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Sobieraj K, Derkacz D, Krasowska A, Białowiec A. Isolation and identification of carbon monoxide producing microorganisms from compost. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:250-258. [PMID: 38677142 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) formation has been observed during composting of various fractions of organic waste. It was reported that this production can be biotic, associated with the activity of microorganisms. However, there are no sources considering the microbial communities producing CO production in compost. This preliminary research aimed to isolate and identify microorganisms potentially responsible for the CO production in compost collected from two areas of the biowaste pile: with low (118 ppm) and high CO concentration (785 ppm). Study proved that all isolates were bacterial strains with the majority of rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria. Both places can be inhabited by the same bacterial strains, e.g. Bacillus licheniformis and Paenibacillus lactis. The most common were Bacillus (B. licheniformis, B. haynesii, B. paralicheniformis, and B. thermolactis). After incubation of isolates in sealed bioreactors for 4 days, the highest CO levels in the headspace were recorded for B. paralicheniformis (>1000 ppm), B. licheniformis (>800 ppm), and G. thermodenitrificans (∼600 ppm). High CO concentrations were accompanied by low O2 (<6%) and high CO2 levels (>8%). It is recommended to analyze the expression of the gene encoding CODH to confirm or exclude the ability of the identified strains to convert CO2 to CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sobieraj
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Bioeconomy, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Daria Derkacz
- University of Wrocław, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Biotransformation, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Krasowska
- University of Wrocław, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Biotransformation, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Bioeconomy, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; Iowa State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 605 Bissell Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Sobieraj K, Giez K, Koziel JA, Białowiec A. Assessment of emissions and potential occupational exposure to carbon monoxide during biowaste composting. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290206. [PMID: 38457366 PMCID: PMC10923444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, only a few studies focused on the carbon monoxide (CO) production during waste composting; all targeted on CO inside piles. Here, the CO net emissions from compost piles and the assessment of worker's occupational risk of exposure to CO at large-scale composting plants are shown for the first time. CO net emissions were measured at two plants processing green waste, sewage sludge, or undersize fraction of municipal solid waste. Effects of the location of piles (hermetised hall vs. open yard) and turning (before vs. after) were studied. Higher CO net emission rates were observed from piles located in a closed hall. The average CO flux before turning was 23.25 and 0.60 mg‧m-2‧h-1 for hermetised and open piles, respectively, while after- 69.38 and 5.11 mg‧m-2‧h-1. The maximum CO net emissions occurred after the compost was turned (1.7x to 13.7x higher than before turning). The top sections of hermetised piles had greater CO emissions compared to sides. Additionally, 5% of measurement points of hermetised piles switched to 'CO sinks'. The 1-h concentration in hermetised composting hall can reach max. ~50 mg CO∙m-3 before turning, and >115 mg CO∙m-3 after, exceeding the WHO thresholds for a 1-h and 15-min exposures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sobieraj
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Giez
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek A. Koziel
- USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Gwenzi W, Marumure J, Makuvara Z, Simbanegavi TT, Njomou-Ngounou EL, Nya EL, Kaetzl K, Noubactep C, Rzymski P. The pit latrine paradox in low-income settings: A sanitation technology of choice or a pollution hotspot? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163179. [PMID: 37003330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pit latrines are widely promoted to improve sanitation in low-income settings, but their pollution and health risks receive cursory attention. The present narrative review presents the pit latrine paradox; (1) the pit latrine is considered a sanitation technology of choice to safeguard human health, and (2) conversely, pit latrines are pollution and health risk hotspots. Evidence shows that the pit latrine is a 'catch-all' receptacle for household disposal of hazardous waste, including; (1) medical wastes (COVID-19 PPE, pharmaceuticals, placenta, used condoms), (2) pesticides and pesticide containers, (3) menstrual hygiene wastes (e.g., sanitary pads), and (4) electronic wastes (batteries). Pit latrines serve as hotspot reservoirs that receive, harbour, and then transmit the following into the environment; (1) conventional contaminants (nitrates, phosphates, pesticides), (2) emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, antibiotic resistance), and (3) indicator organisms, and human bacterial and viral pathogens, and disease vectors (rodents, houseflies, bats). As greenhouse gas emission hotspots, pit latrines contribute 3.3 to 9.4 Tg/year of methane, but this could be an under-estimation. Contaminants in pit latrines may migrate into surface water, and groundwater systems serving as drinking water sources and pose human health risks. In turn, this culminates into the pit latrine-groundwater-human continuum or connectivity, mediated via water and contaminant migration. Human health risks of pit latrines, a critique of current evidence, and current and emerging mitigation measures are presented, including isolation distance, hydraulic liners/ barriers, ecological sanitation, and the concept of a circular bioeconomy. Finally, future research directions on the epidemiology and fate of contaminants in pit latrines are presented. The pit latrine paradox is not meant to downplay pit latrines' role or promote open defaecation. Rather, it seeks to stimulate discussion and research to refine the technology to enhance its functionality while mitigating pollution and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Off Old Great Zimbabwe Road, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Off Old Great Zimbabwe Road, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP 167, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Esther Laurentine Nya
- Faculty of Arts, Letters and Social Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 644, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Korbinian Kaetzl
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
| | - Chicgoua Noubactep
- Centre for Modern Indian Studies (CeMIS), University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Applied Geology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, 211100 Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland.
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Sobieraj K, Stegenta-Dąbrowska S, Zafiu C, Binner E, Białowiec A. Carbon Monoxide Production during Bio-Waste Composting under Different Temperature and Aeration Regimes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4551. [PMID: 37444865 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of biorefinery processes, the possibility of coupling the "conventional" composting process with the production of biochemicals is not taken into account. However, net carbon monoxide (CO) production has been observed during bio-waste composting. So far, O2 concentration and temperature have been identified as the main variables influencing CO formation. This study aimed to investigate CO net production during bio-waste composting under controlled laboratory conditions by varying aeration rates and temperatures. A series of composting processes was carried out in conditions ranging from mesophilic to thermophilic (T = 35, 45, 55, and 65 °C) and an aeration rate of 2.7, 3.4, 4.8, and 7.8 L·h-1. Based on the findings of this study, suggestions for the improvement of CO production throughout the composting process have been developed for the first time. The highest concentrations of CO in each thermal variant was achieved with an O2 deficit (aeration rate 2.7 L·h-1); additionally, CO levels increased with temperature, reaching ~300 ppm at 65 °C. The production of CO in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions draws attention to biological CO formation by microorganisms capable of producing the CODH enzyme. Further research on CO production efficiency in these thermal ranges is necessary with the characterization of the microbial community and analysis of the ability of the identified bacteria to produce the CODH enzyme and convert CO from CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sobieraj
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Binner
- Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 605 Bissell Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Nordahl S, Preble CV, Kirchstetter TW, Scown CD. Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from Composting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2235-2247. [PMID: 36719708 PMCID: PMC9933540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Composting can divert organic waste from landfills, reduce landfill methane emissions, and recycle nutrients back to soils. However, the composting process is also a source of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. Researchers, regulators, and policy decision-makers all rely on emissions estimates to develop local emissions inventories and weigh competing waste diversion options, yet reported emission factors are difficult to interpret and highly variable. This review explores the impacts of waste characteristics, pretreatment processes, and composting conditions on CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3, and VOC emissions by critically reviewing and analyzing 388 emission factors from 46 studies. The values reported to date suggest that CH4 is the single largest contributor to 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) for yard waste composting, comprising approximately 80% of the total GWP100. For nitrogen-rich wastes including manure, mixed municipal organic waste, and wastewater treatment sludge, N2O is the largest contributor to GWP100, accounting for half to as much as 90% of the total GWP100. If waste is anaerobically digested prior to composting, N2O, NH3, and VOC emissions tend to decrease relative to composting the untreated waste. Effective pile management and aeration are key to minimizing CH4 emissions. However, forced aeration can increase NH3 emissions in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
L. Nordahl
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chelsea V. Preble
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas W. Kirchstetter
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Corinne D. Scown
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Biosciences
Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Energy
& Biosciences Institute, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Sobieraj K, Stegenta-Dąbrowska S, Luo G, Koziel JA, Białowiec A. Biological treatment of biowaste as an innovative source of CO-The role of composting process. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1126737. [PMID: 36845185 PMCID: PMC9947533 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1126737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an essential "building block" for producing everyday chemicals on industrial scale. Carbon monoxide can also be generated though a lesser-known and sometimes forgotten biorenewable pathways that could be explored to advance biobased production from large and more sustainable sources such as bio-waste treatment. Organic matter decomposition can generate carbon monoxide both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. While anaerobic carbon monoxide generation is relatively well understood, the aerobic is not. Yet many industrial-scale bioprocesses involve both conditions. This review summarizes the necessary basic biochemistry knowledge needed for realization of initial steps towards biobased carbon monoxide production. We analyzed for the first time, the complex information about carbon monoxide production during aerobic, anaerobic bio-waste treatment and storage, carbon monoxide-metabolizing microorganisms, pathways, and enzymes with bibliometric analysis of trends. The future directions recognizing limitations of combined composting and carbon monoxide production have been discussed in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sobieraj
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Jacek A. Koziel
- USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX, United States,Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland,Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Andrzej Białowiec,
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Stegenta-Dąbrowska S, Randerson PF, Białowiec A. Aerobic Biostabilization of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste-Monitoring Hot and Cold Spots in the Reactor as a Novel Tool for Process Optimization. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093300. [PMID: 35591634 PMCID: PMC9104568 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The process of aerobic biostabilization (AB) has been adopted for treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). However, thermal gradients and some side effects in the bioreactors present difficulties in optimization of AB. Forced aeration is more effective than natural ventilation of waste piles, but “hot and cold spots” exist due to inhomogeneous distribution of air and heat. This study identified the occurrence of hot and cold spots during the OFMSW biostabilization process at full technical scale. It was shown that the number of hot and cold spots depended on the size of the pile and aeration rate. When the mass of stabilized waste was significantly lower and the aeration rate was two-fold higher the number of anaerobic hot spots decreased, while cold spots increased. In addition, the results indicated that pile construction with sidewalls decreased the number of hot spots. However, channelizing the airflow under similar conditions increased the number of cold spots. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of process gases can enable optimization and adoption of the OFMSW flow aeration regime. Temperature monitoring within the waste pile enables the operator to eliminate undesirable “hot spots” by modifying the aeration regime and hence improve the overall treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a, Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Peter F. Randerson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a, Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Inoue M, Omae K, Nakamoto I, Kamikawa R, Yoshida T, Sako Y. Biome-specific distribution of Ni-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenases. Extremophiles 2022; 26:9. [PMID: 35059858 PMCID: PMC8776680 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-022-01259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ni-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (Ni-CODH) plays an important role in the CO/CO2-based carbon and energy metabolism of microbiomes. Ni-CODH is classified into distinct phylogenetic clades, A–G, with possibly distinct cellular roles. However, the types of Ni-CODH clade used by organisms in different microbiomes are unknown. Here, we conducted a metagenomic survey of a protein database to determine the relationship between the phylogeny and biome distribution of Ni-CODHs. Clustering and phylogenetic analyses showed that the metagenome assembly-derived Ni-CODH sequences were distributed in ~ 60% Ni-CODH clusters and in all Ni-CODH clades. We also identified a novel Ni-CODH clade, clade H. Biome mapping on the Ni-CODH phylogenetic tree revealed that Ni-CODHs of almost all the clades were found in natural aquatic environmental and engineered samples, whereas those of specific subclades were found only in host-associated samples. These results are comparable with our finding that the diversity in the phylum-level taxonomy of host-associated Ni-CODH owners is statistically different from those of the other biomes. Our findings suggest that while Ni-CODH is a ubiquitous enzyme produced across diverse microbiomes, its distribution in each clade is biased and mainly affected by the distinct composition of microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Inoue
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Kimiho Omae
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Issei Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryoma Kamikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sako
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Jain S, Katsyv A, Basen M, Müller V. The monofunctional CO dehydrogenase CooS is essential for growth of Thermoanaerobacter kivui on carbon monoxide. Extremophiles 2021; 26:4. [PMID: 34919167 PMCID: PMC8683389 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-021-01251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacter kivui is a thermophilic acetogen that can grow on carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy source. To identify the gene(s) involved in CO oxidation, the genome sequence was analyzed. Two genes potentially encoding CO dehydrogenases were identified. One, cooS, potentially encodes a monofunctional CO dehydrogenase, whereas another, acsA, potentially encodes the CODH component of the CODH/ACS complex. Both genes were cloned, a His-tag encoding sequence was added, and the proteins were produced from a plasmid in T. kivui. His-AcsA copurified by affinity chromatography with AcsB, the acetyl-CoA synthase of the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl CoA synthase complex. His-CooS copurified with CooF1, a small iron-sulfur center containing protein likely involved in electron transport. Both protein complexes had CO:ferredoxin oxidoreductase as well as CO:methyl viologen oxidoreductase activity, but the activity of CooSF1 was 15-times and 231-times lower, respectively. To underline the importance of CooS, the gene was deleted in the CO-adapted strain. Interestingly, the ∆cooS deletion mutant did not grow on CO anymore. These experiments clearly demonstrated that CooS is essential for growth of T. kivui on CO. This is in line with the hypothesis that CooS is the CO-oxidizing enzyme in cells growing on CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Katsyv
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mirko Basen
- Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volker Müller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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