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Yin L, Zhou Y, Ding N, Fang Y. Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering for the Biosynthesis of Phosphoenol Pyruvate-Oxaloacetate-Pyruvate-Derived Amino Acids. Molecules 2024; 29:2893. [PMID: 38930958 PMCID: PMC11206799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate-derived amino acids (POP-AAs) comprise native intermediates in cellular metabolism, within which the phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate (POP) node is the switch point among the major metabolic pathways existing in most living organisms. POP-AAs have widespread applications in the nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical industries. These amino acids have been predominantly produced in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum through microbial fermentation. With the rapid increase in market requirements, along with the global food shortage situation, the industrial production capacity of these two bacteria has encountered two bottlenecks: low product conversion efficiency and high cost of raw materials. Aiming to push forward the update and upgrade of engineered strains with higher yield and productivity, this paper presents a comprehensive summarization of the fundamental strategy of metabolic engineering techniques around phosphoenol pyruvate-oxaloacetate-pyruvate node for POP-AA production, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-valine, L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-isoleucine. Novel heterologous routes and regulation methods regarding the carbon flux redistribution in the POP node and the formation of amino acids should be taken into consideration to improve POP-AA production to approach maximum theoretical values. Furthermore, an outlook for future strategies of low-cost feedstock and energy utilization for developing amino acid overproducers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Nana Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Hu Z, Weng Q, Cai Z, Zhang H. Optimization of fermentation conditions and medium components for chrysomycin a production by Streptomyces sp. 891-B6. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:120. [PMID: 38582825 PMCID: PMC10998411 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysomycin A (CA) is a promising antibiotic for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections and cancers. In order to enhance CA yield, optimization of fermentation conditions and medium components was carried out on strain Streptomyces sp. 891-B6, an UV-induced mutant with improved CA titer compared with its wide-type marine strain 891. RESULTS Using one-way experiment, the optimal fermentation conditions for CA production in 1-L shake flask were obtained as follows: 12 days of fermentation time, 5 days of seed age, 5% of inoculum volume ratio, 200 mL of loading volume and 6.5 of initial pH. By response surface methodology, the optimal medium components determined as glucose (39.283 g/L), corn starch (20.662 g/L), soybean meal (15.480 g/L) and CaCO3 (2.000 g/L). CONCLUSION Validation tests showed that the maximum yield of CA reached 1601.9 ± 56.7 mg/L, which was a 60% increase compared to the initial yield (952.3 ± 53.2 mg/L). These results provided an important basis for scale-up production of CA by strain 891-B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qiangang Weng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhehui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Effendi SSW, Ng IS. Challenges and opportunities for engineered Escherichia coli as a pivotal chassis toward versatile tyrosine-derived chemicals production. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108270. [PMID: 37852421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Growing concerns over limited fossil resources and associated environmental problems are motivating the development of sustainable processes for the production of high-volume fuels and high-value-added compounds. The shikimate pathway, an imperative pathway in most microorganisms, is branched with tyrosine as the rate-limiting step precursor of valuable aromatic substances. Such occurrence suggests the shikimate pathway as a promising route in developing microbial cell factories with multiple applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Therefore, an increasing number of studies have focused on this pathway to enable the biotechnological manufacture of pivotal and versatile aromatic products. With advances in genome databases and synthetic biology tools, genetically programmed Escherichia coli strains are gaining immense interest in the sustainable synthesis of chemicals. Engineered E. coli is expected to be the next bio-successor of fossil fuels and plants in commercial aromatics synthesis. This review summarizes successful and applicable genetic and metabolic engineering strategies to generate new chassis and engineer the iterative pathway of the tyrosine route in E. coli, thus addressing the opportunities and current challenges toward the realization of sustainable tyrosine-derived aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Usai G, Cordara A, Re A, Polli MF, Mannino G, Bertea CM, Fino D, Pirri CF, Menin B. Combining metabolite doping and metabolic engineering to improve 2-phenylethanol production by engineered cyanobacteria. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1005960. [PMID: 36204466 PMCID: PMC9530348 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1005960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a rose-scented aromatic compound, with broad application in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries. Many plants naturally synthesize 2-PE via Shikimate Pathway, but its extraction is expensive and low-yielding. Consequently, most 2-PE derives from chemical synthesis, which employs petroleum as feedstock and generates unwanted by products and health issues. The need for “green” processes and the increasing public demand for natural products are pushing biotechnological production systems as promising alternatives. So far, several microorganisms have been investigated and engineered for 2-PE biosynthesis, but a few studies have focused on autotrophic microorganisms. Among them, the prokaryotic cyanobacteria can represent ideal microbial factories thanks to their ability to photosynthetically convert CO2 into valuable compounds, their minimal nutritional requirements, high photosynthetic rate and the availability of genetic and bioinformatics tools. An engineered strain of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for 2-PE production, i.e., p120, was previously published elsewhere. The strain p120 expresses four heterologous genes for the complete 2-PE synthesis pathway. Here, we developed a combined approach of metabolite doping and metabolic engineering to improve the 2-PE production kinetics of the Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 p120 strain. Firstly, the growth and 2-PE productivity performances of the p120 recombinant strain were analyzed to highlight potential metabolic constraints. By implementing a BG11 medium doped with L-phenylalanine, we covered the metabolic burden to which the p120 strain is strongly subjected, when the 2-PE pathway expression is induced. Additionally, we further boosted the carbon flow into the Shikimate Pathway by overexpressing the native Shikimate Kinase in the Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 p120 strain (i.e., 2PE_aroK). The combination of these different approaches led to a 2-PE yield of 300 mg/gDW and a maximum 2-PE titer of 285 mg/L, 2.4-fold higher than that reported in literature for the p120 recombinant strain and, to our knowledge, the highest recorded for photosynthetic microorganisms, in photoautotrophic growth condition. Finally, this work provides the basis for further optimization of the process aimed at increasing 2-PE productivity and concentration, and could offer new insights about the use of cyanobacteria as appealing microbial cell factories for the synthesis of aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Usai
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology—DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cordara
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Cordara,
| | - Angela Re
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Polli
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences—DISAFA, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mannino
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cinzia Margherita Bertea
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Fino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology—DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology—DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Menin
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
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Biotechnological production of specialty aromatic and aromatic-derivative compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:80. [PMID: 35338395 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds are an important class of chemicals with different industrial applications. They are usually produced by chemical synthesis from petroleum-derived feedstocks, such as toluene, xylene and benzene. However, we are now facing threats from the excessive use of fossil fuels causing environmental problems such as global warming. Furthermore, fossil resources are not infinite, and will ultimately be depleted. To cope with these problems, the sustainable production of aromatic chemicals from renewable non-food biomass is urgent. With this in mind, the search for alternative methodologies to produce aromatic compounds using low-cost and environmentally friendly processes is becoming more and more important. Microorganisms are able to produce aromatic and aromatic-derivative compounds from sugar-based carbon sources. Metabolic engineering strategies as well as bioprocess optimization enable the development of microbial cell factories capable of efficiently producing aromatic compounds. This review presents current breakthroughs in microbial production of specialty aromatic and aromatic-derivative products, providing an overview on the general strategies and methodologies applied to build microbial cell factories for the production of these compounds. We present and describe some of the current challenges and gaps that must be overcome in order to render the biotechnological production of specialty aromatic and aromatic-derivative attractive and economically feasible at industrial scale.
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FT-NIR spectroscopy analysis for monitoring the microbial production of 2-phenylethanol using crude glycerol as carbon source. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zheng XY, Zhao SJ, Zhang YW, Nie F. L-tyrosine metabolic pathway in microorganisms and its application in the biosynthesis of plant-derived natural products. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_16_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Escalante A, Mendoza-Flores R, Gosset G, Bolívar F. The aminoshikimic acid pathway in bacteria as source of precursors for the synthesis of antibacterial and antiviral compounds. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6347350. [PMID: 34374768 PMCID: PMC8788734 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aminoshikimic acid (ASA) pathway comprises a series of reactions resulting in the synthesis of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), present in bacteria such as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces. AHBA is the precursor for synthesizing the mC7N units, the characteristic structural component of ansamycins and mitomycins antibiotics, compounds with important antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Furthermore, aminoshikimic acid, another relevant intermediate of the ASA pathway, is an attractive candidate for a precursor for oseltamivir phosphate synthesis, the most potent anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor treatment of both seasonal and pandemic influenza. This review discusses the relevance of the key intermediate AHBA as a scaffold molecule to synthesize diverse ansamycins and mitomycins. We describe the structure and control of the expression of the model biosynthetic cluster rif in A. mediterranei to synthesize ansamycins and review several current pharmaceutical applications of these molecules. Additionally, we discuss some relevant strategies developed for overproducing these chemicals, focusing on the relevance of the ASA pathway intermediates kanosamine, AHAB, and ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelfo Escalante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Rubén Mendoza-Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Guillermo Gosset
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Francisco Bolívar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Lv H, Zhang Y, Shao J, Liu H, Wang Y. Ferulic acid production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:70. [PMID: 38650224 PMCID: PMC10992898 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (p-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, FA) is a natural active substance present in plant cell walls, with antioxidant, anticancer, antithrombotic and other properties; it is widely used in medicine, food, and cosmetics. Production of FA by eco-friendly bioprocess is of great potential. In this study, FA was biosynthesized by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. As the first step, the genes tal (encoding tyrosine ammonia-lyase, RsTAL) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, sam5 (encoding p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, SeSAM5) from Saccharothrix espanaensis and comt (encoding Caffeic acid O-methytransferase, TaCM) from Triticum aestivum were cloned in an operon on the pET plasmid backbone, E. coli strain containing this construction was proved to produce FA from L-tyrosine successfully, and confirmed the function of TaCM as caffeic acid O-methytransferase. Fermentation result revealed JM109(DE3) as a more suitable host cell for FA production than BL21(DE3). After that the genes expression strength of FA pathway were optimized by tuning of promoter strength (T7 promoter or T5 promoter) and copy number (pBR322 or p15A), and the combination p15a-T5 works best. To further improve FA production, E. coli native pntAB, encoding pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, was selected from five NADPH regeneration genes to supplement redox cofactor NADPH for converting p-coumaric acid into caffeic acid in FA biosynthesis process. Sequentially, to further convert caffeic acid into FA, a non-native methionine kinase (MetK from Streptomyces spectabilis) was also overexpressed. Based on the flask fermentation data which show that the engineered E. coli strain produced 212 mg/L of FA with 11.8 mg/L caffeic acid residue, it could be concluded that it is the highest yield of FA achieved by E. coli K-12 strains reported to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haili Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Chang C, Liu B, Bao Y, Tao Y, Liu W. Efficient bioconversion of raspberry ketone in Escherichia coli using fatty acids feedstocks. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:68. [PMID: 33706766 PMCID: PMC7953670 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phenylpropanoid including raspberry ketone, is a kind of important natural plant product and widely used in pharmaceuticals, chemicals, cosmetics, and healthcare products. Bioproduction of phenylpropanoid in Escherichia coli and other microbial cell factories is an attractive approach considering the low phenylpropanoid contents in plants. However, it is usually difficult to produce high titer phenylpropanoid production when fermentation using glucose as carbon source. Developing novel bioprocess using alternative sources might provide a solution to this problem. In this study, typical phenylpropanoid raspberry ketone was used as the target product to develop a biosynthesis pathway for phenylpropanoid production from fatty acids, a promising alternative low-cost feedstock. Results A raspberry ketone biosynthesis module was developed and optimized by introducing 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), benzalacetone synthase (BAS), and raspberry ketone reductase (RZS) in Escherichia coli strains CR1–CR4. Then strain CR5 was developed by introducing raspberry ketone biosynthesis module into a fatty acids-utilization chassis FA09 to achieve production of raspberry ketone from fatty acids feedstock. However, the production of raspberry ketone was still limited by the low biomass and unable to substantiate whole-cell bioconversion process. Thus, a process by coordinately using fatty-acids and glycerol was developed. In addition, we systematically screened and optimized fatty acids-response promoters. The optimized promoter Pfrd3 was then successfully used for the efficient expression of key enzymes of raspberry ketone biosynthesis module during bioconversion from fatty acids. The final engineered strain CR8 could efficiently produce raspberry ketone repeatedly using bioconversion from fatty acids feedstock strategy, and was able to produce raspberry ketone to a concentration of 180.94 mg/L from soybean oil in a 1-L fermentation process. Conclusion Metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains were successfully developed for raspberry ketone production from fatty acids using several strategies, including optimization of bioconversion process and fine-tuning key enzyme expression. This study provides an essential reference to establish the low-cost biological manufacture of phenylpropanoids compounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01551-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yihong Bao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China. .,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China.
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, NO. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, NO. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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Sun L, Xin F, Alper HS. Bio-synthesis of food additives and colorants-a growing trend in future food. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107694. [PMID: 33388370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food additives and colorants are extensively used in the food industry to improve food quality and safety during processing, storage and packing. Sourcing of these molecules is predominately through three means: extraction from natural sources, chemical synthesis, and bio-production, with the first two being the most utilized. However, growing demands for sustainability, safety and "natural" products have renewed interest in using bio-based production methods. Likewise, the move to more cultured foods and meat alternatives requires the production of new additives and colorants. The production of bio-based food additives and colorants is an interdisciplinary research endeavor and represents a growing trend in future food. To highlight the potential of microbial hosts for food additive and colorant production, we focus on current advances for example molecules based on their utilization stage and bio-production yield as follows: (I) approved and industrially produced with high titers; (II) approved and produced with decent titers (in the g/L range), but requiring further engineering to reduce production costs; (III) approved and produced with very early stage titers (in the mg/L range); and (IV) new/potential candidates that have not been approved but can be sourced through microbes. Promising approaches, as well as current challenges and future directions will also be thoroughly discussed for the bioproduction of these food additives and colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Sun
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengjiao Xin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hal S Alper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, United States; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Maffei ME. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E181. [PMID: 33375373 PMCID: PMC7796270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo E Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
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Sato N, Kishida M, Nakano M, Hirata Y, Tanaka T. Metabolic Engineering of Shikimic Acid-Producing Corynebacterium glutamicum From Glucose and Cellobiose Retaining Its Phosphotransferase System Function and Pyruvate Kinase Activities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:569406. [PMID: 33015020 PMCID: PMC7511668 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.569406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of aromatic compounds by microbial production is a promising and sustainable approach for producing biomolecules for various applications. We describe the metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to increase its production of shikimic acid. Shikimic acid and its precursor-consuming pathways were blocked by the deletion of the shikimate kinase, 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, shikimate dehydratase, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphatase genes. Plasmid-based expression of shikimate pathway genes revealed that 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, encoded by aroG, and DHQ synthase, encoded by aroB, are key enzymes for shikimic acid production in C. glutamicum. We constructed a C. glutamicum strain with aroG, aroB and aroE3 integrated. This strain produced 13.1 g/L of shikimic acid from 50 g/L of glucose, a yield of 0.26 g-shikimic acid/g-glucose, and retained both its phosphotransferase system and its pyruvate kinase activity. We also endowed β-glucosidase secreting ability to this strain. When cellobiose was used as a carbon source, the strain produced shikimic acid at 13.8 g/L with the yield of 0.25 g-shikimic acid/g-glucose (1 g of cellobiose corresponds to 1.1 g of glucose). These results demonstrate the feasibility of producing shikimic acid and its derivatives using an engineered C. glutamicum strain from cellobiose as well as glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kishida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hirata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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