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Al Amaz S, Mishra B. Embryonic thermal manipulation: a potential strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens for sustainable poultry production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:75. [PMID: 38831417 PMCID: PMC11149204 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to high environmental temperatures and climate change, heat stress is a severe concern for poultry health and production, increasing the propensity for food insecurity. With climate change causing higher temperatures and erratic weather patterns in recent years, poultry are increasingly vulnerable to this environmental stressor. To mitigate heat stress, nutritional, genetic, and managerial strategies have been implemented with some success. However, these strategies did not adequately and sustainably reduce the heat stress. Therefore, it is crucial to take proactive measures to mitigate the effects of heat stress on poultry, ensuring optimal production and promoting poultry well-being. Embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) involves manipulating the embryonic environment's temperature to enhance broilers' thermotolerance and growth performance. One of the most significant benefits of this approach is its cost-effectiveness and saving time associated with traditional management practices. Given its numerous advantages, embryonic TM is a promising strategy for enhancing broiler production and profitability in the poultry industry. TM increases the standard incubation temperature in the mid or late embryonic stage to induce epigenetic thermal adaption and embryonic metabolism. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the available literature and scientific evidence of the beneficial effect of pre-hatch thermal manipulation on broiler health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadid Al Amaz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, AgSci 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, AgSci 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Chronology of embryonic and gonadal development in the Reeves' turtle, Mauremys reevesii. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11619. [PMID: 35804180 PMCID: PMC9270433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) is a mechanism in which environmental temperature, rather than innate zygotic genotype, determines the fate of sexual differentiation during embryonic development. Reeves' turtle (also known as the Chinese three-keeled pond turtle, Mauremys reevesii) exhibits TSD and is the only species whose genome has been determined in Geoemydidae to date. Thus, M. reevesii occupy phylogenetically important position for the study of TSD and can be compared to other TSD species to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of this process. Nevertheless, neither embryogenesis nor gonadogenesis has been described in this species. Therefore, herein, we investigated the chronology of normal embryonic development and gonadal structures in M. reevesii under both female- and male-producing incubation temperatures (FPT 31 °C or MPT 26 °C, respectively). External morphology remains indistinct between the two temperature regimes throughout the studied embryonic stages. However, the gonadal ridges present on the mesonephros at stage 16 develop and sexually differentiate at FPT and MPT. Ovarian and testicular structures begin to develop at stages 18-19 at FPT and stages 20-21 at MPT, respectively, and thus, the sexual differentiation of gonadal structures began earlier in the embryos at FPT than at MPT. Our results suggest that temperature sensitive period, at which the gonadal structures remain sexually undifferentiated, spans from stage 16 (or earlier) to stages 18-19 at FPT and to stages 20-21 at MPT. Understanding the temperature-dependent differentiation in gonadal structures during embryonic development is a prerequisite for investigating molecular basis underlying TSD. Thus, the result of the present study will facilitate further developmental studies on TSD in M. reevesii.
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Koláčková M, Kreisinger J, Albrecht T, Hořák D. Effect of incubation temperature on sex-dependent embryo mortality and morphological traits in Mallard. J Therm Biol 2019; 83:95-102. [PMID: 31331531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although birds have genetically determined sex, the sex ratio has been reported to deviate from parity in several studies. Temperature-dependent sex determination, which is common in reptiles, is absent in birds. However, females are able to adjust their investment into eggs according to the sex of the embryo, which may cause sex-specific embryonic mortality. Incubation temperature may also cause sex-biased embryonic mortality, and it may differentially affect the phenotype of male and female hatchlings. We aimed to investigate differences between male and female Mallard embryos regarding their egg size, mortality during incubation and hatchling phenotype in relation to incubation temperature. Mallard eggs were incubated under six constant incubation temperatures (ranging from 35.0 to 38.0 °C). Hatchlings were weighed, and their morphological traits were measured. We determined the sex of hatchlings and unhatched embryos by genetic analysis and found higher male embryonic mortality at 35.5 °C (44 males vs. 28 females) and a higher proportion of female hatchlings at 38 °C (24 males vs. 38 females); however, these results were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that Mallard females do not differentiate quantitatively between sexes during egg production. Male hatchlings were significantly larger but not heavier than females. The size difference between sexes was most pronounced at temperatures around 36 °C, which is the mean temperature of naturally incubated Mallard eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Koláčková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology v.v.i., Květná 8, CZ-603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Hořák
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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Parental Effects and Climate Change: Will Avian Incubation Behavior Shield Embryos from Increasing Environmental Temperatures? Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1068-1080. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A major driver of wildlife responses to climate change will include non-genomic effects, like those mediated through parental behavior and physiology (i.e., parental effects). Parental effects can influence lifetime reproductive success and survival, and thus population-level processes. However, the extent to which parental effects will contribute to population persistence or declines in response to climate change is not well understood. These effects may be substantial for species that exhibit extensive parental care behaviors, like birds. Environmental temperature is important in shaping avian incubation behavior, and these factors interact to determine the thermal conditions embryos are exposed to during development, and subsequently avian phenotypes and secondary sex ratios. In this article, we argue that incubation behavior may be an important mediator of avian responses to climate change, we compare incubation strategies of two species adapted to different thermal environments nesting in extreme heat, and we present a simple model that estimates changes in egg temperature based on these incubation patterns and predicted increases in maximum daily air temperature. We demonstrate that the predicted increase in air temperature by 2100 in the central USA will increase temperatures that eggs experience during afternoon off-bouts and the proportion of nests exposed to lethal temperatures. To better understand how species and local adaptations and behavioral-plasticity of incubation behavior will contribute to population responses to climate change comparisons are needed across more avian populations, species, and thermal landscapes.
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Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Cramer K, Fischer B, Förster A, Galli R, Kremer F, Mapesa EU, Meissner S, Preisinger R, Preusse G, Schnabel C, Steiner G, Bartels T. Current approaches to avoid the culling of day-old male chicks in the layer industry, with special reference to spectroscopic methods. Poult Sci 2018; 97:749-757. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ide ST, Ide R, Mortola JP. Aerobic scope in chicken embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 212:81-87. [PMID: 28774753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the aerobic scope of chicken embryos, that is, the margin of increase of oxygen consumption ( [Formula: see text] ) above its normal value. [Formula: see text] was measured by an open-flow methodology at embryonic ages E3, E7, E11, E15, E19 and at E20 at the internal (IP) and external pipping (EP) phases, at the normal incubation temperature (Ta=38°C), in hypothermia (Ta=30°C) and in hyperthermia (Ta=41 and 44°C). In the cold, Q10 averaged ~2 at all ages, except in IP and EP when lower values (~1.5) indicated some degree of thermogenesis. In hyperthermia (38-44°C) Q10 was between 1 and 1.4. Hyperthermia had no significant effects on [Formula: see text] whether the results combined all ages or considered individual age groups, except in IP (in which [Formula: see text] increased 8% with 44°C) and EP embryos (+13%). After opening the air cell, which exposed the embryo to a higher O2 pressure, hyperthermic [Formula: see text] was significantly higher than in normothermia in E19 (+13%), IP (+22%) and EP embryos (+22%). We conclude that in chicken embryos throughout most of incubation neither heat nor oxygen availability limits the normal (normoxic-normothermic) values of [Formula: see text] . Only close to hatching O2-diffusion represents a limiting factor to the embryo's [Formula: see text] . Hence, embryos differ from postnatal animals for a nearly absent aerobic scope, presumably because their major sources of energy expenditure (growth and tissue maintenance) are constantly maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko T Ide
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, room 1121, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ryoji Ide
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, room 1121, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jacopo P Mortola
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, room 1121, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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DuRant SE, Hopkins WA, Carter AW, Kirkpatrick LT, Navara KJ, Hawley DM. Incubation temperature causes skewed sex ratios in a precocial bird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1961-4. [PMID: 27143750 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many animals with genetic sex determination are nonetheless capable of manipulating sex ratios via behavioral and physiological means, which can sometimes result in fitness benefits to the parent. Sex ratio manipulation in birds is not widely documented, and revealing the mechanisms for altered sex ratios in vertebrates remains a compelling area of research. Incubation temperature is a key component of the developmental environment for birds, but despite its well-documented effects on offspring phenotype it has rarely been considered as a factor in avian sex ratios. Using ecologically relevant manipulations of incubation temperature within the range 35.0-37.0°C, we found greater mortality of female embryos during incubation than males regardless of incubation temperature, and evidence that more female than male embryos die at the lowest incubation temperature (35.0°C). Our findings in conjunction with previous work in brush turkeys suggest incubation temperature is an important determinant of avian secondary sex ratios that requires additional study, and should be considered when estimating the impact of climate change on avian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E DuRant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amanda W Carter
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Krischek C, Janisch S, Naraballobh W, Brunner R, Wimmers K, Wicke M. Altered incubation temperatures between embryonic Days 7 and 13 influence the weights and the mitochondrial respiratory and enzyme activities in breast and leg muscles of broiler embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 83:71-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Krischek
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Bischofsholer Damm Hannover Germany
| | - Sabine Janisch
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quality of Food of Animal Origin; Georg-August-University Goettingen; Albrecht-Thaer Weg Goettingen Germany
| | - Watcharapong Naraballobh
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN); Institute for Genome Biology; Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Ronald Brunner
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN); Institute for Genome Biology; Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN); Institute for Genome Biology; Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Michael Wicke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quality of Food of Animal Origin; Georg-August-University Goettingen; Albrecht-Thaer Weg Goettingen Germany
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