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Niknafs S, Navarro M, Schneider ER, Roura E. The avian taste system. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1235377. [PMID: 37745254 PMCID: PMC10516129 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1235377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste or gustation is the sense evolving from the chemo-sensory system present in the oral cavity of avian species, which evolved to evaluate the nutritional value of foods by detecting relevant compounds including amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, calcium, salts, and toxic or anti-nutritional compounds. In birds compared to mammals, due to the relatively low retention time of food in the oral cavity, the lack of taste papillae in the tongue, and an extremely limited secretion of saliva, the relevance of the avian taste system has been historically undermined. However, in recent years, novel data has emerged, facilitated partially by the advent of the genomic era, evidencing that the taste system is as crucial to avian species as is to mammals. Despite many similarities, there are also fundamental differences between avian and mammalian taste systems in terms of anatomy, distribution of taste buds, and the nature and molecular structure of taste receptors. Generally, birds have smaller oral cavities and a lower number of taste buds compared to mammals, and their distribution in the oral cavity appears to follow the swallowing pattern of foods. In addition, differences between bird species in the size, structure and distribution of taste buds seem to be associated with diet type and other ecological adaptations. Birds also seem to have a smaller repertoire of bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) and lack some taste receptors such as the T1R2 involved in sweet taste perception. This has opened new areas of research focusing on taste perception mechanisms independent of GPCR taste receptors and the discovery of evolutionary shifts in the molecular function of taste receptors adapting to ecological niches in birds. For example, recent discoveries have shown that the amino acid taste receptor dimer T1R1-T1R3 have mutated to sense simple sugars in almost half of the living bird species, or SGLT1 has been proposed as a part of a T1R2-independent sweet taste sensing in chicken. The aim of this review is to present the scientific data known to date related to the avian taste system across species and its impact on dietary choices including domestic and wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Niknafs
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marta Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Eve R. Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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David LS, Anwar MN, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. Calcium Nutrition of Broilers: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101590. [PMID: 37238019 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) plays an essential role in poultry nutrition as 99% of Ca is located in birds' skeletal system. However, oversupply of Ca rather than deficiency of Ca is the current concern in commercial broiler diets. Calcium is an inexpensive dietary nutrient due to the cheap and abundant availability of limestone, the major Ca source; therefore, little attention was given to the oversupply of Ca in the past. The recent shift in the use of digestible P in broiler feed formulations has necessitated a closer look at digestible Ca, as Ca and P are interrelated in their absorption and postabsorptive utilisation. In this context, data on ileal digestibility of Ca and P in ingredients has been determined. Preliminary data on the digestible Ca and digestible P requirements for the different growth stages of broilers have also recently become available. The present review focusses on these recent advances in Ca nutrition. In addition, aspects of homeostatic control mechanisms, different Ca sources and factors influencing Ca digestibility in poultry are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Shiromi David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Naveed Anwar
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Van Den Brink Poultry Ltd., Christchurch 7677, New Zealand
| | - M Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Noruzi H, Hassanabadi A, Golian A, Aziz-Aliabadi F. Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus restrictions on growth performance, intestinal morphology, nutrient retention, and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2022; 64:231-241. [PMID: 36250957 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2136510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) restrictions on growth performance, intestinal morphology, nutrient apparent total tract retention (ATTR), and tibia characteristics.2. A total of 1296, one-day-old male Ross-308 broilers were reared for 42 d. During the starter phase (1-10 d), all birds were fed a nutrient-adequate diet (C). Diets fed during the grower phase (11-24 d) included: 1. C; 2. 15% of the Ca and aP in C; 3. 30% of the Ca and aP in C. At the beginning of the finisher phase (25 d), chickens fed the C diet were divided into two subgroups including C, and C+ phytase (500 FTU/kg). Restricted treatments were divided into eight subgroups as 1. C; 2. 10% of the Ca and aP in C; 3. 20% of the Ca and aP in C; 4. 30% of the Ca and aP in C; 5. C+ phytase; 6. 10% of the Ca and aP in C+ phytase; 7. 20% of the Ca and aP in C+ phytase and 8. 30% of the Ca and aP in C+ phytase.3. On d 24 and 42, ATTR of Ca and phytate phosphorus (pP) were linearly increased by decreasing Ca and aP levels (P<0.05). Birds receiving phytase showed higher nutrient ATTR compared to those fed non-phytase supplemented diets (P<0.05). Tibia Ca and P were linearly decreased at 24 d (P<0.05) and tibial ash was linearly decreased (P<0.05) at 42 d by decreasing levels of Ca and aP in finisher diets (without phytase). By decreasing the levels of Ca and aP in the finisher diets (with phytase) with a 30% reduction of Ca and aP in the grower phase, tibia ash linearly decreased (P <0.05). Using 500 FTU/kg phytase improved tibia traits compared to non-phytase supplemented treatments (P<0.05).4. In general, decreasing dietary Ca and aP (up to 30%) during grower and finisher phases increased ATTR of minerals and decreased Ca, P and breaking strength (BS) of tibia without any negative effect on growth performance or intestinal morphology. Reduced dietary Ca and aP decreased tibial ash content, although 500 FTU/kg phytase improved ATTR of minerals and tibia attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Noruzi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
| | - Ahmad Hassanabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
| | - Abolghasem Golian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
| | - Fatemeh Aziz-Aliabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
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Solomon H, Adejoro FA, Nkukwana TT. Efficacy of three heat-stable microbial phytases on growth performance and bone development and strength of broilers fed diets deficient in available phosphorus. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the response of broilers to either of three phytase enzymes in a P-deficient diet. A total of 2340 as-hatched Cobb500 chicks were allocated to nine treatments, each with 13 replicate pens. Starter and finisher diets consisted of a positive control (PC), negative control 1 and 2 (NC1, NC2). The PC, NC1 and NC2 diets had Ca:avP ratios of 0.50, 0.33 and 0.43 in the starter feed; and 0.46, 0.22 and 0.35 in the finisher feed; NC1 diets were then supplemented with Phytaverse, Quantum Blue and Axtra-PHY at 500 and 1000 FTU/kg. Enzyme type had a significant effect on body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and production efficiency factor (PEF) during the 0-7 d period. Interactions between enzyme type and inclusion levels had a significant effect on feed intake (FI) at 1-21 d (P =0.02) and 1-35 d (P =0.031) age. While FI decreased as Axtra-PHY inclusion levels increased from 500 to 1000 FTU/kg feed, FI increased in birds supplemented with Quantum Blue, but with no effects on Phytaverse supplemented birds. Increasing enzyme dose to 1000 FTU/kg feed improved bone breaking strength but did not affect growth performance, tibia ash, Ca or P concentration of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Solomon
- University of Pretoria, 56410, Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Thobela Tryphina Nkukwana
- University of Pretoria, 56410, Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Pretoria, South Africa, 0002
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Bai S, Yang Y, Ma X, Liao X, Wang R, Zhang L, Li S, Luo X, Lu L. Dietary calcium requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:11. [PMID: 35109932 PMCID: PMC8812165 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current calcium (Ca) recommendation for broilers is primarily based on studies conducted more than 30 years ago with birds of markedly different productive potentials from those which exist today. And the response indicators in these studies are mainly growth performance and bone ash percentage. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary Ca level on growth performance, serum parameters, bone characteristics and Ca metabolism-related gene expressions, so as to estimate dietary Ca requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. Methods A total of 420 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 6 replicates (10 birds per cage) and fed the corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.60%, 0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, 1.00%, 1.10% or 1.20% Ca for 21 days. Each diet contained the constant non-phytate phosphorus content of about 0.39%. Results The average daily gain decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary Ca level increased. The serum and tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, tibia bone mineral density (BMD), middle toe BMD, tibia ash percentage, tibia breaking strength, and tibia ALP protein expression level were affected (P < 0.05) by dietary Ca level, and showed significant quadratic responses (P < 0.02) to dietary Ca levels. The estimates of dietary Ca requirements were 0.80 to 1.00% based on the best fitted broken-line or quadratic models (P < 0.03) of the above serum and bone parameters, respectively. Conclusions The results from the present study indicate that the Ca requirements would be about 0.60% to obtain the best growth rate, and 1.00% to meet all of the Ca metabolisms and bone development of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Bai
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuelian Ma
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Runlian Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sufen Li
- Department of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Bagheri R, Toghyani M, Tabatabaei SN, Tabeidian SA, Ostadsharif M. Growth, physiological, and molecular responses of broiler quail to dietary source, particle size, and choice feeding of calcium. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.2017361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bagheri
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Sayed Ali Tabeidian
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ostadsharif
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Aderibigbe AS, Ajuwon KM, Adeola O. Dietary phosphorus level regulates appetite through modulation of gut and hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic genes in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101591. [PMID: 34890944 PMCID: PMC8665405 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to elucidate gut and hypothalamic molecular regulation of appetite by dietary phosphorus (P) concentration in broiler chickens. Birds (192 Cobb-500 broiler chickens) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets in experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and 24 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups in Exp. 2. Each diet comprised 8 replicate cages, with either 8 birds (Exp. 1) or 1 bird (Exp. 2) per replicate cage. In Exp. 1, diets contained 1.2 (P-deficient), 2.8 (P-marginal) or 4.4 (P-adequate) g/kg non-phytate P (nPP). In Exp. 2, birds fed the P-adequate diet were pair-fed (PF) to the feed consumption levels of birds fed the P-deficient diet. Feed intake and BW gain (P < 0.001) decreased in birds fed the P-deficient diet in Exp. 1. Birds fed the P-deficient diet had similar feed intake and BW gain with PF group fed the P-adequate diet (Exp. 2) but was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than birds fed the P-adequate diets. Sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) mRNA was upregulated (P < 0.05) in both experiments. Conversely, cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA was downregulated (P < 0.01) in birds fed P-deficient diets. Anorexia-related hypothalamic cholecystokinin receptor (CCKAR) and melanocortin receptors (MC3R and MC4R) were upregulated (P < 0.05) in birds fed P-deficient diets, in both experiments. The current data show that dietary P deficiency decreases feed intake in broiler chickens by altering the expression of anorexigenic genes in the gut and hypothalamus of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - K M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Han JC, Wang XN, Wu LH, Lv XL, He L, Qu HX, Shi CX, Zhang L, Wang ZX. Dietary calcium levels regulate calcium transporter gene expression levels in the small intestine of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:202-210. [PMID: 34190665 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1949697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. This study investigated the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) levels on growth performance, bone development and Ca transporter gene expression levels in the small intestine of broiler chickens.2. On the day of hatch, 350, Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allotted to one of five treatments with five replicate pens each and 14 birds per pen. Dietary Ca levels in feed were 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, 11.0 and 13.0 g/kg, in which 9.0 g/kg was in the control diet. All diets contained 4.5 g/kg non-phytate phosphorus (NPP).3. The increase in dietary Ca levels from 5.0 to 13.0 g/kg did not affect the growth performance of 1- to 18-day-old broilers (P > 0.05).4. Increasing the Ca levels linearly increased the ash weight and the contents of ash, Ca and phosphorus (P) in the tibia of broilers at 18 days of age (P < 0.05). The contents of ash, Ca and P in broilers fed with 9.0 g/kg Ca were higher than those in birds fed with 5.0 g/kg Ca (P < 0.05).5. Increasing the Ca levels linearly decreased mRNA expression levels of the Ca-binding protein 28-kDa (CaBP-D28k), plasma membrane Ca-transporting ATPase 1b (PMCAlb), sodium (Na)/Ca exchanger 1 (NCX1), nuclear vitamin D receptor (nVDR) and membrane vitamin D receptor (mVDR) in the duodenum of broilers at 18 d of age (P < 0.05). Similar results were seen in the jejunum and ileum. Broilers fed 9.0-13.0 g/kg Ca in feed had lower mRNA expression levels of CaBP-D28k and PMCAlb in the small intestine than birds fed 5.0 g/kg Ca in feed (P < 0.05).6. The data indicated that low levels of dietary Ca stimulated its transporter gene transcription and promoted absorption, but high levels of Ca inhibited transporter gene expression and prevented excessive absorption in the small intestine of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Han
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - X N Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - L H Wu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - X L Lv
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - L He
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - H X Qu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - C X Shi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Z X Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Kop-Bozbay C, Akdag A, Atan H, Ocak N. Body weight of young broilers fed with declining calcium and phosphorus contents during the starter period is irresponsive to changes in the skeleton. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:747-756. [PMID: 33347669 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of reduced calcium (Ca) and available P (aP) levels in starter diets on growth performance and tibia, sternum and serum characteristics, and to assay the association between Ca and P (aP) intakes and these variables, 600 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a 21-days trial. Broilers were randomly allotted to five treatments with five replicate pens. Chicks were fed on one of the five starter diets that were formulated with a 10% reduction in the Ca and aP contents, starting from the control diet and hence, named as C (0.96% Ca, 0.45% aP), L1 (0.85% Ca and 0.42% aP), L2 (0.77% Ca and 0.38% aP), L3 (0.68% Ca and 0.34% aP) and L4 (0.61% Ca and 0.31% aP). Declining dietary Ca and aP levels did not affect body weight and levels of Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase in serum, but reduced linearly feed intake, the feed conversion ratio and the bone weight and ash content. The Ca and aP intakes and Ca:aP ratio displayed a positive correlation with both tibia and sternum weights, and the mass of the bones were equally sensitive to dietary Ca and aP levels. In conclusion, the body weight of young broilers was irresponsive to changes in the skeleton when exposed to early dietary Ca and aP restrictions (up to 0.61% Ca and 0.31% aP) and the mechanostat had limits due to the association between Ca and aP intakes, and bone properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Kop-Bozbay
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akdag
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Helin Atan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nuh Ocak
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Ceylan N, Koca S, Yavaş İ, Çenesiz A, Kahraman N, Özlü Ş. Response of modern broiler chickens to dietary calcium and phosphorus levels below recommendations. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1819171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Necmettin Ceylan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sait Koca
- Beypiliç Broiler Integration Company, Bolu, Turkey
| | - İsmail Yavaş
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anıl Çenesiz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şevket Özlü
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Imari ZK, Hassanabadi A, Nassiri Moghaddam H. Response of broiler chickens to calcium and phosphorus restriction: Effects on growth performance, carcase traits, tibia characteristics and total tract retention of nutrients. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1808101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad Kamal Imari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hassanabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Nassiri Moghaddam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Attia YA, Bovera F, Iannaccone F, Al-Harthi MA, Alaqil AA, Zeweil HS, Mansour AE. Microbial and Fungal Phytases Can Affect Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Profile of Broilers Fed Different Levels of Non-Phytic Phosphorous. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040580. [PMID: 32235511 PMCID: PMC7222415 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To reduce the environmental pollution is a must to preserve the health of the world. The environmental impact of poultry farming is receiving an increasing attention due to several emissions among these is phosphorus. This element is in general present in the commercial diets of broilers or laying hens in an amount exceeding the real needing of the animals, and, therefore, a great amount of phosphorus ends in the excreta. Thus, optimizing the amount of phosphorous in the diets of poultry could partially alleviate the environmental impact of these farms. Abstract A total of 420 day old chicks were divided into seven groups (5 replicates of 12 chicks/group) fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets. The control group was fed diets containing 0.50%, 0.45% and 0.40% of non-phytic phosphorous (nPP) in starter (1–35), grower (37–56) and finisher (57–64 d) periods, respectively. The three intermediate nPP (IntnPP) groups were fed diets with 0.40%, 0.35% and 0.30% nPP according to the growth period and were submitted to three dietary treatments: unsupplemented; supplemented with 500 FTU/kg diet of an Aspergillus niger phytase (IntnPP_fp) and supplemented with 500 FTU/kg diet of an Escherichia coli phytase (IntnPP_bp). The three low nPP groups fed diets contained 0.30%, 0.25% and 0.20% nPP and were submitted to the same dietary treatments than IntnPP to obtain LnPP, LnPP_fp and LnPP_bp groups. IntnPP and LnPP groups had lower body weight gain and feed, crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake (p < 0.05) than the control. Feed conversion ratio of IntnPP was more favorable (p < 0.01) than the LnPP group. CP and ME conversion ratios worsened (p < 0.01) in IntnPP and LnPP groups in comparison to the control. The nPP conversion ratio improved (p < 0.01) from the control to the LnPP group. Fungal phytase reduced (p < 0.05) feed, CP, ME and nPP intake than the bacterial one. IntnPP and LnPP diets had a lower digestibility of CP (p < 0.01) and CF (p = 0.01) than the control. IntnPP and LnPP groups showed a higher (p < 0.05) economic efficiency than the control. Blood total protein was the lowest (p < 0.05) in the LnPP group, the control group showed the lowest (p < 0.05) level of albumin and IntnPP group had the lowest (p < 0.01) globulin level. The use of bacterial phytase increased (p < 0.01) total protein and globulin and decreased (p < 0.05) the plasma cholesterol in comparison to fungal phytase. Decreasing nPP levels in colored slow-growing broilers diet negatively affects growth performance and the use of phytase can partly alleviate these negative effects, but the efficiency of different enzyme sources (bacterial or fungal) was tied to the dietary nPP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.A.); (F.B.); Tel.: +00966568575961 (Y.A.A.); +390812536497 (F.B.)
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (Y.A.A.); (F.B.); Tel.: +00966568575961 (Y.A.A.); +390812536497 (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Iannaccone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Harthi
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alaqil
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, King Faisal University, Al-Hufof, Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan S. Zeweil
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21527, Egypt;
| | - Ali E. Mansour
- Ministry of agriculture, Animal Production section, Behiri Governorate 22951, Egypt;
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Fallah H, Karimi A, Sadeghi A, Behroozi-Khazaei N. Modelling and optimizing of calcium and non-phytate phosphorus requirements of male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age using response surface methodology. Animal 2020; 14:1598-1609. [PMID: 32216861 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is the main site of P and Ca deposition; therefore, accurate estimation of Ca and P requirements is necessary to maintaining health and optimum performance of broiler chickens. A response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) was used for evaluating and optimizing of Ca and non-phytate P (NPP) requirements of broiler chickens for optimal performance, ileal nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 750 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 50 cages including 9 treatments, each replicated 5 times (except central treatment with 10 replicates) and 15 birds in each cage by CCD. The dietary Ca levels of 4.3, 5.6, 8.6, 11.7 and 13.0 g/kg and NPP of 2.5, 2.9, 4.0, 5.0 and 5.4 g/kg were used for nine treatments of CCD. The results indicated that the linear and quadratic effects of NPP, quadratic effects of Ca and Ca × NPP were significant for average weight gain (AWG, P < 0.05), average feed intake (AFI, P < 0.05), feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.05) and Ca and P apparent ileal digestibility (AID, P < 0.05); however, the linear effect of Ca was significant only for FCR (P < 0.05). On the other hand, tibia and toe ash were affected by NPP (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) and Ca (quadratic, P < 0.01). The second-order polynomial regression model was significant for AWG (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.001), AFI (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001), FCR (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001), AID of Ca (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001) and P (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001), tibia ash (R2 = 0.86, P < 0.001) and toe ash (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). The multi-objective optimization indicated that broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age need 7.03 and 4.47 g/kg of Ca and NPP, respectively, to achieve optimal AWG, FCR, tibia and toe ash. However, the dietary Ca and NPP levels can be reduced to 6.57 and 3.95 g/kg with a slight negative impact on performance and bone mineralization, respectively. In conclusion, the findings indicate that using multi-objective optimization model such as RSM provides more information regarding optimum Ca and NPP requirements of broiler chickens, considering the complex interaction between these two minerals. While the NPP levels are in line with current recommended requirements, Ca levels are considerably lower and suggest that current recommended Ca requirements may be in excess of the needs of the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fallah
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
| | - A Karimi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
| | - A Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
| | - N Behroozi-Khazaei
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
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14
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Li T, Xing G, Shao Y, Zhang L, Li S, Lu L, Liu Z, Liao X, Luo X. Dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency impairs the bone development by regulating related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3207-3214. [PMID: 32475457 PMCID: PMC7597650 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers. A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates of 18 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. A 2 (Ca levels: 1.00 and 0.35%) × 2 (nonphytate P [NPP] levels: 0.45 and 0.23%) factorial arrangement of treatments was adopted in the 21-day trial. The 4 treatments were the Ca- and P-adequate diet (1.00% Ca + 0.45% NPP), the Ca-deficient diet (0.35% Ca + 0.45% NPP), the P-deficient diet (1.00% Ca + 0.23% NPP), and the Ca- and P-deficient diet (0.35% Ca + 0.23% NPP). The greatest impact on tibia bone mineral density, bone breaking strength, and ash content was in the P-deficient diets, especially in broilers fed with the Ca-adequate diet, whereas adequate P and reduced Ca reduced (P < 0.05) these parameters compared with adequate Ca and P, but not to the same level as P deficiency. Furthermore, dietary Ca or P deficiency, especially adequate Ca and P deficiency decreased (P < 0.05) serum P, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) contents, and tibia ash Ca and P contents but increased (P < 0.05) the serum Ca content and tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity compared with adequate Ca and P. The results from this study indicated that the bone development and Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive ones to dietary P deficiency, followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P deficiencies. Dietary P deficiency impaired the bone development by increasing serum Ca content and tibia ALP activity but decreasing serum P, 25-OHD3 contents, and tibia ash Ca and P contents of broilers. Dietary Ca deficiency impaired bone development by increasing serum Ca content, tibia ALP activity, and tibia ash P content but decreasing serum P, 25-OHD3 contents, and tibia ash Ca content of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, P. R. China
| | - Guanzhong Xing
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Shao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sufen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, P. R. China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, P. R. China.
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Díaz-Alonso J, Gómez-Rosales S, Angeles M, Ávila-González E, López-Coello C. Effects of the Level and Relationship of Calcium and Available Phosphorus on the Growth and Tibia Mineralization of Broiler Starter Chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
The anatomical structure and function of beaks, bills and tongue together with the mechanics of deglutition in birds have contributed to the development of a taste system denuded of macrostructures visible to the human naked eye. Studies in chickens and other birds have revealed that the avian taste system consists of taste buds not clustered in papillae and located mainly (60 %) in the upper palate hidden in the crevasses of the salivary ducts. That explains the long delay in the understanding of the avian taste system. However, recent studies reported 767 taste buds in the oral cavity of the chicken. Chickens appear to have an acute sense of taste allowing for the discrimination of dietary amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, quinine, Ca and salt among others. However, chickens and other birds have small repertoires of bitter taste receptors (T2R) and are missing the T1R2 (related to sweet taste in mammals). Thus, T1R2-independent mechanisms of glucose sensing might be particularly relevant in chickens. The chicken umami receptor (T1R1/T1R3) responds to amino acids such as alanine and serine (known to stimulate the umami receptor in rodents and fish). Recently, the avian nutrient chemosensory system has been found in the gastrointestinal tract and hypothalamus related to the enteroendocrine system which mediates the gut-brain dialogue relevant to the control of feed intake. Overall, the understanding of the avian taste system provides novel and robust tools to improve avian nutrition.
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Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus deficiency and subsequent recovery on broiler chicken growth performance and bone characteristics. Animal 2017; 12:1555-1563. [PMID: 29198231 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117003093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of birds to modify dietary phosphorus utilisation when fed with low-phosphorus and calcium (Ca) diets was studied using different sequences of dietary phosphorus and Ca restriction (depletion) and recovery (repletion) during the grower and the finisher phases. A total of 3600 Ross 708 broilers were randomly divided into 10 replicate pens per treatment (60 per pen, six pens per block). Chicks were fed a common starter diet from days 0 to 10, then a grower control diet (C: 0.90% Ca, 0.39% non-phytate phosphorus, nPP), mid-level diet (M: 0.71% Ca, 0.35% nPP) or low Ca and nPP diet (L: 0.60% Ca, 0.30% nPP) from days 11 to 21, followed by a finisher diet C, M or L containing, respectively, 0.85%, 0.57% or 0.48% Ca and 0.35%, 0.29% or 0.24% nPP from days 22 to 37. Six treatment sequences were tested: CC, MM, LL, ML, LC and LM. Bone mineral content by dual-energy X-ray, tibia ash, toe ash weight and tibia breaking strength were measured on days 21 and 37. No significant effect was observed on growth performance throughout the experiment. Diet L reduced bone mineral content, breaking strength, tibia and toe ash by 9%, 13%, 11% and 10%, respectively, on day 21 (compared with diet C, for linear effect, P<0.05). On day 37, bone mineral content, breaking strength, tibia and toe ash remained lower compared with control values (CC v. MM v. LL, P<0.05 for linear and quadratic effects). Mineral depletion duration (ML v. LL) did not affect bone mineral status. Replenishing with the C diet during the finisher phase (LC) restored bone mineral content, tibia ash and toe ash weight better than the M diet did, but not to control levels (CC v. LC v. LM, for linear effect, P<0.05). These results confirm that dietary Ca and nPP may be reduced in the grower phase without affecting final growth performance or breaking strength as long as the finisher diet contains sufficient Ca and nPP. The practical applications of this strategy require further study in order to optimise the depletion and repletion steps.
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Bradbury EJ, Wilkinson SJ, Cronin GM, Thomson P, Walk CL, Cowieson AJ. Evaluation of the effect of a highly soluble calcium source in broiler diets supplemented with phytase on performance, nutrient digestibility, foot ash, mobility and leg weakness. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High inclusion concentrations of dietary calcium (Ca) from limestone may have detrimental effects on broiler performance, such as increased gastric pH and a reduction in phosphorus (P) and amino acid digestibility. To assess the potential for feeding diets with lower total Ca concentrations, the effect of a novel highly soluble source of calcium (HSC) on bird performance, nutrient digestibility and skeletal integrity of 1120 male Cobb-500 broilers was compared with that of limestone. Eight dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design consisted of two sources of Ca (limestone or HSC), two concentrations of Ca (6.0 or 7.7 g/kg in the starter and 4.0 or 5.7 g/kg in the grower), two phytase levels (0 or 500 FTU/kg). The effect of dietary treatments on growth performance and feed intake were measured from Day 1 to Day 40 and foot ash and leg health on Day 40. At the end of the starter period, in the absence of phytase, changing Ca source from limestone to HSC at 6.0 g/kg total Ca decreased both bodyweight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05). The addition of phytase to diets containing 6.0 g/kg total Ca provided by HSC increased bodyweight gain (P < 0.05), as well as increasing feed intake (P < 0.05). At the end of the grower period, diets supplemented with phytase increased bodyweight gain (P < 0.001), birds fed the higher Ca concentration were also observed to have an increased bodyweight gain (P < 0.001). Apparent ileal Ca digestibility significantly increased with the addition of phytase to diets containing 4.0 g/kg total Ca provided by HSC (P < 0.05), this was also observed for P digestibility. Replacement of limestone with HSC when fed in conjunction with phytase has the potential to be an effective strategy to improve broiler performance and bone mineralisation.
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Akter M, Graham H, Iji PA. Response of broiler chickens to different levels of calcium, non-phytate phosphorus and phytase. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:799-809. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1216943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Akter
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - H. Graham
- Feed Ingredients, AB Vista, Marlborough, UK
| | - P. A. Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Investigation of the interaction between separate calcium feeding and phytase supplementation on growth performance, calcium intake, nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation in broiler starters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Influence of separate feeding of calcium on nutrient digestibility, energy utilisation and performance of young broilers fed pelleted wheat-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Delezie E, Bierman K, Nollet L, Maertens L. Impacts of calcium and phosphorus concentration, their ratio, and phytase supplementation level on growth performance, foot pad lesions, and hock burn of broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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