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Fujiwara H, Imai H, Kimura A. Development of stopped-flow hyper-CEST NMR method on recirculating hyperpolarization system as applied to void space analysis in polymers. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00661-0. [PMID: 39254883 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
129Xe NMR spectroscopy of polymers can provide important information on void spaces, sometimes called free volume, in polymers. Unfortunately, the spectroscopy's low sensitivity has limited its widespread use in both academic and industrial research. In order to overcome such a difficult situation, hyper-CEST method which employs hyperpolarization and CEST techniques, is examined after the introduction of recirculation and subtraction modes. Alongside the incorporated stopped-flow technique, these modes were very efficient in detecting very weak hidden signals from cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and silk fibroin (SF) films and in discussing the void space in these polymers. From the analysis of detailed saturation frequency dependence in the increment of 100 Hz, the chemical shifts of hidden peaks were successfully determined to give reasonable values for the size of void space in CNF and SF. Application on thermoplastic polyurethane film also supported our method of analysis. The subtraction mode was very efficient in judging the presence or absence of any peak at a fixed saturation frequency. These facts support that the mode will surely be useful in the future exploratory study of very weak hidden signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Fujiwara
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Area of Medical Imaging Technology and Science, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- MR MedChem Research, LLC, 2-11-28 Aoshinke, Minoo, Osaka, 562-0024, Japan.
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuomi Kimura
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Area of Medical Imaging Technology and Science, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Di Francesco D, Pigliafreddo A, Casarella S, Di Nunno L, Mantovani D, Boccafoschi F. Biological Materials for Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts: Overview of Recent Advancements. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1389. [PMID: 37759789 PMCID: PMC10526356 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical demand for tissue-engineered vascular grafts is still rising, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome, in particular, to obtain functional small-diameter grafts. The many advances made in cell culture, biomaterials, manufacturing techniques, and tissue engineering methods have led to various promising solutions for vascular graft production, with available options able to recapitulate both biological and mechanical properties of native blood vessels. Due to the rising interest in materials with bioactive potentials, materials from natural sources have also recently gained more attention for vascular tissue engineering, and new strategies have been developed to solve the disadvantages related to their use. In this review, the progress made in tissue-engineered vascular graft production is discussed. We highlight, in particular, the use of natural materials as scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Di Francesco
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Alexa Pigliafreddo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Simona Casarella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Luca Di Nunno
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (S.C.); (L.D.N.)
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Mu X, Amouzandeh R, Vogts H, Luallen E, Arzani M. A brief review on the mechanisms and approaches of silk spinning-inspired biofabrication. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1252499. [PMID: 37744248 PMCID: PMC10512026 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1252499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk spinning, observed in spiders and insects, exhibits a remarkable biological source of inspiration for advanced polymer fabrications. Because of the systems design, silk spinning represents a holistic and circular approach to sustainable polymer fabrication, characterized by renewable resources, ambient and aqueous processing conditions, and fully recyclable "wastes." Also, silk spinning results in structures that are characterized by the combination of monolithic proteinaceous composition and mechanical strength, as well as demonstrate tunable degradation profiles and minimal immunogenicity, thus making it a viable alternative to most synthetic polymers for the development of advanced biomedical devices. However, the fundamental mechanisms of silk spinning remain incompletely understood, thus impeding the efforts to harness the advantageous properties of silk spinning. Here, we present a concise and timely review of several essential features of silk spinning, including the molecular designs of silk proteins and the solvent cues along the spinning apparatus. The solvent cues, including salt ions, pH, and water content, are suggested to direct the hierarchical assembly of silk proteins and thus play a central role in silk spinning. We also discuss several hypotheses on the roles of solvent cues to provide a relatively comprehensive analysis and to identify the current knowledge gap. We then review the state-of-the-art bioinspired fabrications with silk proteins, including fiber spinning and additive approaches/three-dimensional (3D) printing. An emphasis throughout the article is placed on the universal characteristics of silk spinning developed through millions of years of individual evolution pathways in spiders and silkworms. This review serves as a stepping stone for future research endeavors, facilitating the in vitro recapitulation of silk spinning and advancing the field of bioinspired polymer fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Zhang J, Guo Y, Bai Y, Wei Y. Application of biomedical materials in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:298. [PMID: 37626396 PMCID: PMC10463704 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a cardiovascular emergency and the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammatory and immune responses are initiated immediately after MI, leading to myocardial death, scarring, and ventricular remodeling. Current therapeutic approaches emphasize early restoration of ischemic myocardial reperfusion, but there is no effective treatment for the pathological changes of infarction. Biomedical materials development has brought new hope for MI diagnosis and treatment. Biomedical materials, such as cardiac patches, hydrogels, nano biomaterials, and artificial blood vessels, have played an irreplaceable role in MI diagnosis and treatment. They improve the accuracy and efficacy of MI diagnosis and offer further possibilities for reducing inflammation, immunomodulation, inhibiting fibrosis, and cardiac regeneration. This review focuses on the advances in biomedical materials applications in MI diagnosis and treatment. The current studies are outlined in terms of mechanisms of action and effects. It is addressed how biomedical materials application can lessen myocardial damage, encourage angiogenesis, and enhance heart function. Their clinical transformation value and application prospect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yishan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China.
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Yumiao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Lagopati N, Pippa N, Gatou MA, Papadopoulou-Fermeli N, Gorgoulis VG, Gazouli M, Pavlatou EA. Marine-Originated Materials and Their Potential Use in Biomedicine. APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 13:9172. [DOI: 10.3390/app13169172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic habitats cover almost 70% of the Earth, containing several species contributing to marine biodiversity. Marine and aquatic organisms are rich in chemical compounds that can be widely used in biomedicine (dentistry, pharmacy, cosmetology, etc.) as alternative raw biomaterials or in food supplements. Their structural characteristics make them promising candidates for tissue engineering approaches in regenerative medicine. Thus, seaweeds, marine sponges, arthropods, cnidaria, mollusks, and the biomaterials provided by them, such as alginate, vitamins, laminarin, collagen, chitin, chitosan, gelatin, hydroxyapatite, biosilica, etc., are going to be discussed focusing on the biomedical applications of these marine-originated biomaterials. The ultimate goal is to highlight the sustainability of the use of these biomaterials instead of conventional ones, mainly due to the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefeli Lagopati
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Anna Gatou
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Papadopoulou-Fermeli
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G. Gorgoulis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Clinical Molecular Pathology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7YH, UK
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patra, Greece
| | - Evangelia A. Pavlatou
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15772 Athens, Greece
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Tan W, Boodagh P, Selvakumar PP, Keyser S. Strategies to counteract adverse remodeling of vascular graft: A 3D view of current graft innovations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1097334. [PMID: 36704297 PMCID: PMC9871289 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1097334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular grafts are widely used for vascular surgeries, to bypass a diseased artery or function as a vascular access for hemodialysis. Bioengineered or tissue-engineered vascular grafts have long been envisioned to take the place of bioinert synthetic grafts and even vein grafts under certain clinical circumstances. However, host responses to a graft device induce adverse remodeling, to varied degrees depending on the graft property and host's developmental and health conditions. This in turn leads to invention or failure. Herein, we have mapped out the relationship between the design constraints and outcomes for vascular grafts, by analyzing impairment factors involved in the adverse graft remodeling. Strategies to tackle these impairment factors and counteract adverse healing are then summarized by outlining the research landscape of graft innovations in three dimensions-cell technology, scaffold technology and graft translation. Such a comprehensive view of cell and scaffold technological innovations in the translational context may benefit the future advancements in vascular grafts. From this perspective, we conclude the review with recommendations for future design endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Wei Tan,
| | - Parnaz Boodagh
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Sean Keyser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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7
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Chen M, Jiang R, Deng N, Zhao X, Li X, Guo C. Natural polymer-based scaffolds for soft tissue repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:954699. [PMID: 35928962 PMCID: PMC9343850 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.954699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissues such as skin, muscle, and tendon are easily damaged due to injury from physical activity and pathological lesions. For soft tissue repair and regeneration, biomaterials are often used to build scaffolds with appropriate structures and tailored functionalities that can support cell growth and new tissue formation. Among all types of scaffolds, natural polymer-based scaffolds attract much attention due to their excellent biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties. In this comprehensive mini-review, we summarize recent progress on natural polymer-based scaffolds for soft tissue repair, focusing on clinical translations and materials design. Furthermore, the limitations and challenges, such as unsatisfied mechanical properties and unfavorable biological responses, are discussed to advance the development of novel scaffolds for soft tissue repair and regeneration toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiwen Chen
- Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
| | - Rui Jiang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
| | - Niping Deng
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
| | - Xiumin Zhao
- Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
| | - Xiangjuan Li
- Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
- *Correspondence: Xiangjuan Li, ; Chengchen Guo,
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
- *Correspondence: Xiangjuan Li, ; Chengchen Guo,
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Hu K, Li Y, Ke Z, Yang H, Lu C, Li Y, Guo Y, Wang W. History, progress and future challenges of artificial blood vessels: a narrative review. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2022; 3:81-98. [PMID: 35837341 PMCID: PMC9255792 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease serves as the leading cause of death worldwide, with stenosis, occlusion, or severe dysfunction of blood vessels being its pathophysiological mechanism. Vascular replacement is the preferred surgical option for treating obstructed vascular structures. Due to the limited availability of healthy autologous vessels as well as the incidence of postoperative complications, there is an increasing demand for artificial blood vessels. From synthetic to natural, or a mixture of these components, numerous materials have been used to prepare artificial vascular grafts. Although synthetic grafts are more appropriate for use in medium to large-diameter vessels, they fail when replacing small-diameter vessels. Tissue-engineered vascular grafts are very likely to be an ideal alternative to autologous grafts in small-diameter vessels and are worthy of further investigation. However, a multitude of problems remain that must be resolved before they can be used in biomedical applications. Accordingly, this review attempts to describe these problems and provide a discussion of the generation of artificial blood vessels. In addition, we deliberate on current state-of-the-art technologies for creating artificial blood vessels, including advances in materials, fabrication techniques, various methods of surface modification, as well as preclinical and clinical applications. Furthermore, the evaluation of grafts both in vivo and in vitro, mechanical properties, challenges, and directions for further research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zunxiang Ke
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional New Textile Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chanjun Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Clinical Centre of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Corresponding author: Yi Guo, ; Weici Wang,
| | - Weici Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Corresponding author: Yi Guo, ; Weici Wang,
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9
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Abstract
Biopolymers have gained significant attention as a class of polymer materials with a wide range of applications, especially in the medical and pharmaceutical field. Due to particular characteristics, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and functionality, they have become promising candidates for various surgical applications, including as bioadhesives, sealants, wound dressings, sutures, drug carriers, coating materials, etc. Recent research shows that further modification of biopolymers by advanced techniques can improve their functionality i.e., antibacterial activity, cell viability, drug-releasing capability, good wet adhesion performance, and good mechanical properties. This mini review aims to provide a brief report on the type of biopolymers and recent developments regarding their use in various surgical applications.
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Moore MJ, Tan RP, Yang N, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Wise SG. Bioengineering artificial blood vessels from natural materials. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:693-707. [PMID: 34887104 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineering an effective, small diameter (<6 mm) artificial vascular graft for use in bypass surgery when autologous grafts are unavailable remains a persistent challenge. Commercially available grafts are typically made from plastics, which have high strength but lack elasticity and present a foreign surface that triggers undesirable biological responses. Tissue engineered grafts, leveraging decellularized animal vessels or derived de novo from long-term cell culture, have dominated recent research, but failed to meet clinical expectations. More effective constructs that are readily translatable are urgently needed. Recent advances in natural materials have made the production of robust acellular conduits feasible and their use increasingly attractive. Here, we identify a subset of natural materials with potential to generate durable, small diameter vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Moore
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard P Tan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nianji Yang
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Steven G Wise
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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11
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Gupta P, Mandal BB. Silk biomaterials for vascular tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:79-106. [PMID: 34384912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field of regenerative medicine, which strives to find innovative solutions for vascular reconstruction. Considering the limited success of synthetic grafts, research impetus in the field is now shifted towards finding biologically active vascular substitutes bestowing in situ growth potential. In this regard, silk biomaterials have shown remarkable potential owing to their favorable inherent biological and mechanical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progressive development of silk-based small diameter (<6 mm) tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), emphasizing their pre-clinical implications. Herein, we first discuss the molecular structure of various mulberry and non-mulberry silkworm silk and identify their favorable properties at the onset of vascular regeneration. The emergence of various state-of-the-art fabrication methodologies for the advancement of silk TEVGs is rationally appraised in terms of their in vivo performance considering the following parameters: ease of handling, long-term patency, resistance to acute thrombosis, stenosis and aneurysm formation, immune reaction, neo-tissue formation, and overall remodeling. Finally, we provide an update on the pre-clinical status of silk-based TEVGs, followed by current challenges and future prospects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Limited availability of healthy autologous blood vessels to replace their diseased counterpart is concerning and demands other artificial substitutes. Currently available synthetic grafts are not suitable for small diameter blood vessels owing to frequent blockage. Tissue-engineered biological grafts tend to integrate well with the native tissue via remodeling and have lately witnessed remarkable success. Silk fibroin is a natural biomaterial, which has long been used as medical sutures. This review aims to identify several favorable properties of silk enabling vascular regeneration. Furthermore, various methodologies to fabricate tubular grafts are discussed and highlight their performance in animal models. An overview of our understanding to rationally improve the biological activity fostering the clinical success of silk-based grafts is finally discussed.
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