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Silva MAFS, Linhares CRB, Saboia-Dantas CJ, Limirio PHJO, de Assis Costa MDM, de Oliveira HAAB, Alves RN, Dechichi P. Fibrin Network and Platelets Densities in Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) Membranes Produced from Plastic Tubes Without Additives: A New Approach to PRF Clinical Use. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2024; 23:727-733. [PMID: 38911395 PMCID: PMC11189880 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-023-02103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose The present study aimed to investigate plastic tubes without additives as alternatives to glass and silica-coated plastic tubes, in the production of PRF membranes. Materials and Methods Nine blood samples were collected from eight volunteers (n = 8) separated into three groups, according to tube material: glass, silica-coated plastic, and plastic without additives. In each group, the samples were centrifuged using different relative centrifugation forces: L-PRF (700 g/12 min), A-PRF (200 g/14 min), and A-PRF + (200 g/8 min). The generated membranes were evaluated by histomorphometry, considering the fibrin network, platelet aggregates, and cellular morphology, by light microscopy. The ultrastructural cellular morphology integrity was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Results The L-PRF (p < 0.019) and A-PRF (p < 0.001) membranes showed a significantly lower fibrin network density in plastic tubes without additives compared to glass and silica-coated plastic tubes. Plastic tubes without additives revealed a significantly higher platelet percentage, regardless of the protocol (p < 0.005). In all groups, TEM analysis showed preserved normal morphological ultrastructure, maintaining the integrity of cellular components. Conclusion Plastic tubes without additives offer a viable alternative for producing PRF membranes. They exhibited a higher platelet density and demonstrated fibrin network and cellular morphology similar to those of glass and silica-coated plastic tubes, irrespective of the centrifugation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos José Saboia-Dantas
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair Research, Brain Storm Academy, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rosiane Nascimento Alves
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Avenida Pará 1720, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2B, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38.400-902 Brazil
- Biological Sciences Course, State University of Minas Gerais, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Paula Dechichi
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Avenida Pará 1720, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2B, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38.400-902 Brazil
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Salgado-Peralvo ÁO, Kewalramani N, Pérez-Jardón A, Pato-Mourelo J, Castro-Calderón A, Arriba-Fuente L, Pérez-Sayáns M. Understanding Solid-Based Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrices in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: An Integrative Review of the Critical Protocol Factors and Their Influence on the Final Product. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1903. [PMID: 38003952 PMCID: PMC10673335 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation platelet concentrate whose use in clinical practice has been widely disseminated. This has led to the development of several commercial protocols, creating great confusion as to the terminology and implications of each of them. This integrative review aims to identify the critical factors of each of the phases of the solid-based PRF matrix protocol and their possible influence on their macro- and microscopic characteristics. An electronic search of the MEDLINE database (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, and OpenGrey was carried out. The search was temporarily restricted from 2001 to 2022. After searching, 43 studies were included that met the established criteria. There were numerous factors to consider in the PRF protocol, such as the material of the blood collection tubes, the duration of phlebotomy, the parameters related to blood centrifugation, the time from centrifugation to dehydration of the fibrin clots and their dehydration into membranes, as well as the time to clinical use. These factors influenced the macro- and microscopic characteristics of the PRF and its physical properties, so knowledge of these factors allows for the production of optimised PRF by combining the protocols and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel-Orión Salgado-Peralvo
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.A.-F.)
| | - Naresh Kewalramani
- Department of Nursery and Stomatology, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alba Pérez-Jardón
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.P.-J.); (J.P.-M.)
| | - Jesús Pato-Mourelo
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.P.-J.); (J.P.-M.)
| | - Adriana Castro-Calderón
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.A.-F.)
| | - Lorenzo Arriba-Fuente
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.A.-F.)
| | - Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.P.-J.); (J.P.-M.)
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Saboia-Dantas CJ, Limirio PHJO, Costa MDMDA, Linhares CRB, Santana Silva MAF, Borges de Oliveira HAA, Dechichi P. Platelet-Rich Fibrin Progressive Protocol: Third Generation of Blood Concentrates. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 81:80-87. [PMID: 36209891 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has been used in several fields of dentistry to improve tissue healing. However, PRF from glass tubes results in a limited number of small membranes, increasing clinical difficulty and work time. The aim of this study was to evaluate cell and platelet amounts and biomechanical strength of PRF-giant membranes produced from plastic tubes without additives. MATERIAL AND METHODS The investigators designed an ex vivo study, to compare 3 different centrifugation protocols for obtaining PRF: 700 × g/12 minutes (leukocyte and PRF [L-PRF]), 350 × g/14 minutes (GM350), and 60-700 × g more than 15 minutes total (progressive PRF [PRO-PRF]). We collected blood samples from 5 volunteers aged 25-54 years, over 3 different time periods (triplicate and paired study). From each venipuncture, 4 mL of blood was collected in vacutainers with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and approximately 104 mL in 12 plastic tubes without additives, which were separated into 3 groups, as per the centrifugation protocols (n = 5): L-PRF, GM350, and PRO-PRF. The PRF from the tubes of the same protocol was aspirated and 9 mL were placed in polylactic acid (PLA) forms and 3 mL were placed in a glass receptacle. The membranes from PLA forms were tested for tensile strength and the membranes from glass receptacles were evaluated by histomorphometry, while platelets and leukocytes were counted for those in tubes with EDTA. Statistical analyses were performed using Shapiro-Wilk normality test and then a one-way repeated measures analysis followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test (α < 0.05). RESULTS In tensile analyses, PRO-PRF (0.85 ± 0.23 N) showed a significantly higher maximum breaking strength than L-PRF (0.61 ± 0.26 N, P = .01) and GM350 (0.58 ± 0.23 N, P < .01). The histomorphometry revealed no significant statistical difference in cell counts between the groups (P = .52). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the leukocyte (P = .25) and platelet counts (P = .59) in whole blood between the groups. CONCLUSION The progressive protocol (PRO-PRF) enabled the production of PRF giant membranes with greater tensile strength and adequate cell distribution. Moreover, it allows biomaterial incorporation during production and enables clinical control of membrane thickness and size as per the surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos José Saboia-Dantas
- Tissue Repair Research Laboratory, Brain Storm Academy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Rodrigues Borges Linhares
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Adelia Faleiro Santana Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Dechichi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Zhou Y, Liu X, She H, Wang R, Bai F, Xiang B. A silk fibroin/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite biomimetic bone scaffold combined with autologous concentrated growth factor promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and repair of critical bone defects. Regen Ther 2022; 21:307-321. [PMID: 36110973 PMCID: PMC9459434 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose With the goal of increasing the translational efficiency of bone tissue engineering for practical clinical applications, biomimetic composite scaffolds combined with autologous endogenous growth factors for repairing bone defects have become a current research hotspot. In this study, we prepared a silk fibroin/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite (SF/CS/nHA) composite biomimetic scaffold and then combined it with autologous concentrated growth factor (CGF) to explore the effect of this combination on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and the efficiency of repairing critical radial defects. Methods Three kinds of SF/CS/nHA composite biomimetic scaffolds with mass fractions of 3%, 4%, and 5% were prepared by vacuum freeze-drying and chemical cross-linking methods, and the characteristics of the scaffolds were evaluated. In vitro, BMSCs were seeded on SF/CS/nHA scaffolds, and then CGF was added. The morphology and proliferation of BMSCs were evaluated by live-dead staining, phalloidin staining, and CCK-8 assays. ALP staining, alizarin red staining, cellular immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and Western blotting were used to detect the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In vivo, a rabbit radius critical bone defect model was constructed, and the SF/CS/nHA-BMSC scaffold cell complex combined with CGF was implanted. The effect on bone defect repair was evaluated by 3D CT scanning, HE staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry. Results The characteristics of 4% SF/CS/nHA were the most suitable for repairing bone defects. In vitro, the SF/CS/nHA combined CGF group showed better adhesion, cell morphology, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs than the other groups (P < 0.05 for all). In vivo imaging examination and histological analysis demonstrated that the SF/CS/nHA scaffold combined with CGF had better efficiency in bone defect repair than the other scaffolds (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusions A SF/CS/nHA composite biomimetic bone scaffold combined with autologous CGF promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and improved the repair efficiency of critical bone defects in vivo. This combination may have the potential for clinical translation due to its excellent biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Hongjiang She
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Bingyan Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi 563000, China
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The effect of resting and compression time post-centrifugation on the characteristics of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membranes. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5281-5288. [PMID: 35451655 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of resting and compression time after centrifugation on the physical properties of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membranes, and to provide optimal guidance regarding the clinical preparation of PRF. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 12 volunteers enrolled in this study divided into 2 groups equally. For each volunteer, 6 tubes of 10 mL venous whole blood was drawn. To evaluate the influence of resting time after centrifugation, PRF clots were taken out 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min from tubes following centrifugation, and then the weight, size, maximum stress, and maximum strain of each group were measured. To evaluate the influence of compression time on the preparation of PRF membranes, the weight ratio of PRF membranes to PRF clots was calculated by compression for 10 s, 30 s, 60 s, 90 s, 120 s, and 180 s, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to observe the cross-linking of the fibers within membranes, and the maximum stress and strain of PRF membranes were tested followed by stress-strain curve analysis. RESULTS The weight and volume of PRF clots and PRF membranes increased in size and weight reached the top at 3 min, followed by a decrease after 7-min resting. The maximum strain of the PRF membranes after 10 min decreased significantly compared to the 3-min and 5-min groups. The maximum stress was found at 3 min followed by a statistical decrease when resting time went on. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the internal fibrous structure of the PRF membranes was looser when the compression time was less than 60 s when comparing the 90-s group. The maximum stress of PRF membranes was shown using a wait period of 3 min post-centrifugation followed by compression for 120 s. CONCLUSION The findings from the present study demonstrate that the time post-centrifugation of PRF membranes showed a maximum weight, volume, and mechanical properties after resting for 3-5 min in the tube post-centrifugation followed by a compression time of 120 s. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although research to date has focused primarily on centrifugation protocols, this study revealed for the first time that the resting time post-centrifugation greatly affected the mechanical properties of PRF. This study demonstrated that the resting and compression time after centrifugation influences the mechanical strength of PRF membranes, which might explain differences in PRF characteristics prepared by different clinicians that may provide a standard guide for preparation of PRF membranes.
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Fibrinogen Concentrations in Liquid PRF Using Various Centrifugation Protocols. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072043. [PMID: 35408442 PMCID: PMC9000261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is produced by fractionation of blood without additives that initiate coagulation. Even though liquid PRF is frequently utilized as a natural source of fibrinogen to prepare sticky bone, the concentration of fibrinogen and the overall amount of "clottable PRF" components have not been evaluated. To this aim, we prepared liquid PRF at 300, 700, and 2000 relative centrifugal force (RCF), for 8 min and quantified the fibrinogen levels by immunoassay. We report here that, independent of the RCF, the fibrinogen concentration is higher in the platelet-poor plasma (PPP) compared to the buffy coat (BC) fraction of liquid PRF and further decreases in the remaining red fraction. We then determined the weight of the clotted PRF fractions before and after removing the serum. The PPP and BC fractions consist of 10.2% and 25.3% clottable matrix suggesting that more than half of the weight of clottable BC is caused by cellular components. Our data provide insights into the distribution of fibrinogen in the different fractions of liquid PRF. These findings suggest that PPP is the main source of clottable fibrinogen, while the BC is more a cell source when it comes to the preparation of sticky bone.
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Castro AB, Andrade C, Li X, Pinto N, Teughels W, Quirynen M. Impact of g force and timing on the characteristics of platelet-rich fibrin matrices. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6038. [PMID: 33727689 PMCID: PMC7971031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, new centrifugation protocols for the preparation of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) have been introduced in an attempt to further improve the beneficial impact of these 2nd generation platelet concentrate membranes. This in-vitro study aimed to compare the biological and physical characteristics of three types of PRF membranes using two different centrifuges with adapted relative centrifugal forces (RCF): leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin, advanced platelet-rich fibrin, and advanced platelet-rich fibrin+. Release of growth factors, macroscopic dimensions, cellular content and mechanical properties of the respective membranes, prepared from blood of the same individual were explored. Furthermore, the impact of timing (blood draw-centrifugation and centrifugation-membrane preparation) was assessed morphologically as well as by electron microscopy scanning. No statistically significant differences amongst the three PRF modifications could be observed, neither in their release of growth factors or the cellular content, nor in clot/membrane dimensions. The difference between both centrifuges were negligible when the same g-force was used. A lower g-force, however, reduced membrane tensile strength. Timing in the preparation process had a significant impact. Adaptation of RCF only had a minimal impact on the final characteristics of PRF membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Castro
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok a - bus 07001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - C Andrade
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - X Li
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, BIOMAT and University Hospitals Leuven Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Pinto
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - W Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok a - bus 07001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok a - bus 07001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Sato A, Kawabata H, Aizawa H, Tsujino T, Isobe K, Watanabe T, Kitamura Y, Miron RJ, Kawase T. Distribution and quantification of activated platelets in platelet-rich fibrin matrices. Platelets 2020; 33:110-115. [PMID: 33284725 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1856359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has been widely applied in regenerative therapy owing to its simple preparation protocol. To date, the original protocol for preparing leukocyte-rich (L)-PRF has been modified to produce derivatives such as advanced (A)-PRF, concentrated growth factors (CGF), and horizontal (H)-PRF. However, these derivatives have not been rigorously compared to explore possible differences. We previously developed and validated a nondestructive near-infrared (NIR) imaging method to quantitatively examine the platelet distribution in PRF matrices. To further evaluate the characteristics of platelets in PRF, we herein examined the distribution of activated platelets. Four types of PRF matrices were prepared under different centrifugal conditions from blood samples obtained from the same healthy donors. After fixation and compression, the matrices were stained immunohistochemically without sectioning and visualized using an NIR imager. Qualitative morphological analysis revealed that whole platelets were distributed widely and homogeneously in H-PRF and A-PRF, but localized along the distal tube surface in L-PRF and CGF. Activated platelets were distributed as were whole platelets in A-PRF, L-PRF, and CGF, but localized mainly in the "buffy coat" region in H-PRF. Quantitative analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the ratio of activated to whole platelets between PRF derivatives. These findings suggest that platelet activation is similarly induced in fibrin matrices regardless of centrifugal speed or rotor angulation. However, only the H-PRF group was distinguishable from the other PRF derivatives in terms of activated platelet distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Kawabata
- Implant Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hachidai Aizawa
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tsujino
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Isobe
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Watanabe
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kitamura
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University Hospital, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Nakamura M, Aizawa H, Kawabata H, Sato A, Watanabe T, Isobe K, Kitamura Y, Tanaka T, Kawase T. Platelet adhesion on commercially pure titanium plates in vitro III: effects of calcium phosphate-blasting on titanium plate biocompatibility. Int J Implant Dent 2020; 6:74. [PMID: 33215329 PMCID: PMC7677422 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-020-00270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is often used to improve surface biocompatibility. We previously found that platelets rapidly adhere to plain commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) plates in the absence, but not in the presence, of plasma proteins. To further expand on these findings, in the present study, we switched titanium plates from a plain surface to a rough surface that is blasted with calcium phosphate (CaP) powder and then examined platelet adhesion and activation. METHODS Elemental distribution in CaP-blasted cp-Ti plates was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. PRP samples prepared from anticoagulated blood samples of six healthy, non-smoking adult male donors were loaded on CaP-blasted cp-Ti plates for 1 h and fixed for examination of platelet morphology and visualization of PDGF-B and platelet surface markers (CD62P, CD63) using scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Plain SUS316L stainless steel plates used in injection needles were also examined for comparison. RESULTS Significant amounts of calcium and phosphate were detected on the CaP-blasted cp-Ti surface. Platelets rapidly adhered to this surface, leading to higher activation. Platelets also adhered to the plain stainless surface; however, the levels of adhesion and activation were much lower than those observed on the CaP-blasted cp-Ti plate. CONCLUSIONS The CaP-blasted cp-Ti surface efficiently entraps and activates platelets. Biomolecules released from the activated platelets could be retained by the fibrin matrix on the surface to facilitate regeneration of the surrounding tissues. Thus, PRP immersion could not only eliminate surface air bubbles but also improve the biocompatibility of the implant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Atsushi Sato
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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Aizawa H, Tsujino T, Watanabe T, Isobe K, Kitamura Y, Sato A, Yamaguchi S, Okudera H, Okuda K, Kawase T. Quantitative Near-Infrared Imaging of Platelets in Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) Matrices: Comparative Analysis of Bio-PRF, Leukocyte-Rich PRF, Advanced-PRF and Concentrated Growth Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124426. [PMID: 32580336 PMCID: PMC7352590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a fibrin matrix enriched with platelets. The PRF matrix is thought to form a steep gradient of platelet density around the region corresponding to the buffy coat in anticoagulated blood samples. However, this phenomenon has not yet been proven. To visualize platelet distribution in PRF in a non-invasive manner, we utilized near-infrared (NIR) imaging technology. In this study, four types of PRF matrices, bio-PRF, advanced-PRF (A-PRF), leukocyte-rich PRF (L-PRF), and concentrated growth factors (CGF) were compared. Blood samples collected from healthy, non-smoking volunteers were immediately centrifuged using four different protocols in glass tubes. The fixed PRF matrices were sagittally divided into two equal parts, and subjected to modified immunohistochemical examination. After probing with NIR dye-conjugated secondary antibody, the CD41+ platelets were visualized using an NIR imager. In L-PRF and CGF, platelets were distributed mainly on and below the distal surface, while in bio-PRF and A-PRF, platelet distribution was widespread and homogenous. Among three regions of the PRF matrices (upper, middle, and lower), no significant differences were observed. These findings suggest that platelets aggregate on polymerizing fibrin fibers and float up as a PRF matrix into the plasma fraction, amending the current “gradient” theory of platelet distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hachidai Aizawa
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Tetsuhiro Tsujino
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Taisuke Watanabe
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Kazushige Isobe
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Yutaka Kitamura
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Sadahiro Yamaguchi
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Hajime Okudera
- Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (H.A.); (T.T.); (T.W.); (K.I.); (Y.K.); (A.S.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Kazuhiro Okuda
- Division of Periodontology, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-262-7559
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