.6, p < 0.001) and on day of weaning (pH 3.1 vs. 3.7, p < 0.01). Following weaning, phytase reduced average stomach pH of piglets at days 7 (pH 2.6 vs. 3.3, p < 0.001) and 21 (pH 2.2 vs. 2.6, p < 0.01). Both cortisol and myo-inositol concentrations in plasma decreased with age; however, cortisol levels were unaffected by either treatment. Plasma myo-inositol concentrations were higher in creep-fed piglets at day of weaning (p < 0.05) and with phytase super-dosing on day 21 (p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that both creep feeding and phytase super-dosing are useful practices to encourage better adaption to weaning and support piglet performance. This response was not related to reduced stress in piglets, as determined by cortisol levels, but instead appears to relate to improved gastric conditions for digestion, phytate degradation and myo-inositol provision in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Lee
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK; (P.W.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Erica Febery
- Drayton Animal Health, Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire CV37 9RQ, UK;
| | - Pete Wilcock
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK; (P.W.); (M.R.B.)
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David LS, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. Comparison of the apparent ileal calcium digestibility of limestone in broilers and layers. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:852-857. [PMID: 34124962 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1943313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The apparent ileal calcium (Ca) digestibility coefficients of two limestone sources in growing broilers and layers were determined in two separate experiments.2. In each experiment, two maize-based diets were developed with two limestone sources (A, experiment 1 and B, experiment 2) to contain either 8.0 g/kg Ca for broilers or 40 g/kg Ca for layers. The two sources differed in particle size, with limestone A being finer and limestone B being coarser. Each experimental diet was randomly allotted to six replicate cages and offered for 3 days from 19 to 21-day post-hatch to broilers and during 40 weeks of age to layers. The total tract Ca retention was also measured using the indicator ratios in the diet and excreta.3. In both experiments, the apparent ileal Ca digestibility, gizzard pH and gizzard Ca concentration were higher (P < 0.05) in layers than in broilers. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of limestone A for broilers and layers was 0.50 and 0.62, respectively. The corresponding values for limestone B were 0.43 and 0.70, respectively. The apparent total tract retention of Ca was similar (P > 0.05) between broilers and layers in both experiments, and between the two sources.4. The data show that the layers are more efficient in absorbing Ca from limestone than broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Pasquali GA, dos Santos TS, Zanetti LH, Dornelas LC, Cruvinel JM, Muro EM, Araujo RG, Netto RG, Denadai JC, Pezzato AC, Sartori JR. Impact of combined xylanase and β-glucanase enzymes on digesta transit time, short-chain fatty acids, and caecal thermal profile of broilers fed corn–soy-based diets. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including a xylanase + β-glucanase enzyme product in corn–soy-based diets on performance, caecal short-chain fatty acids and thermal profile, ileal digestibility, and intestinal kinetics of broiler chickens. A total of 744 male day-old chicks were randomly allotted to 24 floor pens and distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with low or standard energy level × without or with 100 g of the enzyme per ton of feed. Enzyme supplementation improved bodyweight gain from 1 to 21 d (P < 0.05). An increased caecal concentration of acetic acid was observed when the enzyme was added to the low-energy diet (P < 0.05). The pH of the caecal content was reduced (P < 0.01), and the caecal temperature was increased by low-energy diets (P < 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of energy was improved by the enzyme (P < 0.01). The addition of the enzyme increased the mean retention time in the distal ileum (P < 0.05). In summary, the addition of a xylanase + β-glucanase enzyme product in corn-based diets increases the retention time of digesta in the distal ileum and the caecal acetic acid concentration, improves ileal digestibility of energy and performance from 1 to 21 d in broiler chickens fed corn–soy-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A.M. Pasquali
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Tatiane S. dos Santos
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo H. Zanetti
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Livia C. Dornelas
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M. Cruvinel
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Everton M. Muro
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Robert G.A.C. Araujo
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Raimundo G.F. Netto
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Denadai
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Pezzato
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - José R. Sartori
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
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12
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Lee SA, Febery E, Mottram T, Bedford MR. Growth performance, real-time gizzard pH and calcium solubility in the gut of broiler chickens is dependent on the interaction between dietary calcium concentration and limestone particle size. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:827-834. [PMID: 34009073 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1929840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of limestone particle size and dietary Ca concentration on performance, real-time gizzard pH, and Ca and P solubility in the gastrointestinal tract of 21d broiler chickens.2. A total of 576, one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allocated among 4 treatments, with 8 replicate pens, and 18 birds per pen. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial consisting of two particle sizes of limestone (coarse, CL, 1200 µm; fine, FL, 44 µm) and two Ca concentrations (9.6 or 6.0 g/kg). On d 19 and 20, four birds per treatment were administered Heidelberg pH capsules and readings monitored for 3 h.3. Reducing Ca concentration from 9.6 to 6.0 g/kg had no effect on d 21 weight gain or FCR of birds fed CL; however, feeding FL at 9.6 g/kg Ca increased weight gain by 10% and reduced FCR by 5% compared to FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca (P < 0.001).4. Average gizzard pH readings ranged from pH 0.67 to 3.01 across all treatments. Birds fed CL at 6.0 g/kg Ca had lower average gizzard pH compared to birds fed 9.6 g/kg Ca, while birds fed FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca had higher gizzard pH than birds fed CL at both Ca concentrations, but was comparable to birds fed FL at 9.6 g/kg Ca (P < 0.001).5. For birds fed CL at 6.0 g/kg Ca, soluble Ca in the gizzard was approximately 40% lower (P < 0.05) than all other treatments, and reduced by 44% (P < 0.05) in the small intestine compared with birds fed FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca.6. These findings demonstrated that the effect of Ca concentration on gizzard pH, Ca solubility and broiler performance was dependent on limestone particle size and suggested that solubility per se had little relevance to performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lee
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - E Febery
- Drayton Animal Health, Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire, UK
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David LS, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. True ileal calcium digestibility in soybean meal and canola meal, and true ileal phosphorous digestibility in maize-soybean meal and maize-canola meal diets, without and with microbial phytase, for broiler growers and finishers. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:293-303. [PMID: 33196290 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1849559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Published data on the ileal Ca digestibility in soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM), and the effect of microbial phytase on the Ca digestibility of these ingredients are limited. Therefore, two experiments were conducted, with the primary objective of determining the true ileal digestibility of calcium (Ca) in SBM and CM, without and with microbial phytase, during broiler grower (Experiment 1) and finisher (Experiment 2) periods. A secondary objective was to investigate the influence of microbial phytase on the true ileal digestibility of phosphorus (P), apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) and minerals, and phytate disappearance in maize-SBM and maize-CM diets. Six experimental diets based on SBM and CM, with three phytase doses (0, 500 and 2000 FTU/kg), were fed to broilers from day 18 to 21 (Experiment 1) or 39 to 42 (Experiment 2) post-hatch. A Ca- and P-free diet, with no added phytase, was also developed to determine the endogenous Ca and P losses. Titanium dioxide was incorporated in all diets as an indigestible indicator. Each experimental diet was randomly allocated to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage). Apparent ileal digestibility was calculated using the indicator method and the true ileal digestibility was calculated by correcting for endogenous losses. Apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of Ca and P was also measured.2. Ileal endogenous losses of Ca and P were determined to be 236 and 310 mg/kg of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively, in broiler growers and 29 and 130 mg/kg of DMI, respectively, in broiler finishers. True ileal Ca digestibility coefficients of SBM and CM, without added phytase, were determined to be 0.51 and 0.53, respectively, in broiler growers and 0.33 and 0.22, respectively, in broiler finishers. Increasing phytase doses increased (P < 0.05) the true ileal Ca digestibility of CM in both broiler growers and finishers, but Ca digestibility of SBM increased (P < 0.05) only at the superdose (2000 FTU/kg) in broiler finishers. The ATTR of Ca (P < 0.001) in growers was higher in CM than in SBM and was increased in both ingredients by increasing phytase doses. In finishers, the ATTR of Ca was increased (P < 0.001) by both phytase doses in CM, but only by the superdose in SBM, resulting in an ingredient × phytase interaction (P < 0.001).3. True ileal P digestibility coefficients of maize-SBM and maize-CM diets, without added phytase, were determined to be 0.89 and 0.66, respectively, in broiler growers and 0.82 and 0.57, respectively, in broiler finishers. Supplemental phytase increased (P < 0.05) the true ileal P digestibility of the maize-CM diet in both broiler growers and finishers. However, the P digestibility of the maize-SBM diet was increased (P < 0.05) in broiler finishers only at the superdose (2000 FTU/kg). The ATTR of P was higher (P < 0.001) in the maize-SBM diet during both periods.4. The apparent ileal digestibility of N, Mg, K and Mn was higher (P < 0.001) in the maize-SBM diet for broiler growers and finishers. Phytase addition had no effect (P > 0.05) on the apparent digestibility of N and minerals in growers and finishers.5. Increasing phytase doses increased IP6 disappearance in the maize-CM diet, but not in the maize-SBM diet, resulting in an ingredient × phytase interaction (P < 0.001) for growers and finishers.6. In conclusion, true ileal Ca digestibility coefficients of SBM and CM for broilers were determined in this study. The findings confirmed the influence of broiler age of Ca digestibility. Superdosing of phytase increased the digestibility and ATTR of Ca in CM and SBM by two-fold compared to the normal phytase dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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14
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Kurul A, Cengiz Ö, Pekel AY. Live performance, digestive tract features, and ileal nutrient digestibility in broilers fed diets containing soy hulls. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1857312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kurul
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ö. Cengiz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - A. Y. Pekel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Yang Z, Zhang C, Wang J, Celi P, Ding X, Bai S, Zeng Q, Mao X, Zhuo Y, Xu S, Yan H, Zhang K, Shan Z. Characterization of the Intestinal Microbiota of Broiler Breeders With Different Egg Laying Rate. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:599337. [PMID: 33330722 PMCID: PMC7732610 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.599337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining animal health, immunity and reproductive performances. However, literature about the relationship between microbiota and reproductive performance is limited. The aim of the present study was to determine differences in the intestinal microbiota of broiler breeders with different egg laying rate. A total of 200 AA+ parent broiler breeders (41-week-old) were separated into two groups according to their different egg laying rate [average egg laying rate group (AR: 78.57 ± 0.20%) and high egg laying rate group (HR: 90.79 ± 0.43%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR), ovary cell apoptosis rate (ApoCR) and relative abdominal fat weight were lower (p = 0.01), while the hatchability rate of qualified egg was higher (p = 0.04) in HR group than that in AR group. Phascolarctobacterium abundance were lower (p = 0.012) in ileum of HR birds. Romboutsia (genus) in ileum was negatively related to the feed efficiency (r = -0.58, p < 0.05), Firmicutes (phylum) and Lactobacillus (genus) abundances in cecum were positively related to the egg laying rate (ELR) (r = 0.35 and 0.48, p < 0.05), feed efficiency (r = 0.42 and 0.43, p < 0.05), while Spirochaetes (phylum) and Sphaerochaeta (genus) abundances in cecum were negatively related to the ELR (r = -0.43 and -0.70, p < 0.05), feed efficiency (r = 0.54 and 0.48, p < 0.05), and positively related to ApoCR (r = 0.46 and 0.47, p < 0.05). Our results suggested that microbiota, such as Firmicutes (phylum) and Lactobacillus (genus) have positive relationship, while Spirochaetes (phylum) and Romboutsia (genus) abundances exert negative relationship with broiler breeders' reproductive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu'er University, Pu'er City, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pietro Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiping Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiguo Shan
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu'er University, Pu'er City, China
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Xie Y, Wang C, Zhao D, Zhou C, Li C. Long-Term Intake of Pork Meat Proteins Altered the Composition of Gut Microbiota and Host-Derived Proteins in the Gut Contents of Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000291. [PMID: 32730665 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study is to investigate the effects of long-term intake of pork protein on the composition of gut microbiota and proteins in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice are fed pork meat protein diets for 240 days, and the composition of gut microbiota and proteins in luminal contents from the duodenum to the colon are analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC-MS/MS. The stewed pork protein diet group has a highly similar microbiota composition to that of the cooked pork protein diet group, but different from the pork emulsion sausage or dry-cured pork protein diet groups. Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Odoribacter, Defluviitaleaceae UCG-011, Ruminiclostridium 9, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 play an important role in response to changes in gut luminal proteins. Specific microbes are significantly correlated with the Cela3b and Cpa1 that are derived from the host and involve protein digestion and absorption. CONCLUSIONS Pork meat protein diets alter the gut microbiota composition and specific gut microbes may have a great impact on protein digestion and absorption by regulating the secretion of digestive proteins from the host. These findings provide a new insight into the associations of long-term intake of meat protein diet with gut microbiota and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
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Zanu HK, Kheravii SK, Morgan NK, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Interactive effect of 2 dietary calcium and phytase levels on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: part 1-broiler performance, gut lesions and pH, bacterial counts, and apparent ileal digestibility. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4861-4873. [PMID: 32988523 PMCID: PMC7810914 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that high dietary calcium (Ca) would stimulate necrotic enteritis (NE) and reduce performance, gut health, and nutrient digestibility, and if increased, phytase would reduce NE. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 768) were randomly distributed to 8 treatments in a factorial arrangement. Factors were NE challenge (no or yes), phytase level (500 or 1,500 FTU/kg using 500 FTU/kg matrix values), and Ca level (0.6 or 1.0% starter, 0.5 or 0.9% grower, 0.4 or 0.8% finisher) with the same level of available P (0.40 S, 0.35 G, and 0.35 F). There were 48 pens, 16 birds per pen and 6 replications. Half of the birds were challenged with Eimeria spp on day 9 and 108 CFU per mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on day 14 and 15. Gain was higher in birds fed high phytase on day 14 (P < 0.01), day 21 (P < 0.01), day 28 (P < 0.01), and day 35 (P < 0.01). Birds fed high phytase had greater livability on day 21 (P < 0.01). Ca was more digestible in high-Ca diets on day 16, and an NE × Ca interaction (P < 0.05) showed this effect to be more pronounced in unchallenged than in challenged birds. A challenge × Ca interaction for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) indicated lower AID of CP in challenged birds fed high Ca. The challenge decreased AID of Ca (P < 0.01). Ca level had no impact on C. perfringens count, but it decreased Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) and Bifidobacteria (P < 0.05) populations in the ceca. High dietary Ca decreased feed conversion ratio. Overall (42 D), the highest WG was observed in unchallenged birds fed high Ca and high phytase with the lowest WG observed in NE-challenged birds fed low Ca and low phytase. The results suggest that full matrix values for high doses of phytase may be appropriate during NE challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - N K Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Effect of age and dietary crude protein content on the apparent ileal calcium digestibility of limestone in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Modified-dietary fiber from cassava pulp reduces abdominal fat and meat cholesterol contents without affecting growth performance of broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hilliar M, Keerqin C, Girish CK, Barekatain R, Wu SB, Swick RA. Reducing protein and supplementing crystalline amino acids, to alter dietary amino acid profiles in birds challenged for subclinical necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2048-2060. [PMID: 32241490 PMCID: PMC7587694 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract and is estimated to cost the global poultry industry billions of dollars annually. A study was conducted to examine whether reducing the crude protein might offset the severity of NE in broilers experimentally challenged with Eimeria spp. on day 9 and Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 15. Furthermore, increasing the dietary amino acid (AA) density of the diet was also examined owing to identified benefits of improving performance compromised from low protein (LP) diets or NE. A 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments at 6 replicates per treatment was used with 972 Ross 308 cockerels fed wheat-sorghum-soy-based diets to 35 D. Factors were NE challenge: no or yes; protein: standard (SP) or LP; and AA density: 100% AA, 115% with only essential AA (115% EAA) increased, and 115% AA with both essential and nonessential AA (115% AA) increased. The performance was measured in grower (days 7–21), finisher (days 21–35), and overall (day 7–35) periods. In addition, on day 16, intestinal lesion score and cecal short-chain fatty acids were measured. Only in nonchallenged birds fed LP diets, 115% AA increased grower feed intake (P < 0.01) and body weight gain (P < 0.05) compared to 115% EAA treatments. Challenge increased jejunal lesions (P < 0.001) with no difference between dietary treatments. Finisher body weight gain was greater in nonchallenged birds fed the 115% AA diets than in challenged birds (P < 0.05). Feeding diets with higher nonessential AA encouraged faster recovery from NE challenge. When fed the SP diets, NE challenge increased cecal butyric acid (P < 0.01) and total short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.05). The nutrient matrix used in LP diets does not favor beneficial butyric acid–producing bacteria. Using LP diets to mitigate NE severity does not offset the predisposing effect of E. spp. when attacking the gastrointestinal tract, and NE recovery is favored when feeding SP diets or additional AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hilliar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2351 NSW, Australia
| | - C Keerqin
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2351 NSW, Australia
| | - C K Girish
- Nutrition and Care, Animal Nutrition, Evonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd., 609927 Singapore
| | - R Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, 5371 SA, Australia
| | - S-B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2351 NSW, Australia
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2351 NSW, Australia.
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Ren H, Saliu EM, Zentek J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Vahjen W. Screening of Host Specific Lactic Acid Bacteria Active Against Escherichia coli From Massive Sample Pools With a Combination of in vitro and ex vivo Methods. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2705. [PMID: 31824469 PMCID: PMC6882376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel three-step combination of in vitro and ex vivo screening was established to massively screen host derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the broiler chicken intestine with inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli. In a first step, a massive sample pool consisting of 7102 broiler-derived colonies from intestinal contents were established and sub-cultured. Supernatants thereof were incubated with an E. coli model strain to screen suitable isolates with inhibitory activity. A total of 76 isolates of interest were subsequently further studied based on either pH dependent or -independent activity in the second step of the assay. Here, in-depth growth inhibition of the E. coli model strain and the potential of isolates for lactic acid production as inhibitory substance were indexed for all isolates. Resulting scatter plots of both parameters revealed five isolates with exceptional inhibitory activity that were further studied under ex vivo condition in the third step of the assay. These isolates were taxonomically classified as strains of the species Lactobacillus agilis, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Pediococcus acidilactici. Samples from the broiler chicken intestine were inoculated with the Lactobacillus isolates and the E. coli model strain. After 8 and 24 h incubation, respectively, growth of the E. coli model strain was monitored by cultivation of the E. coli strain in antibiotic supplemented medium. By their superior inhibitory activity against the E. coli model strain, one L. agilis and one L. salivarius strain were selected and characterized for further application as probiotics in broiler chicken. Additionally, their antibiotic resistance patterns and resilience under gastric stress of isolates were also characterized. The results of this study demonstrate that the novel isolation procedure was able to efficiently and rapidly isolate and identify bacterial strains from a massive sample pool with inhibitory potential against specific types of bacteria (here E. coli). The introduction of the final ex vivo selection step additionally confirmed the inhibitory activity of the strains under conditions simulating the intestinal tract of the host. Furthermore, this method revealed a general potential for the isolation of antagonistic strains that active against other pathogenic bacteria with specific biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Saliu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Calaça GM, Café MB, Andrade MA, Stringhini JH, Araújo ICS, Leandro NSM. FRANGOS DESAFIADOS EXPERIMENTALMENTE COM Salmonella enterica SOROVAR ENTERITIDIS E Eimeria tenella E TRATADOS COM ÁCIDOS ORGÂNICOS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v20e-43084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumo Foi avaliado um composto comercial de ácidos orgânicos, adicionado à ração, no controle da Salmonella de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Enteritidis associadas à Eimeria tenella. Foram utilizados 504 pintos de um dia, fêmeas, da linhagem Hubbard®, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3, totalizando seis tratamentos com seis repetições e 14 aves a unidade experimental. Foi analisado o pH intestinal, o escore de lesão dos cecos, contagem de oocistos fecais e a presença de salmonela no baço e tonsilas cecais das aves. Aves desafiadas com S. Enteritidis que receberam ácidos apresentaram menor frequência de isolamento da bactéria nos órgãos linfoides analisados. Assim como apresentaram redução no número de oocistos de E. tenella nas excretas coletadas diretamente na bandeja e redução dos escores de lesão intestinal provocadas pela infecção por Eimeria tenella. Os ácidos orgânicos promoveram benefício à saúde intestinal dos frangos de corte com reflexos positivos no controle da Salmonella Enteritidis juntamente com a Eimeria tenella.
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Lee SA, Dunne J, Febery E, Wilcock P, Mottram T, Bedford MR. Superdosing phytase reduces real-time gastric pH in broilers and weaned piglets. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:330-339. [PMID: 29432032 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1440379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of high phytase doses on growth performance and real-time gastric pH measurements in broiler chickens and pigs. 2. In the first experiment, 576 male Ross 308 broilers were fed in two phases (0-21 and 21-42 d) with 4 treatment groups, with diets meeting nutrient requirements containing 0, 500, 1500 or 2500 FTU/kg phytase. In the second, 64 Landrace weaners were fed on diets meeting nutrient requirements with or without phytase (0 or 2500 FTU/kg) in two phases (0-21 and 21-42 d). Heidelberg pH capsules were administered to 7 broilers and approximately 13 pigs per treatment group, pre- and post-phase change, with readings monitored over several hours. 3. Addition of phytase into an adequate Ca and P diet had no significant effect on broiler performance although phytase tended (P < 0.07) to improve feed conversion in pigs over the entire experimental period. Real-time pH capsule readings in broilers demonstrated an increase (P < 0.05) in gizzard pH when phytase was dosed at 500 or 1500 FTU/kg, while higher doses of 2500 FTU/kg phytase lowered pH to a level comparable to control birds. Gastric pH increased (P < 0.01) when animals were exposed to dietary phase change, signifying a potential challenge period for nutrient digestibility. However, pigs fed 2500 FTU/kg were able to maintain gastric pH levels through diet phase change. In contrast, spear-tip probe measurements showed no treatment effect on gastric pH. 4. These findings demonstrate dietary manipulation of gastric pH and the value of real-time pH capsule technology as a means of determining phytase dose response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lee
- a AB Vista , Marlborough, Wiltshire , UK
| | - J Dunne
- b Drayton Animal Health , Stratford-Upon-Avon , Warwickshire , UK
| | - E Febery
- b Drayton Animal Health , Stratford-Upon-Avon , Warwickshire , UK
| | - P Wilcock
- a AB Vista , Marlborough, Wiltshire , UK
| | - T Mottram
- c eCow Devon Ltd , Exeter , Devon , UK
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Martinez Rojas IY, Ávila González E, Arce Menocal J, Dos Santos TT, Rubio Arguello J, López Coello C. Assessment of a phytase included with lactic acid on productive parameters and on deposition of phosphorus, calcium, and zinc in laying hens fed with sorghum–soybean-meal-based diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1299740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Y. Martinez Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F., México
| | - E. Ávila González
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F., México
| | - J. Arce Menocal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo, Morelia, México
| | | | | | - C. López Coello
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F., México
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Reis M, Fassani E, Júnior AG, Rodrigues P, Bertechini A, Barrett N, Persia M, Schmidt C. Effect of Bacillus subtilis (DSM 17299) on performance, digestibility, intestine morphology, and pH in broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Lee SA, Dunne J, Mottram T, Bedford MR. Effect of diet phase change, dietary Ca and P level and phytase on bird performance and real-time gizzard pH measurements. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:290-297. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1293799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Lee
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - J. Dunne
- Drayton Animal Health, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, UK
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27
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Bedford M, Rousseau X. Recent findings regarding calcium and phytase in poultry nutrition. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an17349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is an essential element for poultry and even a mild deficiency can lead to significant welfare and performance issues. As a result, it is often fed at levels in excess of requirement, partly as an insurance policy and, to some degree, because of its relatively low cost compared with other feed ingredients. However, when diets meet but do not exceed the phosphorus (P) requirements of the bird, a marginal Ca excess can interfere with P digestibility. This problem is exacerbated when phytases are used to provide some of the required P because Ca decreases the efficiency of phytate (IP6) hydrolysis in a dose-dependent manner. More recently, phytases have been used at very high doses (1500 FyTase units (FTU); ‘superdosing’) in commercial diets, to improve bird performance by removing as much of the dietary IP6 and lower esters of phytate (IP5, IP4, IP3 and IP2) as possible, all of which are considered anti-nutrients, and concomitantly producing as much inositol, a nutrient, as possible. In such a regimen, the ability of the phytase to degrade the lower phytate esters, namely IP4, IP3 and IP2, takes on greater importance than does simply releasing phytate P. Calcium has recently been shown to reduce the efficacy of hydrolysis of the lower phytate esters to a greater degree than the extent to which it decreases IP6 hydrolysis. As a result, Ca concentrations in the diet should be monitored frequently if the maximum value of a phytase is to be realised.
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28
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Apajalahti J, Vienola K. Interaction between chicken intestinal microbiota and protein digestion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Li J, Miao Z, Tian W, Yang Y, Wang J, Yang Y. Effects of different rearing systems on growth, small intestinal morphology and selected indices of fermentation status in broilers. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:900-908. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shanxi Agricultural University; Shanxi China
| | - Zhiqiang Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shanxi Agricultural University; Shanxi China
| | - Wenxia Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shanxi Agricultural University; Shanxi China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shanxi Agricultural University; Shanxi China
| | - Jundong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shanxi Agricultural University; Shanxi China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
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30
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Monge MDP, Magnoli AP, Bergesio MV, Tancredi N, Magnoli CE, Chiacchiera SM. Activated carbons as potentially useful non-nutritive additives to prevent the effect of fumonisin B1 on sodium bentonite activity against chronic aflatoxicosis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1043-52. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1185923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María del Pilar Monge
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Paola Magnoli
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Maria Virginia Bergesio
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Nestor Tancredi
- Cátedra Fisicoquímica y Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carina E. Magnoli
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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31
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Wilson K, Bourassa D, Davis A, Freeman M, Buhr R. The addition of charcoals to broiler diets did not alter the recovery of Salmonella Typhimurium during grow-out. Poult Sci 2016; 95:694-704. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Tsiouris V, Georgopoulou I, Batzios C, Pappaioannou N, Ducatelle R, Fortomaris P. High stocking density as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:59-66. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.1000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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