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Sattayawat P, Yunus IS, Jones PR. Production of Fatty Acids and Derivatives Using Cyanobacteria. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36764955 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and their derivatives are highly valuable chemicals that can be produced through chemical or enzymatic processes using plant lipids. This may compete with human food sources. Therefore, there has been an urge to create a new method for synthesizing these chemicals. One approach is to use microbial cells, specifically cyanobacteria, as a factory platform. Engineering may need to be implemented in order to allow a cost-competitive production and to enable a production of a variety of different fatty acids and derivatives. In this chapter, we explain in details the importance of fatty acids and their derivatives, including fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons, fatty acid methyl esters, and hydroxy fatty acids. The production of these chemicals using cyanobacterial native metabolisms together with strategies to engineer them are also explained. Moreover, recent examples of fatty acid and fatty acid derivative production from engineered cyanobacteria are gathered and reported. Commercial opportunities to manufacture fatty acids and derivatives are also discussed in this chapter. Altogether, it is clear that fatty acids and their derivatives are important chemicals, and with recent advancements in genetic engineering, a cyanobacterial platform for bio-based production is feasible. However, there are regulations and guidelines in place for the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and some further developments are still needed before commercialization can be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachara Sattayawat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ian S Yunus
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrik R Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Bourgade B, Stensjö K. Synthetic biology in marine cyanobacteria: Advances and challenges. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994365. [PMID: 36188008 PMCID: PMC9522894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current economic and environmental context requests an accelerating development of sustainable alternatives for the production of various target compounds. Biological processes offer viable solutions and have gained renewed interest in the recent years. For example, photosynthetic chassis organisms are particularly promising for bioprocesses, as they do not require biomass-derived carbon sources and contribute to atmospheric CO2 fixation, therefore supporting climate change mitigation. Marine cyanobacteria are of particular interest for biotechnology applications, thanks to their rich diversity, their robustness to environmental changes, and their metabolic capabilities with potential for therapeutics and chemicals production without requiring freshwater. The additional cyanobacterial properties, such as efficient photosynthesis, are also highly beneficial for biotechnological processes. Due to their capabilities, research efforts have developed several genetic tools for direct metabolic engineering applications. While progress toward a robust genetic toolkit is continuously achieved, further work is still needed to routinely modify these species and unlock their full potential for industrial applications. In contrast to the understudied marine cyanobacteria, genetic engineering and synthetic biology in freshwater cyanobacteria are currently more advanced with a variety of tools already optimized. This mini-review will explore the opportunities provided by marine cyanobacteria for a greener future. A short discussion will cover the advances and challenges regarding genetic engineering and synthetic biology in marine cyanobacteria, followed by a parallel with freshwater cyanobacteria and their current genetic availability to guide the prospect for marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bourgade
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Stensjö
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Dan Y, Sun J, Zhang S, Wu Y, Mao S, Luan G, Lu X. Manipulating the Expression of Glycogen Phosphorylase in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 to Mobilize Glycogen Storage for Sucrose Synthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:925311. [PMID: 35845416 PMCID: PMC9284946 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.925311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a promising photosynthetic chassis to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and pharmaceuticals at the expense of CO2 and light energy. Glycogen accumulation represents a universal carbon sink mechanism among cyanobacteria, storing excess carbon and energy from photosynthesis and may compete with product synthesis. Therefore, the glycogen synthesis pathway is often targeted to increase cyanobacterial production of desired carbon-based products. However, these manipulations caused severe physiological and metabolic impairments and often failed to optimize the overall performance of photosynthetic production. Here, in this work, we explored to mobilize the glycogen storage by strengthening glycogen degradation activities. In Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, we manipulated the abundances of glycogen phosphorylase (GlgP) with a theophylline dose-responsive riboswitch approach, which holds control over the cyanobacterial glycogen degradation process and successfully regulated the glycogen contents in the recombinant strain. Taking sucrose synthesis as a model, we explored the effects of enhanced glycogen degradation on sucrose production and glycogen storage. It is confirmed that under non-hypersaline conditions, the overexpressed glgP facilitated the effective mobilization of glycogen storage and resulted in increased secretory sucrose production. The findings in this work provided fresh insights into the area of cyanobacteria glycogen metabolism engineering and would inspire the development of novel metabolic engineering approaches for efficient photosynthetic biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoming Mao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoming Mao, ; Guodong Luan, ; Xuefeng Lu,
| | - Guodong Luan
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoming Mao, ; Guodong Luan, ; Xuefeng Lu,
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoming Mao, ; Guodong Luan, ; Xuefeng Lu,
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4
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Yunus IS, Wang Z, Sattayawat P, Muller J, Zemichael FW, Hellgardt K, Jones PR. Improved Bioproduction of 1-Octanol Using Engineered Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1417-1428. [PMID: 34003632 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Octanol has gained interest as a chemical precursor for both high and low value commodities including fuel, solvents, surfactants, and fragrances. By harnessing the power from sunlight and CO2 as carbon source, cyanobacteria has recently been engineered for renewable production of 1-octanol. The productivity, however, remained low. In the present work, we report efforts to further improve the 1-octanol productivity. Different N-terminal truncations were evaluated on three thioesterases from different plant species, resulting in several candidate thioesterases with improved activity and selectivity toward octanoyl-ACP. The structure/function trials suggest that current knowledge and/or state-of-the art computational tools are insufficient to determine the most appropriate cleavage site for thioesterases in Synechocystis. Additionally, by tuning the inducer concentration and light intensity, we further improved the 1-octanol productivity, reaching up to 35% (w/w) carbon partitioning and a titer of 526 ± 5 mg/L 1-octanol in 12 days. Long-term cultivation experiments demonstrated that the improved strain can be stably maintained for at least 30 days and/or over ten times serial dilution. Surprisingly, the improved strain was genetically stable in contrast to earlier strains having lower productivity (and hence a reduced chance of reaching toxic product concentrations). Altogether, improved enzymes and environmental conditions (e.g., inducer concentration and light intensity) substantially increased the 1-octanol productivity. When cultured under continuous conditions, the bioproduction system reached an accumulative titer of >3.5 g/L 1-octanol over close to 180 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Sofian Yunus
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhixuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Pachara Sattayawat
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jonathan Muller
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Fessehaye W. Zemichael
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik R. Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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Ciebiada M, Kubiak K, Daroch M. Modifying the Cyanobacterial Metabolism as a Key to Efficient Biopolymer Production in Photosynthetic Microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7204. [PMID: 33003478 PMCID: PMC7582838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic bacteria commonly found in the natural environment. Due to the ecological benefits associated with the assimilation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and utilization of light energy, they are attractive hosts in a growing number of biotechnological processes. Biopolymer production is arguably one of the most critical areas where the transition from fossil-derived chemistry to renewable chemistry is needed. Cyanobacteria can produce several polymeric compounds with high applicability such as glycogen, polyhydroxyalkanoates, or extracellular polymeric substances. These important biopolymers are synthesized using precursors derived from central carbon metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Due to their unique metabolic properties, i.e., light harvesting and carbon fixation, the molecular and genetic aspects of polymer biosynthesis and their relationship with central carbon metabolism are somehow different from those found in heterotrophic microorganisms. A greater understanding of the processes involved in cyanobacterial metabolism is still required to produce these molecules more efficiently. This review presents the current state of the art in the engineering of cyanobacterial metabolism for the efficient production of these biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Ciebiada
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199 Lishui Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 4/40 Stefanowskiego Str, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kubiak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 4/40 Stefanowskiego Str, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199 Lishui Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China;
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6
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Engineering salt tolerance of photosynthetic cyanobacteria for seawater utilization. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107578. [PMID: 32553809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria are capable of utilizing sunlight and CO2 as sole energy and carbon sources, respectively. With genetically modified cyanobacteria being used as a promising chassis to produce various biofuels and chemicals in recent years, future large-scale cultivation of cyanobacteria would have to be performed in seawater, since freshwater supplies of the earth are very limiting. However, high concentration of salt is known to inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria. This review aims at comparing the mechanisms that different cyanobacteria respond to salt stress, and then summarizing various strategies of developing salt-tolerant cyanobacteria for seawater cultivation, including the utilization of halotolerant cyanobacteria and the engineering of salt-tolerant freshwater cyanobacteria. In addition, the challenges and potential strategies related to further improving salt tolerance in cyanobacteria are also discussed.
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7
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Wang L, Chen L, Yang S, Tan X. Photosynthetic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Oleochemicals by Cyanobacteria: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:634. [PMID: 32362881 PMCID: PMC7181335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable production of biofuels and biochemicals has been broadly accepted as a solution to lower carbon dioxide emissions. Besides being used as lubricants or detergents, oleochemicals are also attractive biofuels as they are compatible with existing transport infrastructures. Cyanobacteria are autotrophic prokaryotes possessing photosynthetic abilities with mature genetic manipulation systems. Through the introduction of exogenous or the modification of intrinsic metabolic pathways, cyanobacteria have been engineered to produce various bio-chemicals and biofuels over the past decade. In this review, we specifically summarize recent progress on photosynthetic production of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty alk(a/e)nes, and fatty acid esters by genetically engineered cyanobacteria. We also summarize recent reports on fatty acid and lipid metabolisms of cyanobacteria and provide perspectives for economic cyanobacterial oleochemical production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Cano M, Holland SC, Artier J, Burnap RL, Ghirardi M, Morgan JA, Yu J. Glycogen Synthesis and Metabolite Overflow Contribute to Energy Balancing in Cyanobacteria. Cell Rep 2019; 23:667-672. [PMID: 29669272 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how living cells manage high-energy metabolites such as ATP and NADPH is essential for understanding energy transformations in the biosphere. Using light as the energy input, we find that energy charge (ratio of ATP over ADP+ATP) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 varies in different growth stages, with a peak upon entry into the rapid growth phase, as well as a positive correlation with light intensity. In contrast, a mutant that can no longer synthesize the main carbon storage compound glycogen showed higher energy charge. The overflow of organic acids in this mutant under nitrogen depletion could also be triggered under high light in nitrogen-replete conditions, with an energy input level dependency. These findings suggest that energy charge in cyanobacteria is tightly linked to growth and carbon partition and that energy management is of key significance for their application as photosynthetic carbon dioxide-assimilating cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cano
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Steven C Holland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Juliana Artier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Rob L Burnap
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Maria Ghirardi
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jianping Yu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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9
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Luan G, Zhang S, Wang M, Lu X. Progress and perspective on cyanobacterial glycogen metabolism engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:771-786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Chi X, Zhang S, Sun H, Duan Y, Qiao C, Luan G, Lu X. Adopting a Theophylline-Responsive Riboswitch for Flexible Regulation and Understanding of Glycogen Metabolism in Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:551. [PMID: 30949148 PMCID: PMC6437101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are supposed to be promising photosynthetic microbial platforms that recycle carbon dioxide driven into biomass and bioproducts by solar energy. Glycogen synthesis serves as an essential natural carbon sink mechanism, storing a large portion of energy and organic carbon source of photosynthesis. Engineering glycogen metabolism to harness and rewire carbon flow is an important strategy to optimize efficacy of cyanobacteria platforms. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (GlgC) catalyzes the rate-limiting step for glycogen synthesis. However, knockout of glgC fails to promote cell growth or photosynthetic production in cyanobacteria, on the contrary, glgC deficiency impairs cellular fitness and robustness. In this work, we adopted a theophylline-responsive riboswitch to engineer and control glgC expression in Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 and achieved flexible regulation of intracellular GlgC abundance and glycogen storage. With this approach, glycogen synthesis and glycogen contents in PCC7942 cells could be regulated in a range from about 40 to 300% of wild type levels. In addition, the results supported a positive role of glycogen metabolism in cyanobacteria cellular robustness. When glycogen storage was reduced, cellular physiology and growth under standard conditions was not impaired, while cellular tolerance toward environmental stresses was weakened. While when glycogen synthesis was enhanced, cells of PCC7942 displayed optimized cellular robustness. Our findings emphasize the significance of glycogen metabolism for cyanobacterial physiology and the importance of flexible approaches for engineering and understanding cellular physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangkai Duan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuncun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Luan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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11
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Welkie DG, Rubin BE, Diamond S, Hood RD, Savage DF, Golden SS. A Hard Day's Night: Cyanobacteria in Diel Cycles. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:231-242. [PMID: 30527541 PMCID: PMC6377297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are influential in global geochemistry and are promising candidates for industrial applications. Because the livelihood of cyanobacteria is directly dependent upon light, a comprehensive understanding of metabolism in these organisms requires taking into account the effects of day-night transitions and circadian regulation. These events synchronize intracellular processes with the solar day. Accordingly, metabolism is controlled and structured differently in cyanobacteria than in heterotrophic bacteria. Thus, the approaches applied to engineering heterotrophic bacteria will need to be revised for the cyanobacterial chassis. Here, we summarize important findings related to diurnal metabolism in cyanobacteria and present open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Welkie
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin E Rubin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Spencer Diamond
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachel D Hood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David F Savage
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan S Golden
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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12
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Gao F, Guo W, Zeng M, Feng Y, Feng G. Effect of microalgae as iron supplements on iron-deficiency anemia in rats. Food Funct 2019; 10:723-732. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01834k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are functional iron nutritive fortifiers that can supply more intestinal nanosized iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzheng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Mingyong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Yinong Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Guangxin Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
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13
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Badary A, Takamatsu S, Nakajima M, Ferri S, Lindblad P, Sode K. Glycogen Production in Marine Cyanobacterial Strain Synechococcus sp. NKBG 15041c. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:109-117. [PMID: 29330710 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An important feature offered by marine cyanobacterial strains over freshwater strains is the capacity to grow in seawater, replacing the need for often-limited freshwater. However, there are only limited numbers of marine cyanobacteria that are available for genetic manipulation and bioprocess applications. The marine unicellular cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. strain NKBG 15041c (NKBG15041c) has been extensively studied. Recombinant DNA technologies are available for this strain, and its genomic information has been elucidated. However, an investigation of carbohydrate production, such as glycogen production, would provide information for inevitable biofuel-related compound production, but it has not been conducted. In this study, glycogen production by marine cyanobacterium NKBG15041c was investigated under different cultivation conditions. NKBG15041c yielded up to 399 μg/ml/OD730 when cells were cultivated for 168 h in nitrogen-depleted medium (marine BG11ΔN) after medium replacement (336 h after inoculation). Cultivation under nitrogen-limited conditions also yielded an accumulation of glycogen in NKBG15041c cells (1 mM NaNO3, 301 μg/ml/OD730; 3 mM NaNO3, 393 μg/ml/OD730; and 5 mM NaNO3, 328 μg/ml/OD730) under ambient conditions. Transcriptional analyses were carried out for 13 putative genes responsible for glycogen synthesis and catabolism that were predicted based on homology analyses with Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (PCC6803) and Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 (PCC7002). The transcriptional analyses revealed that glycogen production in NKBG15041c under nitrogen-depleted conditions can be explained by the contribution of both increased carbon flux towards glycogen synthesis, similar to PCC6803 and PCC7002, and increased transcriptional levels of genes responsible for glycogen synthesis, which is different from the conventionally reported phenomenon, resulting in a relatively high amount of glycogen under ambient conditions compared to PCC6803 and PCC7002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Badary
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- JST, CREST, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shouhei Takamatsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- JST, CREST, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Nakajima
- JST, CREST, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Stefano Ferri
- JST, CREST, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
- JST, CREST, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan.
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14
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Cheah YE, Young JD. Isotopically nonstationary metabolic flux analysis (INST-MFA): putting theory into practice. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018. [PMID: 29522915 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Typically, 13C flux analysis relies on assumptions of both metabolic and isotopic steady state. If metabolism is steady but isotope labeling is not allowed to fully equilibrate, isotopically nonstationary metabolic flux analysis (INST-MFA) can be used to estimate fluxes. This requires solution of differential equations that describe the time-dependent labeling of network metabolites, while iteratively adjusting the flux and pool size parameters to match the transient labeling measurements. INST-MFA holds a number of unique advantages over approaches that rely solely upon steady-state isotope enrichments. First, INST-MFA can be applied to estimate fluxes in autotrophic systems, which consume only single-carbon substrates. Second, INST-MFA is ideally suited to systems that label slowly due to the presence of large intermediate pools or pathway bottlenecks. Finally, INST-MFA provides increased measurement sensitivity to estimate reversible exchange fluxes and metabolite pool sizes, which represents a potential framework for integrating metabolomic analysis with 13C flux analysis. This review highlights the unique capabilities of INST-MFA, describes newly available software tools that automate INST-MFA calculations, presents several practical examples of recent INST-MFA applications, and discusses the technical challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ern Cheah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351604, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, USA
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351604, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351604, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, USA.
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15
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Gao F, Wu H, Zeng M, Huang M, Feng G. Overproduction, purification, and characterization of nanosized polyphosphate bodies from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:27. [PMID: 29463242 PMCID: PMC5819187 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inorganic polyphosphate bodies (PPB) have recently been linked to a variety of functions in mammalian cells. To improve the yield of PPB from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and characterize its form, in this study, a recombinant plasmid containing a polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene was generated and transformed into Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Results PPB separated by Sephadex G-100 was characterized and added to polarized human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells, and the absorption effect was assessed. The ppk gene was stably expressed by induction with 1 μM nickel, and the resulting PPB yield from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 cells increased by 89.66%. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses showed that PPB from these cells were nanosized, ranging from a few to approximately 100 nanometres in diameter. PPB can be taken up by Caco-2 cells and are mainly distributed around lipid droplets. Conclusions We determined that PPB can be overproduced in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and that the resulting PPB were well absorbed by Caco-2 cells. Microalgae provide a promising “cell factory” for PPB production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzheng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Haohao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Min Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxin Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
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16
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Hendry JI, Prasannan C, Ma F, Möllers KB, Jaiswal D, Digmurti M, Allen DK, Frigaard NU, Dasgupta S, Wangikar PP. Rerouting of carbon flux in a glycogen mutant of cyanobacteria assessed via isotopically non-stationary 13 C metabolic flux analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2298-2308. [PMID: 28600876 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, which constitute a quantitatively dominant phylum, have attracted attention in biofuel applications due to favorable physiological characteristics, high photosynthetic efficiency and amenability to genetic manipulations. However, quantitative aspects of cyanobacterial metabolism have received limited attention. In the present study, we have performed isotopically non-stationary 13 C metabolic flux analysis (INST-13 C-MFA) to analyze rerouting of carbon in a glycogen synthase deficient mutant strain (glgA-I glgA-II) of the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. During balanced photoautotrophic growth, 10-20% of the fixed carbon is stored in the form of glycogen via a pathway that is conserved across the cyanobacterial phylum. Our results show that deletion of glycogen synthase gene orchestrates cascading effects on carbon distribution in various parts of the metabolic network. Carbon that was originally destined to be incorporated into glycogen gets partially diverted toward alternate storage molecules such as glucosylglycerol and sucrose. The rest is partitioned within the metabolic network, primarily via glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. A lowered flux toward carbohydrate synthesis and an altered distribution at the glucose-1-phosphate node indicate flexibility in the network. Further, reversibility of glycogen biosynthesis reactions points toward the presence of futile cycles. Similar redistribution of carbon was also predicted by Flux Balance Analysis. The results are significant to metabolic engineering efforts with cyanobacteria where fixed carbon needs to be re-routed to products of interest. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2298-2308. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Hendry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Charulata Prasannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,DBT-Pan IIT Center for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, US Department of Agriculture, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132
| | - K Benedikt Möllers
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, 3000, Denmark
| | - Damini Jaiswal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Madhuri Digmurti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, US Department of Agriculture, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132.,Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132
| | | | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Reliance Industries Ltd., Thane-Belapur Road, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400 701, India
| | - Pramod P Wangikar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,DBT-Pan IIT Center for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.,Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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17
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Ruffing AM, Jensen TJ, Strickland LM. Genetic tools for advancement of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as a cyanobacterial chassis. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:190. [PMID: 27832791 PMCID: PMC5105302 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful implementation of modified cyanobacteria as hosts for industrial applications requires the development of a cyanobacterial chassis. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 embodies key attributes for an industrial host, including a fast growth rate and high salt, light, and temperature tolerances. This study addresses key limitations in the advancement of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as an industrial chassis. Results Tools for genome integration were developed and characterized, including several putative neutral sites for genome integration. The minimum homology arm length for genome integration in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was determined to be approximately 250 bp. Three fluorescent protein reporters (hGFP, Ypet, and mOrange) were characterized for gene expression, microscopy, and flow cytometry applications in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Of these three proteins, the yellow fluorescent protein (Ypet) had the best optical properties for minimal interference with the native photosynthetic pigments and for detection using standard microscopy and flow cytometry optics. Twenty-five native promoters were characterized as tools for recombinant gene expression in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 based on previous RNA-seq results. This characterization included comparisons of protein and mRNA levels as well as expression under both continuous and diurnal light conditions. Promoters A2520 and A2579 were found to have strong expression in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 while promoters A1930, A1961, A2531, and A2813 had moderate expression. Promoters A2520 and A2813 showed more than twofold increases in gene expression under light conditions compared to dark, suggesting these promoters may be useful tools for engineering diurnal regulation. Conclusions The genome integration, fluorescent protein, and promoter tools developed in this study will help to advance Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as a cyanobacterial chassis. The long minimum homology arm length for Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 genome integration indicates native exonuclease activity or a low efficiency of homologous recombination. Low correlation between transcript and protein levels in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 suggests that transcriptomic data are poor selection criteria for promoter tool development. Lastly, the conventional strategy of using promoters from photosynthetic operons as strong promoter tools is debunked, as promoters from hypothetical proteins (A2520 and A2579) were found to have much higher expression levels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0584-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ruffing
- Department of Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 1413, Albuquerque, NM, 87185-1413, USA.
| | - Travis J Jensen
- Department of Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 1413, Albuquerque, NM, 87185-1413, USA
| | - Lucas M Strickland
- Department of Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 1413, Albuquerque, NM, 87185-1413, USA
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18
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Gu H, Jinkerson RE, Davies FK, Sisson LA, Schneider PE, Posewitz MC. Modulation of Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by Replacing FabH with a Chaetoceros Ketoacyl-ACP Synthase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:690. [PMID: 27303412 PMCID: PMC4880568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The isolation or engineering of algal cells synthesizing high levels of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) is attractive to mitigate the high clouding point of longer chain fatty acids in algal based biodiesel. To develop a more informed understanding of MCFA synthesis in photosynthetic microorganisms, we isolated several algae from Great Salt Lake and screened this collection for MCFA accumulation to identify strains naturally accumulating high levels of MCFA. A diatom, Chaetoceros sp. GSL56, accumulated particularly high levels of C14 (up to 40%), with the majority of C14 fatty acids allocated in triacylglycerols. Using whole cell transcriptome sequencing and de novo assembly, putative genes encoding fatty acid synthesis enzymes were identified. Enzymes from this Chaetoceros sp. were expressed in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 to validate gene function and to determine whether eukaryotic enzymes putatively lacking bacterial evolutionary control mechanisms could be used to improve MCFA production in this promising production strain. Replacement of the Synechococcus 7002 native FabH with a Chaetoceros ketoacyl-ACP synthase III increased MCFA synthesis up to fivefold. The level of increase is dependent on promoter strength and culturing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiya Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Robert E. Jinkerson
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, StanfordCA, USA
| | - Fiona K. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Lyle A. Sisson
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Philip E. Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Matthew C. Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, GoldenCO, USA
- *Correspondence: Matthew C. Posewitz,
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