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Cuoghi S, Caraffi R, Anderlini A, Baraldi C, Enzo E, Vandelli MA, Tosi G, Ruozi B, Duskey JT, Ottonelli I. Challenges of enzyme therapy: Why two players are better than one. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1979. [PMID: 38955512 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-based therapy has garnered significant attention for its current applications in various diseases. Despite the notable advantages associated with the use of enzymes as therapeutic agents, that could have high selectivity, affinity, and specificity for the target, their application faces challenges linked to physico-chemical and pharmacological properties. These limitations can be addressed through the encapsulation of enzymes in nanoplatforms as a comprehensive solution to mitigate their degradation, loss of activity, off-target accumulation, and immunogenicity, thus enhancing bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and circulation time, thereby reducing the number of administrations, and ameliorating patient compliance. The exploration of novel nanomedicine-based enzyme therapeutics for the treatment of challenging diseases stands as a paramount goal in the contemporary scientific landscape, but even then it is often not enough. Combining an enzyme with another therapeutic (e.g., a small molecule, another enzyme or protein, a monoclonal antibody, or a nucleic acid) within a single nanocarrier provides innovative multidrug-integrated therapy and ensures that both the actives arrive at the target site and exert their therapeutic effect, leading to synergistic action and superior therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, this strategic approach could be extended to gene therapy, a field that nowadays has gained increasing attention, as enzymes acting at genomic level and nucleic acids may be combined for synergistic therapy. This multicomponent therapeutic approach opens opportunities for promising future developments. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cuoghi
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Caraffi
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Anderlini
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Baraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Enzo
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jason Thomas Duskey
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ottonelli
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Deng LE, Guo M, Deng Y, Pan Y, Wang X, Maduraiveeran G, Liu J, Lu C. MOF-Based Platform for Kidney Diseases: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:793. [PMID: 38931914 PMCID: PMC11207304 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases are important diseases that affect human health worldwide. According to the 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) report, kidney diseases have become the top 10 causes of death. Strengthening the prevention, primary diagnosis, and action of kidney-related diseases is of great significance in maintaining human health and improving the quality of life. It is increasingly challenging to address clinical needs with the present technologies for diagnosing and treating renal illness. Fortunately, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great promise in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. This review summarizes the research progress of MOFs in the diagnosis and treatment of renal disease in recent years. Firstly, we introduce the basic structure and properties of MOFs. Secondly, we focus on the utilization of MOFs in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. In the diagnosis of kidney disease, MOFs are usually designed as biosensors to detect biomarkers related to kidney disease. In the treatment of kidney disease, MOFs can not only be used as an effective adsorbent for uremic toxins during hemodialysis but also as a precise treatment of intelligent drug delivery carriers. They can also be combined with nano-chelation technology to solve the problem of the imbalance of trace elements in kidney disease. Finally, we describe the current challenges and prospects of MOFs in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Er Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Dongguan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Manli Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yijun Deng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Govindhan Maduraiveeran
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Chengyu Lu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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Baranwal A, Polash SA, Aralappanavar VK, Behera BK, Bansal V, Shukla R. Recent Progress and Prospect of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanozymes in Biomedical Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:244. [PMID: 38334515 PMCID: PMC10856890 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A nanozyme is a nanoscale material having enzyme-like properties. It exhibits several superior properties, including low preparation cost, robust catalytic activity, and long-term storage at ambient temperatures. Moreover, high stability enables repetitive use in multiple catalytic reactions. Hence, it is considered a potential replacement for natural enzymes. Enormous research interest in nanozymes in the past two decades has made it imperative to look for better enzyme-mimicking materials for biomedical applications. Given this, research on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a potential nanozyme material has gained momentum. MOFs are advanced hybrid materials made of inorganic metal ions and organic ligands. Their distinct composition, adaptable pore size, structural diversity, and ease in the tunability of physicochemical properties enable MOFs to mimic enzyme-like activities and act as promising nanozyme candidates. This review aims to discuss recent advances in the development of MOF-based nanozymes (MOF-NZs) and highlight their applications in the field of biomedicine. Firstly, different enzyme-mimetic activities exhibited by MOFs are discussed, and insights are given into various strategies to achieve them. Modification and functionalization strategies are deliberated to obtain MOF-NZs with enhanced catalytic activity. Subsequently, applications of MOF-NZs in the biosensing and therapeutics domain are discussed. Finally, the review is concluded by giving insights into the challenges encountered with MOF-NZs and possible directions to overcome them in the future. With this review, we aim to encourage consolidated efforts across enzyme engineering, nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedicine disciplines to inspire exciting innovations in this emerging yet promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Baranwal
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia (V.B.)
| | - Shakil Ahmed Polash
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia (V.B.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Aralappanavar
- NanoBiosensor Laboratory, Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- NanoBiosensor Laboratory, Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia (V.B.)
| | - Ravi Shukla
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia (V.B.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Sahu A, Min K, Jeon SH, Kwon K, Tae G. Self-assembled hemin-conjugated heparin with dual-enzymatic cascade reaction activities for acute kidney injury. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121088. [PMID: 37321716 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes have prominent catalytic activities with high stability as a substitute for unstable and expensive natural enzymes. However, most nanozymes are metal/inorganic nanomaterials, facing difficulty in clinical translation due to their unproven biosafety and limited biodegradability issues. Hemin, an organometallic porphyrin, was newly found to possess superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity along with previously known catalase (CAT) mimetic activity. However, hemin has poor bioavailability due to its low water solubility. Therefore, a highly biocompatible and biodegradable organic-based nanozyme system with SOD/CAT mimetic cascade reaction activity was developed by conjugating hemin to heparin (HepH) or chitosan (CS-H). Between them, Hep-H formed a smaller (<50 nm) and more stable self-assembled nanostructure and even possessed much higher and more stable SOD and CAT activities as well as the cascade reaction activity compared to CS-H and free hemin. Hep-H also showed a better cell protection effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to CS-H and hemin in vitro. Furthermore, Hep-H was selectively delivered to the injured kidney upon intravenous administration at the analysis time point (24 h) and exhibited excellent therapeutic effects on an acute kidney injury model by efficiently removing ROS, reducing inflammation, and minimizing structural and functional damage to the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sahu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Min
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hyun Jeon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Biological Health Markers Associated with Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows during Lactation Period. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030405. [PMID: 36984846 PMCID: PMC10051964 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize and present different biological health markers in dairy cows during the lactation period. Biochemical health markers provide an indicator of how foreign chemical substances, whether external or internal, affect the animal’s health. To understand the relationship between dairy cow health issues and oxidative stress, various biomarkers of oxidative stress must be investigated. Biochemical and hematological factors play a significant role in determining the biological health markers of animals. A variety of biochemical parameters are dependent on various factors, including the animal’s breed, its age, its development, its pregnancy status, and its production status. When assessing the health of cattle, a blood test is conducted to determine the blood chemistry. To diagnose diseases in dairy animals, the blood biochemistry is necessary to determine the cause of many physiological, metabolic, and pathological problems. Observing blood alterations during pregnancy and at peak lactation may determine what factors lift oxidative stress in cows due to disturbances in feed intake and metabolic processes.
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Zhu Y, Zhi Q, Zhang C, Gu Y, Liu S, Qiao S, Lai H. Debridement of contaminated implants using air-polishing coupled with pH-responsive maximin H5-embedded metal-organic frameworks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1124107. [PMID: 36777249 PMCID: PMC9908744 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1124107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of peri-implantitis treatments remains the decontamination of implant surfaces exposed to polymicrobial biofilms and renders biocompatibility. In this study, we reported a synergistic strategy for the debridement and re-osteogenesis of contaminated titanium by using erythritol air abrasion (AA) coupled with an as-synthesized pH-responsive antimicrobial agent. Here, the anionic antibacterial peptide Maximin H5 C-terminally deaminated isoform (MH5C) was introduced into the Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIF-8) via a one-pot synthesis process. The formed MH5C@ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs) not only possessed suitable stability, but also guarantee the slow-release effect of MH5C. Antibacterial experiments revealed that MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial abilities toward pathogenic bacteria of peri-implantitis, confirming ZIF-8 NPs as efficient nanoplatforms for delivering antibacterial peptide. To evaluate the comprehensive debridement efficiency, single-species as well as mixed-species biofilms were successively established on commercially used titanium surfaces and decontaminated with different methods: removed only by erythritol air abrasion, treated merely with MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs, or received both managements. The results demonstrated that only erythritol air abrasion accompanied with MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs at high concentrations eliminated almost all retained bacteria and impeded biofilm rehabilitation, while neither erythritol air abrasion nor MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs alone could achieve this. Subsequently, we evaluated the re-osteogenesis on previously contaminated surfaces which were treated with different debridement methods afterwards. We found that cell growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the group received both treatments (AA + MH5C@ZIF-8) were higher than those in other groups. Our work emphasized the great potential of the synergistic therapy as a credible alternative for removing microorganisms and rendering re-osseointegration on contaminated implant surfaces, boding well for the comprehensive applications in peri-implantitis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhi
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunan Zhang
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxin Gu
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Shuli Liu, ; Shichong Qiao, ; Hongchang Lai,
| | - Shichong Qiao
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Shuli Liu, ; Shichong Qiao, ; Hongchang Lai,
| | - Hongchang Lai
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Shuli Liu, ; Shichong Qiao, ; Hongchang Lai,
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Wang X, Lewis DA, Wang G, Meng T, Zhou S, Zhu Y, Hu D, Gao S, Zhang G. Covalent Organic Frameworks as a Biomacromolecule Immobilization Platform for Biomedical and Related Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
| | - Damani A. Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022 China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
| | - Shengnan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
| | - Yuheng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
| | - Danyou Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
| | - Guiyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Anhui Medical University Hefei 230032 China
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Li R, Hou X, Li L, Guo J, Jiang W, Shang W. Application of Metal-Based Nanozymes in Inflammatory Disease: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:920213. [PMID: 35782497 PMCID: PMC9243658 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.920213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolites of normal cells in organisms, and normal levels of ROS in cells are essential for maintaining cell signaling and other intracellular functions. However, excessive inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion can cause an imbalance of tissue redox balance, and oxidative stress occurs in a tissue, resulting in a large amount of ROS, causing direct tissue damage. The production of many diseases is associated with excess ROS, such as stroke, sepsis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. With the rapid development of nanomedicine, nanomaterials have been widely used to effectively treat various inflammatory diseases due to their superior physical and chemical properties. In this review, we summarize the application of some representative metal-based nanozymes in inflammatory diseases. In addition, we discuss the application of various novel nanomaterials for different therapies and the prospects of using nanoparticles (NPs) as biomedical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Li
- Application Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Hou
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingrui Li
- Application Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Guo
- Application Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiancheng Guo, ; Wei Jiang, ; Wenjun Shang,
| | - Wei Jiang
- Application Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiancheng Guo, ; Wei Jiang, ; Wenjun Shang,
| | - Wenjun Shang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiancheng Guo, ; Wei Jiang, ; Wenjun Shang,
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