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Berger MB, Bosh K, Deng J, Jacobs TW, Cohen DJ, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Wnt16 Increases Bone-to-Implant Contact in an Osteopenic Rat Model by Increasing Proliferation and Regulating the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1744-1762. [PMID: 38517621 PMCID: PMC11082046 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Osseointegration is a complex biological cascade that regulates bone regeneration after implant placement. Implants possessing complex multiscale surface topographies augment this regenerative process through the regulation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) that are in contact with the implant surface. One pathway regulating osteoblastic differentiation is Wnt signaling, and upregulation of non-canonical Wnts increases differentiation of MSCs on these titanium substrates. Wnt16 is a non-canonical Wnt shown to regulate bone morphology in mouse models. This study evaluated the role of Wnt16 during surface-mediated osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs in vitro and osseointegration in vivo. MSCs were cultured on Ti substrates with different surface properties and non-canonical Wnt expression was determined. Subsequently, MSCs were cultured on Ti substrates +/-Wnt16 (100 ng/mL) and anti-Wnt16 antibodies (2 μg/mL). Wnt16 expression was increased in cells grown on microrough surfaces that were processed to be hydrophilic and have nanoscale roughness. However, treatment MSCs on these surfaces with exogenous rhWnt16b increased total DNA content and osteoprotegerin production, but reduced osteoblastic differentiation and production of local factors necessary for osteogenesis. Addition of anti-Wnt16 antibodies blocked the inhibitor effects of Wnt16. The response to Wnt16 was likely independent of other osteogenic pathways like Wnt11-Wnt5a signaling and semaphorin 3a signaling. We used an established rat model of cortical and trabecular femoral bone impairment following botox injections (2 injections of 8 units/leg each, starting and maintenance doses) to assess Wnt16 effects on whole bone morphology and implant osseointegration. Wnt16 injections did not alter whole bone morphology significantly (BV/TV, cortical thickness, restoration of trabecular bone) but were effective at increasing cortical bone-to-implant contact during impaired osseointegration in the botox model. The mechanical quality of the increased bone was not sufficient to rescue the deleterious effects of botox. Clinically, these results are important to understand the interaction of cortical and trabecular bone during implant integration. They suggest a role for Wnt16 in modulating bone remodeling by reducing osteoclastic activity. Targeted strategies to temporally regulate Wnt16 after implant placement could be used to improve osseointegration by increasing the net pool of osteoprogenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Berger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Kyla Bosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Jingyao Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Thomas W Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
- Department of Periodontology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Kara Özenler A, Distler T, Akkineni AR, Tihminlioglu F, Gelinsky M, Boccaccini AR. 3D bioprinting of mouse pre-osteoblasts and human MSCs using bioinks consisting of gelatin and decellularized bone particles. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025027. [PMID: 38394672 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad2c98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in biofabrication applications is to obtain bioinks that provide a balance between printability, shape fidelity, cell viability, and tissue maturation. Decellularization methods allow the extraction of natural extracellular matrix, preserving tissue-specific matrix proteins. However, the critical challenge in bone decellularization is to preserve both organic (collagen, proteoglycans) and inorganic components (hydroxyapatite) to maintain the natural composition and functionality of bone. Besides, there is a need to investigate the effects of decellularized bone (DB) particles as a tissue-based additive in bioink formulation to develop functional bioinks. Here we evaluated the effect of incorporating DB particles of different sizes (≤45 and ≤100μm) and concentrations (1%, 5%, 10% (wt %)) into bioink formulations containing gelatin (GEL) and pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) or human mesenchymal stem cells (hTERT-MSCs). In addition, we propose a minimalistic bioink formulation using GEL, DB particles and cells with an easy preparation process resulting in a high cell viability. The printability properties of the inks were evaluated. Additionally, rheological properties were determined with shear thinning and thixotropy tests. The bioprinted constructs were cultured for 28 days. The viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells were evaluated using biochemical assays and fluorescence microscopy. The incorporation of DB particles enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity which might be due to the natural collagen and hydroxyapatite content of DB particles. Alkaline phosphatase activity is increased significantly by using DB particles, notably, without an osteogenic induction of the cells. Moreover, fluorescence images display pronounced cell-material interaction and cell attachment inside the constructs. With these promising results, the present minimalistic bioink formulation is envisioned as a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering as a clinically translatable material with straightforward preparation and high cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Kara Özenler
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Bioengineering, İzmir 35433, Turkey
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ashwini Rahul Akkineni
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Funda Tihminlioglu
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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De Mori A, Alasa UJ, Mühlhölzl A, Blunn G. Slipper Limpet ( Crepidula fornicata) Shells Support In Vitro Osteogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040248. [PMID: 37103387 PMCID: PMC10142914 DOI: 10.3390/md21040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate a cost-effective alternative to man-made calcium phosphate ceramics for treating bone defects. The slipper limpet is an invasive species in European coastal waters, and its shells composed of calcium carbonate could potentially be a cost-effective source of bone graft substitutes. This research analyzed the mantle of the slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicata) shells to enhance in vitro bone formation. Discs machined from the mantle of C. fornicata were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray crystallography (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and profilometry. Calcium release and bioactivity were also studied. Cell attachment, proliferation, and osteoblastic differentiation (RT-qPCR and alkaline phosphatase activity) were measured in human adipose-derived stem cells grown on the mantle surface. The mantle material was mainly composed of aragonite and showed a sustained Ca2+ release at physiological pH. In addition, apatite formation was observed in simulated body fluid after three weeks, and the materials supported osteoblastic differentiation. Overall, our findings suggest the mantle of C. fornicata shows potential as a material for fabricating bone graft substitutes and structural biomaterials for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna De Mori
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Umoru Junior Alasa
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Alex Mühlhölzl
- Mikota Ltd., Pembroke Dock, Pembrokeshire, Wales SA72 6AE, UK
| | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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Berger MB, Cohen DJ, Snyder K, Sions J, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Bone marrow stromal cells are sensitive to discrete surface alterations in build and post-build modifications of bioinspired Ti6Al4V 3D-printed in vitro testing constructs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:829-845. [PMID: 36372947 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current standards in bone-facing implant fabrication by metal 3D (M3D) printing require post-manufacturing modifications to create distinct surface properties and create implant microenvironments that promote osseointegration. However, the biological consequences of build parameters and surface modifications are not well understood. This study evaluated the relative contributions of build parameters and post-manufacturing modification techniques to cell responses that impact osseointegration in vivo. Biomimetic testing constructs were created by using a M3D printer with standard titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti6Al4V) print parameters. These constructs were treated by either grit-blasting and acid-etching (GB + AE) or GB + AE followed by hot isostatic pressure (HIP) (GB + AE, HIP). Next, nine constructs were created by using a M3D printer with three build parameters: (1) standard, (2) increased hatch spacing, and (3) no infill, and additional contour trace. Each build type was further processed by either GB + AE, or HIP, or a combination of HIP treatment followed by GB + AE (GB + AE, HIP). Resulting constructs were assessed by SEM, micro-CT, optical profilometry, XPS, and mechanical compression. Cellular response was determined by culturing human bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) for 7 days. Surface topography differed depending on processing method; HIP created micro-/nano-ridge like structures and GB + AE created micro-pits and nano-scale texture. Micro-CT showed decreases in closed pore number and closed porosity after HIP treatment in the third build parameter constructs. Compressive moduli were similar for all constructs. All constructs exhibited ability to differentiate MSCs into osteoblasts. MSCs responded best to micro-/nano-structures created by final post-processing by GB + AE, increasing OCN, OPG, VEGFA, latent TGFβ1, IL4, and IL10. Collectively these data demonstrate that M3D-printed constructs can be readily manufactured with distinct architectures based on the print parameters and post-build modifications. MSCs are sensitive to discrete surface topographical differences that may not show up in qualitative assessments of surface properties and respond by altering local factor production. These factors are vital for osseointegration after implant insertion, especially in patients with compromised bone qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Berger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kyle Snyder
- Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing, Virginia, USA
| | - John Sions
- Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing, Virginia, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Periodontology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Reyes-Peces MV, Fernández-Montesinos R, Mesa-Díaz MDM, Vilches-Pérez JI, Cárdenas-Leal JL, de la Rosa-Fox N, Salido M, Piñero M. Structure-Related Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity of Silica-Gelatin Hybrid Aerogels for Bone Regeneration. Gels 2023; 9:gels9010067. [PMID: 36661833 PMCID: PMC9858756 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of mesoporous silica-gelatin hybrid aerogels with 15, 25, and 30 wt. % gelatin contents, using 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as a coupling agent, for tissue-engineering applications. Aerogels were obtained using a one-step sol-gel process followed by CO2 supercritical drying, resulting in crack-free monolith samples with bulk densities ranging from 0.41 g cm-3 to 0.66 g cm-3. Nitrogen adsorption measurements revealed an interconnected mesopore network and a general decrease in the textural parameters: specific surface areas (651-361 m2 g-1), pore volume (1.98-0.89 cm3 g-1), and pore sizes (10.8-8.6 nm), by increasing gelatin content. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and uniaxial compression experiments confirmed that the structure, thermal properties and mechanical behavior of these aerogels changed significantly when the concentration of gelatin reached 25 wt.%, suggesting that this composition corresponds to the percolation threshold of the organic phase. In addition, the samples exhibited hydrophilic behavior and extremely fast swelling in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), with swelling ratios from 2.32 to 3.32. Furthermore, in vitro bioactivity studies revealed a strong relationship between the kinetics of the nucleation and growth processes of hydroxyapatite in simulated body fluid (SBF) and the gelatin content. The live/dead assay revealed no cytotoxicity in HOB® osteoblasts in vitro and a positive influence on cell growth, focal adhesion development, and cytoskeletal arrangement for cell adhesion. Mineralization assays confirmed the positive effects of the samples on osteoblast differentiation. The biomaterials described are versatile, can be easily sterilized and are suitable for a wide range of applications in bone tissue-engineering, either alone or in combination with bioactive-reinforced phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V. Reyes-Peces
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Montesinos
- Departamento de Histología, SCIBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11004 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Cádiz, (INIBICA), Universidad de Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - María del Mar Mesa-Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Instituto de Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Vilches-Pérez
- Departamento de Histología, SCIBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11004 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Cádiz, (INIBICA), Universidad de Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Cárdenas-Leal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Nicolás de la Rosa-Fox
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Instituto de Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salido
- Departamento de Histología, SCIBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11004 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Cádiz, (INIBICA), Universidad de Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Piñero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Instituto de Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Ren WH, Xin S, Yang K, Yu YB, Li SM, Zheng JJ, Huang K, Zeng RC, Yang XX, Gao L, Li SQ, Zhi K. Strontium‐Doped Hydroxyapatite Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoporotic Rats through the CaSR‐JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University No.1677 Wutaishan Road Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shanshan Xin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University No.1677 Wutaishan Road Qingdao 266003 China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266590 China
| | - Yan-Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
| | - Shao-Ming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University No.1677 Wutaishan Road Qingdao 266003 China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Jing-Jing Zheng
- Department of Endodontics The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Radiology The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Rong-Chang Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266590 China
| | - Xiao-Xia Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University No.1677 Wutaishan Road Qingdao 266003 China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University No.1677 Wutaishan Road Qingdao 266003 China
- Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shuo-Qi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266590 China
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University No.1677 Wutaishan Road Qingdao 266003 China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
- Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
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The Biological Basis for Surface-dependent Regulation of Osteogenesis and Implant Osseointegration. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:e894-e898. [PMID: 35383608 PMCID: PMC9464448 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells are regulated by the chemical and physical features of a biomaterial surface. When grown on titanium (Ti) and Ti alloy surfaces, such as titanium-aluminum-vanadium, with specific topographies that mimic the microscale, mesoscale, and nanoscale features of an osteoclast resorption pit, they undergo a rapid change in cell shape to assume a columnar morphology typical of a secretory osteoblast. These cells exhibit markers associated with an osteoblast phenotype, including osteocalcin and osteopontin, and they secrete factors associated with osteogenesis, including bone morphogenetic protein 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neurotrophic semaphorins. The pathway involves a shift in integrin expression from α5β1 to α2β1 and signaling by Wnt5a rather than Wnt3a. Conditioned media from these cultures can stimulate vasculogenesis by human endothelial cells and osteoblastic differentiation of marrow stromal cells not grown on the biomimetic substrate, suggesting that the surface could promote osteogenesis in vivo through similar mechanisms. In vivo studies using a variety of animal models confirm that implants with biomimetic surfaces result in improved osseointegration compared with Ti implants with smooth surfaces, as do meta-analyses comparing clinical performance of implant surface topographies.
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Juhl OJ, Merife A, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ. Inhibition of focal adhesion turnover prevents osteoblastic differentiation through β‐catenin mediated transduction of pro‐osteogenic substrate. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1573-1586. [PMID: 35099117 PMCID: PMC9306686 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which substrate surface characteristics are transduced by osteoblastic cells and their progenitors is not fully known. Data from previous studies by our group suggest the involvement of β‐catenin in the mechanism by which substrate surface characteristics are transduced. This focal adhesion and β‐catenin mediated mechanism functions through the liberation of β‐catenin from focal adhesion complexes in response to pro‐osteogenic substrate (POS) characteristics. After liberation, β‐catenin translocates and facilitates upregulation of genes associated with osteogenesis. It is not known whether the observed correlation between focal adhesion turnover and β‐catenin translocation directly results from focal adhesion turnover. In this study we inhibited focal adhesion turnover using a focal adhesion kinase inhibitor PF‐573228. We found that inhibition of focal adhesion turnover resulted in an abrogation of the more rapid translocation and increased transcriptional activity of β‐catenin induced by POS. In addition, inhibition of focal adhesion turnover mitigated the increase in osteoblastic differentiation induced by a POS as measured by alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity and osteogenic gene and protein expression. Together, these data, coupled with previous findings, suggest that the observed β‐catenin translocation is a result of focal adhesion turnover, providing evidence for a focal adhesion initiated, β‐catenin mediated mechanism of substrate surface signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J. Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Anna‐Blessing Merife
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Henry J. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
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