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Gautam R, Ahmed R, Haugen E, Unal M, Fitzgerald S, Uppuganti S, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Nyman JS. Assessment of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy to detect differences in bone matrix quality. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123240. [PMID: 37591015 PMCID: PMC10528408 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Since spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) can acquire biochemical measurements of tissue quality through light scattering materials, we investigated the feasibility of this technique to acquire Raman bands related to the fracture resistance of bone. Designed to maximize signals at different offsets, a SORS probe was used to acquire spectra from cadaveric bone with and without skin-like tissue phantoms attenuating the light. Autoclaving the lateral side of femur mid-shafts from 5 female and 5 male donors at 100 °C and again at 120 °C reduced the yield stress of cortical beams subjected to three-point bending. It did not affect the volumetric bone mineral density or porosity. Without tissue phantoms, autoclaving affected more Raman characteristics of the organic matrix when determined by peak intensity ratios, but fewer matrix properties depended on the three offsets (5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm) when determined by band area ratios. The cut-off in the thickness of the tissue phantom layers was ∼4 mm for most properties, irrespective of offset. Matching trends when spectra were acquired without phantom layers between bone and the probe, ν1PO43-/Amide III and ν1PO43-/(proline + OH-proline) were higher and lower in the non-treated bone than in the autoclaved bone, respectively, when the thickness of tissue phantom layers was 4 mm. The layers, however, caused a loss of sensitivity to autoclaving-related changes in ν3CO3/ν1PO43- and crystallinity. Without advanced post-processing of Raman spectra, SORS acquisition through turbid layers can detect changes in Raman properties of bone that accompany a loss in bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Gautam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ezekiel Haugen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mustafa Unal
- Department of Bioengineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman 70200, Turkey
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, 410 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Breeze J, Fryer RN, Nguyen TTN, Ramasamy A, Pope D, Masouros SD. Injury modelling for strategic planning in protecting the national infrastructure from terrorist explosive events. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:565-569. [PMID: 35241623 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Terrorist events in the form of explosive devices have occurred and remain a threat currently to the population and the infrastructure of many nations worldwide. Injuries occur from a combination of a blast wave, energised fragments, blunt trauma and burns. The relative preponderance of each injury mechanism is dependent on the type of device, distance to targets, population density and the surrounding environment, such as an enclosed space, to name but a few. One method of primary prevention of such injuries is by modification of the environment in which the explosion occurs, such as modifying population density and the design of enclosed spaces. The Human Injury Predictor (HIP) tool is a computational model which was developed to predict the pattern of injuries following an explosion with the goal to inform national injury prevention strategies from terrorist attacks. HIP currently uses algorithms to predict the effects from primary and secondary blast and allows the geometry of buildings to be incorporated. It has been validated using clinical data from the '7/7' terrorist attacks in London and the 2017 Manchester Arena terrorist event. Although the tool can be used readily, it will benefit from further development to refine injury representation, validate injury scoring and enable the prediction of triage states. The tool can assist both in the design of future buildings and methods of transport, as well as the situation of critical emergency services required in the response following a terrorist explosive event. The aim of this paper is to describe the HIP tool in its current version and provide a roadmap for optimising its utility in the future for the protection of national infrastructure and the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johno Breeze
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
- Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - T-T N Nguyen
- Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Ramasamy
- Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - D Pope
- Physical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - S D Masouros
- Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ahmed R, Unal M, Gautam R, Uppuganti S, Derasari S, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Nyman JS. Sensitivity of the amide I band to matrix manipulation in bone: a Raman micro-spectroscopy and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy study. Analyst 2023; 148:4799-4809. [PMID: 37602820 PMCID: PMC10528211 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The fracture resistance of bone arises from the hierarchical arrangement of minerals, collagen fibrils (i.e., cross-linked triple helices of α1 and α2 collagen I chains), non-collagenous proteins, and water. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is not only sensitive to the relative fractions of these constituents, but also to the secondary structure of bone proteins. To assess the ability of RS to detect differences in the protein structure, we quantified the effect of sequentially autoclaving (AC) human cortical bone at 100 °C (∼34.47 kPa) and then at 120 °C (∼117.21 kPa) on the amide I band using a commercial Raman micro-spectroscopy (μRS) instrument and custom spatially offset RS (SORS) instrument in which rings of collection fiber optics are offset from the central excitation fiber optics within a hand-held, cylindrical probe. Being clinically viable, measurements by SORS involved collecting Raman spectra of cadaveric femur mid-shafts (5 male & 5 female donors) through layers of a tissue mimic. Otherwise, μRS and SORS measurements were acquired directly from each bone. AC-related changes in the helical status of collagen I were assessed using amide I sub-peak ratios (intensity, I, at ∼1670 cm-1 relative to intensities at ∼1610 cm-1 and ∼1640 cm-1). The autoclaving manipulation significantly decreased the selected amide I sub-peak ratios as well as shifted peaks at ∼1605 cm-1 (μRS), ∼1636 cm-1 (SORS) and ∼1667 cm-1 in both μRS and SORS. Compared to μRS, SORS detected more significant differences in the amide I sub-peak ratios when the fiber optic probe was directly applied to bone. SORS also detected AC-related decreases in I1670/I1610 and I1670/I1640 when spectra were acquired through layers of the tissue mimic with a thickness ≤2 mm by the 7 mm offset ring, but not with the 5 mm or 6 mm offset ring. Overall, the SORS instrument was more sensitive than the conventional μRS instrument to pressure- and temperature-related changes in the organic matrix that affect the fracture resistance of bone, but SORS analysis of the amide I band is limited to an overlying thickness layer of 2 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafay Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mustafa Unal
- Department of Bioengineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye 70200
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye 70200.
| | - Rekha Gautam
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, 410 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shrey Derasari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, 410 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, 410 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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Suchoń S, Burkacki M, Joszko K, Gzik-Zroska B, Wolański W, Sławiński G, Tavares JMRS, Gzik M. Lower Leg Injury Mechanism Investigation During an IED Blast Under a Vehicle Using an Anatomic Leg Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:725006. [PMID: 34869249 PMCID: PMC8635724 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.725006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attacks with improvised explosive device (IED) constituted the main threat to, for example, Polish soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. Improving safety during transport in an armored vehicle has become an important issue. The main purpose of the presented research is to investigate the mechanism of lower leg injuries during explosion under an armored vehicle. Using a numerical anatomic model of the lower leg, the analysis of the leg position was carried out. In all presented positions, the stress limit of 160 (MPa) was reached, which indicates bone damage. There is a difference in stress distribution in anatomic elements pointing to different injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Suchoń
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Michał Burkacki
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Kamil Joszko
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Bożena Gzik-Zroska
- Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wolański
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sławiński
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Military University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - João Manuel R S Tavares
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marek Gzik
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
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