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Brink KJ, McKenzie KL, Straight CR, O'Fallon KS, Kim SK, Likens AD. Altered movement dynamics in soldiers undergoing multiple bouts of load carriage. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 119:104315. [PMID: 38754256 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kolby J Brink
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Kari L McKenzie
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Chad R Straight
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Kevin S O'Fallon
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Seung Kyeom Kim
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aaron D Likens
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
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Johnson CC, Dzewaltowski AC, Dever DE, Krajewski KT, Rai A, Ahamed NU, Allison KF, Flanagan SD, Graham SM, Lovalekar M, Anderst WJ, Connaboy C. Load carriage changes tibiofemoral arthrokinematics during ambulatory tasks in recruit-aged women. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9542. [PMID: 38664550 PMCID: PMC11045865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of women into U.S. military ground close combat roles requires research into sex-specific effects of military training and operational activities. Knee osteoarthritis is prevalent among military service members; its progression has been linked to occupational tasks such as load carriage. Analyzing tibiofemoral arthrokinematics during load carriage is important to understand potentially injurious motion and osteoarthritis progression. The study purpose was to identify effects of load carriage on knee arthrokinematics during walking and running in recruit-aged women. Twelve healthy recruit-aged women walked and ran while unloaded (bodyweight [BW]) and carrying additional + 25%BW and + 45%BW. Using dynamic biplane radiography and subject-specific bone models, tibiofemoral arthrokinematics, subchondral joint space and center of closest contact location between subchondral bone surfaces were analyzed over 0-30% stance (separate one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, load by locomotion). While walking, medial compartment contact location was 5% (~ 1.6 mm) more medial for BW than + 45%BW at foot strike (p = 0.03). While running, medial compartment contact location was 4% (~ 1.3 mm) more lateral during BW than + 25%BW at 30% stance (p = 0.04). Internal rotation was greater at + 45%BW compared to + 25%BW (p < 0.01) at 30% stance. Carried load affects tibiofemoral arthrokinematics in recruit-aged women. Prolonged load carriage could increase the risk of degenerative joint injury in physically active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille C Johnson
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Orthopaedic Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex C Dzewaltowski
- Center of Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dennis E Dever
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kellen T Krajewski
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ajinkya Rai
- Orthopaedic Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katelyn F Allison
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Center of Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott M Graham
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Anderst
- Orthopaedic Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Center of Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wilson TJ, Likens AD. Running gait produces long range correlations: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2023; 102:171-179. [PMID: 37028119 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking and running are common forms of locomotion, both of which exhibit variability over many gait cycles. Many studies have investigated the patterns generated from that ebb and flow, and a large proportion suggests human gait exhibits Long Range Correlations (LRCs). LRCs refer to the observation that healthy gait characteristic, like stride times, are positively correlated to themselves over time. Literature on LRCs in walking gait is well known but less attention has been given to LRCs in running gait. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the state of the art concerning LRCs in running gait? METHODS We conducted a systematic review to identify the typical LRC patterns present in human running gait, in addition to disease, injury, and running surface effects on LRCs. Inclusion criteria were human subjects, running related experiments, computed LRCs, and experimental design. Exclusion criteria were studies on animals, non-humans, walking only, non-running, non-LRC analysis, and non-experiments. RESULTS The initial search returned 536 articles. After review and deliberation, our review included 26 articles. Almost every article produced strong evidence for LRCs apparent in running gait and in all running surfaces. Additionally, LRCs tended to decrease due to fatigue, past injury, increased load carriage and seem to be lowest at preferred running speed on a treadmill. No studies investigated disease effects on LRCs in running gait. SIGNIFICANCE LRCs seem to increase with deviations away from preferred running speed. Previously injured runners produced decreased LRCs compared to non-injured runners. LRCs also tended to decrease due to an increase in fatigue rate, which has been associated with increased injury rate. Lastly, there is a need for research on the typical LRCs in an overground environment, for which the typical LRCs found in a treadmill environment may or may not transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Wilson
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive S., Omaha NE 68182, United States.
| | - Aaron D Likens
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive S., Omaha NE 68182, United States
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Krajewski KT, Johnson CC, Ahamed NU, Moir GL, Mi Q, Flanagan SD, Anderst WJ, Connaboy C. Recruit-aged adults may preferentially weight task goals over deleterious cost functions during short duration loaded and imposed gait tasks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4910. [PMID: 36966216 PMCID: PMC10039906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal motor control that is stable and adaptable to perturbation is reflected in the temporal arrangement and regulation of gait variability. Load carriage and forced-marching are common military relevant perturbations to gait that have been implicated in the high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in military populations. We investigated the interactive effects of load magnitude and locomotion pattern on motor variability, stride regulation and spatiotemporal complexity during gait in recruit-aged adults. We further investigated the influences of sex and task duration. Healthy adults executed trials of running and forced-marching with and without loads at 10% above their gait transition velocity. Spatiotemporal parameters were analyzed using a goal equivalent manifold approach. With load and forced-marching, individuals used a greater array of motor solutions to execute the task goal (maintain velocity). Stride-to-stride regulation became stricter as the task progressed. Participants exhibited optimal spatiotemporal complexity with significant but not meaningful differences between sexes. With the introduction of load carriage and forced-marching, individuals relied on a strategy that maximizes and regulates motor solutions that achieve the task goal of velocity specifically but compete with other task functions. The appended cost penalties may have deleterious effects during prolonged execution, potentially increasing the risk of musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen T Krajewski
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Camille C Johnson
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gavin L Moir
- Exercise Science Department, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA, USA
| | - Qi Mi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Anderst
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Hoolihan B, Wheat J, Dascombe B, Vickery-Howe D, Middleton K. The effect of external loads and biological sex on coupling variability during load carriage. Gait Posture 2023; 100:236-242. [PMID: 36640597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Load carriage is a fundamental requirement for military personnel that commonly results in lower-limb injuries. Coupling variability represents a potential injury mechanism for such repetitive tasks and its unknown whether external loads and biological sex affect coupling variability during load carriage. RESEARCH QUESTION Is there a sex-by-load interaction during load carriage at self-selected walking speeds? METHODS Twenty-six participants (13 males, 13 females) completed three 10-minute treadmill-based trials wearing body-borne external load (0 %BM, 20 %BM, and 40 %BM) at load-specific self-selected walking speeds. A Vicon motion capture system tracked markers with a lower-body direct-kinematic model calculating sagittal-plane segment kinematics of the thigh, shank, and foot across 19 strides. Continuous relative phase standard deviation (CRPv) provided a measure of coupling variability for each coupling angle (Thigh-Shank and Shank-Foot). The CRPv for each load and sex was compared using statistical parametric mapping repeated measures ANOVA and paired t tests. RESULTS Significant sex-by-load interactions were reported for the Thigh-Shank coupling. Males demonstrated no significant load differences in CRPv, however, females displayed significantly higher CRPv in the 40 %BM than the 0 %BM condition. A significant main effect of load was observed in the Shank-Foot coupling, with the 40 %BM having significantly greater CRPv than the other load conditions. SIGNIFICANCE Both biological sex and external loads significantly affected CRPv during load carriage at self-selected walking speeds. Females demonstrated greater CRPv at the heavier loads, suggesting that the perturbation from the heavier mass increases coupling variability, which may also be amplified by a greater total passive load due to their relatively higher adipose tissue compared to males. The consistent CRPv in males suggests that higher relative loads may be required to change coupling variability. Collectively, these results suggest that external load affects the coupling variability of males and females differently, providing potential for injury screening and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Hoolihan
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia; Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Wheat
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ben Dascombe
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Danielle Vickery-Howe
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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McNairn J, Tait J, Harlow M, Yang P, Beaudette B, Dhillon P. Putting your best weighted foot forward: Reviewing lower extremity injuries by sex in weighted military marching. JOURNAL OF MILITARY, VETERAN AND FAMILY HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
LAY SUMMARY International marching events, such as the Nijmegen Marches, have a prominent place in Canadian military history, and participation continues today. In the Dutch military, the load carriage requirements previously differed by sex, with men carrying 10 kilograms during the march and women carrying no weight. The Canadian delegation requires both male and female participants to carry 10 kilograms. This article examines the effect of this policy on possible injuries using a Gender-based Analysis Plus lens. Weight carriage should focus on anthropometric factors, not sex, which will allow for appropriate and equal increased stresses (weight) for march participants while minimizing injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta McNairn
- Canadian Forces Health Services Group (Atlantic), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Justin Tait
- Department of Family Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeline Harlow
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul Dhillon
- 12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Nonlinear Analyses Distinguish Load Carriage Dynamics in Walking and Standing: A Systematic Review. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:434-447. [PMID: 36170973 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Load carriage experiments are typically performed from a linear perspective that assumes that movement variability is equivalent to error or noise in the neuromuscular system. A complimentary, nonlinear perspective that treats variability as the object of study has generated important results in movement science outside load carriage settings. To date, no systematic review has yet been conducted to understand how load carriage dynamics change from a nonlinear perspective. The goal of this systematic review is to fill that need. Relevant literature was extracted and reviewed for general trends involving nonlinear perspectives on load carriage. Nonlinear analyses that were used in the reviewed studies included sample, multiscale, and approximate entropy; the Lyapunov exponent; fractal analysis; and relative phase. In general, nonlinear tools successfully distinguish between unloaded and loaded conditions in standing and walking, although not in a consistent manner. The Lyapunov exponent and entropy were the most used nonlinear methods. Two noteworthy findings are that entropy in quiet standing studies tends to decrease, whereas the Lyapunov exponent in walking studies tends to increase, both due to added load. Thus, nonlinear analyses reveal altered load carriage dynamics, demonstrating promise in applying a nonlinear perspective to load carriage while also underscoring the need for more research.
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Liao Y, Gao Y, Zheng J. A method of classification decision based on multi-BiLSTMs for physical loads hierarchy. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35920611 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2106785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Human gait is systematically deformed by physical loads, this study constructs and evaluates an algorithm for classifying different levels of physical loads. The algorithm uses wearable IMUs data to classify different levels of loads. We aim to evaluate classification as strategy for multi-loads recognition for the control of wearable exoskeletons. 10 adults participated in the experiment. In the experiment, the subjects walked on flat ground carrying a backpack with different weight of loads (0, 15 and 25 kg), and three sensors on the lower limbs collected the subjects' gait data in real time. In this study, a method of classification decision based on multiple bidirectional long short-term memory(multi-BiLSTMs) was proposed which was used to classify the load level of the collected data. The classification accuracy of this method reached 94.1%, and the F-score was 0.935-0.952. Compared with LSTM and BiLSTM, the proposed method has better performance in accuracy of load classification. The results of this study contribute to quantify the load, which has promising applications in the medical and labor protection fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibing Liao
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Gao
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbin Zheng
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Krajewski KT, Allen IT, Johnson CC, Dever DE, Ahamed NU, Flanagan SD, Mi Q, Anderst WJ, Connaboy C. Loaded forced-marching shifts mechanical contributions proximally and disrupts stride-to-stride joint work modulation in recruit aged women. Gait Posture 2021; 88:22-27. [PMID: 33957553 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military personnel in combat roles often perform gait tasks with additional load, which can affect the contributions of joint mechanical work (positive and negative). Furthermore, different locomotion patterns can also affect joint specific work contributions. While mean behavior of joint work is important to understanding gait, changes in joint kinetic modulation, or the regulation/control of stride-to-stride joint work variability is necessary to elucidate locomotor system function. Suboptimal modulation exhibited as a stochastic time-series (large fluctuation followed by an opposite smaller fluctuation) could potentially affect locomotion efficiency and portend injury risk. It remains unclear how the locomotor system responds to a combination of load perturbations and varying locomotion patterns. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the interactive effects of load magnitude and locomotion pattern on joint positive/negative work and joint work modulation in healthy, active, recruit-aged women? METHODS Eleven healthy, active, recruit-aged (18-33 years) women ran and forced-marched (walking at a velocity an individual would typically jog) in bodyweight (BW), an additional 25 % of BW (+25 %BW) and an additional 45 % of BW (+45 %BW) conditions at a velocity above their gait transition velocity. Joint work was calculated as the time integral of joint power. Joint work modulation was assessed with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) on consecutive joint work time-series. RESULTS Joint work contributions shifted proximally for forced-marching demonstrated by lesser (p < .001) positive/negative ankle work but greater (p = .001) positive hip work contributions compared to running. Running exhibited optimal positive ankle work modulation compared to forced-marching (p = .040). Knee and ankle negative joint work modulation was adversely impacted compared to the hip during forced-marching (p < .001). SIGNIFICANCE Employing forced-marching gait while under loads of 25 and 45 % of BW reduces the ability of the plantar-flexors and knee extensors to optimally contribute to energy absorption and propulsion in recruit-aged women, potentially reducing metabolic efficiency and increasing injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ian T Allen
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Camille C Johnson
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis E Dever
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qi Mi
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Anderst
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Increases in Load Carriage Magnitude and Forced Marching Change Lower-Extremity Coordination in Physically Active, Recruit-Aged Women. J Appl Biomech 2021; 37:343-350. [PMID: 34051696 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the interactive effects of load magnitude and locomotion pattern on lower-extremity joint angles and intralimb coordination in recruit-aged women. Twelve women walked, ran, and forced marched at body weight and with loads of +25%, and +45% of body weight on an instrumented treadmill with infrared cameras. Joint angles were assessed in the sagittal plane. Intralimb coordination of the thigh-shank and shank-foot couple was assessed with continuous relative phase. Mean absolute relative phase (entire stride) and deviation phase (stance phase) were calculated from continuous relative phase. At heel strike, forced marching exhibited greater (P < .001) hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion compared with running. At mid-stance, knee flexion (P = .007) and ankle dorsiflexion (P = .04) increased with increased load magnitude for all locomotion patterns. Forced marching (P = .009) demonstrated a "stiff-legged" locomotion pattern compared with running, evidenced by the more in-phase mean absolute relative phase values. Running (P = .03) and walking (P = .003) had greater deviation phase than forced marching. Deviation phase increased for running (P = .03) and walking (P < .001) with increased load magnitude but not for forced marching. With loads of >25% of body weight, forced marching may increase risk of injury due to inhibited energy attenuation up the kinetic chain and lack of variability to disperse force across different supportive structures.
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Drew MD, Krammer SM, Brown TN. Effects of prolonged walking with body borne load on knee adduction biomechanics. Gait Posture 2021; 84:192-197. [PMID: 33360641 PMCID: PMC7902390 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soldiers that suffer a service-related knee musculoskeletal injury routinely develop joint osteoarthritis. Knee osteoarthritis is a substantial and costly problem among soldiers, yet it is unknown how body borne load and duration of walking impact knee adduction biomechanics linked to progression and severity of osteoarthritis. RESEARCH QUESTION This study determined the adaptations in magnitude and variability of knee adduction joint angle (KAA) and moment (KAM) during prolonged walking with body borne load. METHODS Thirteen recreationally active participants had knee biomechanics quantified while walking over-ground for 60-min at 1.3 m/s with three body borne loads (0, 15, and 30 kg). Magnitude and variability of KAA and KAM measures were quantified and submitted to a RM ANOVA to test the main effect and interactions between load (0, 15 and 30 kg) and time (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min). RESULTS Body borne load increased peak KAM (p < 0.001), whereas time increased peak and range of KAA (both: p < 0.001). Specifically, peak KAM increased with each addition of body borne load (all: p < 0.025), and peak and range of KAA increased after 30 min of walking (both: p < 0.040). Neither body borne load, nor time had a significant effect on KAA or KAM variability (both: p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Prolonged walking with heavy body borne load increased knee adduction biomechanics related to osteoarthritis. Adding heavy body borne load increased in peak KAM whereas duration of walking increased KAA, knee biomechanics that may increase loading of the medial knee joint compartment and risk of OA at the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Drew
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA submitted to Gait and Posture
| | - Samantha M. Krammer
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA submitted to Gait and Posture
| | - Tyler N. Brown
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA submitted to Gait and Posture
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