Toxicity of metal-based nanoparticles: Challenges in the nano era

Challenges and Opportunities: Nanomaterials in Epilepsy Diagnosis

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by a significant rate of disability. Accurate early diagnosis and precise localization of the epileptogenic zone are essential for timely intervention, seizure prevention, and personalized treatment. However, over 30% of patients with epilepsy exhibit negative results on electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can lead to misdiagnosis and subsequent delays in treatment. Consequently, enhancing diagnostic methodologies is imperative for effective epilepsy management. The integration of nanomaterials with biomedicine has led to the development of diagnostic tools for epilepsy. Key advancements include nanomaterial-enhanced neural electrodes, contrast agents, and biochemical sensors. Nanomaterials improve the quality of electrophysiological signals and broaden the detection range of electrodes. In imaging, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles enhance MRI sensitivity, facilitating localization of the epileptogenic zone. NIR-II nanoprobes enable tracking of seizure-related biomarkers with deep tissue penetration. Furthermore, nanomaterials enhance the sensitivity of biochemical sensors for detecting epilepsy biomarkers, which is crucial for early detection. These advancements significantly increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. However, challenges remain, particularly regarding biosafety, quality control, and the scalability of fabrication processes. Overcoming these obstacles is essential for successful clinical translation. Artificial-intelligence-based big data analytics can facilitate the development of diagnostic tools by screening nanomaterials with specific properties. This approach may help to address current limitations and improve both effectiveness and safety. This review explores the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and detection of epilepsy, with the objective of inspiring innovative ideas and strategies to enhance diagnostic effectiveness.

Development of etoricoxib-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles laden gel as vehicle for transdermal delivery: optimization, ex vivo permeation, histopathology, and in vivo anti-inflammatory study

OBJECTIVE

Etoricoxib (ETB) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent. It is poorly soluble and has various gastrointestinal side effects such as bleeding and ulcers after oral administration. The present research aimed to develop an ETB-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle-laden gel (ETB-MSNPs) for transdermal delivery to improve therapeutic efficacy.

METHODS

The ETB-MSNPs were synthesized using a precipitation and solvent evaporation technique and their optimization was performed using a Box-Behnken design. The optimized ETB-MSNPs were incorporated into a carbopol-chitosan gel and evaluated for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity.

RESULTS

The ETB-MSNPs displayed nanosize of particles with nanosize distribution and high entrapment efficiency of ETB. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that ETB was encapsulated in MSNPs. The optimized ETB-MSNPs were successfully integrated into the carbopol and chitosan gel, which exhibited excellent viscosity and spreadability. The optimized ETB-MSNPs gel exhibited a significantly higher and more sustained release of ETB compared to pure ETB gel. Optimized ETB-MSNPs gel exhibited a considerably higher anti-inflammatory effect with a significant reduction in IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared to pure ETB gel. The histopathological examination confirmed that optimized ETB-MSNPs gel did not exhibit any toxicity on the skin.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings, the results suggest that the MSNPs gel has the potential as a carrier for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of ETB through topical delivery, although further studies are needed to fully confirm its effectiveness.

Engineered nanoparticles for imaging and targeted drug delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer, notably hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), poses a significant global health burden due to its high fatality rates. Conventional antitumor medications face challenges, including poor targeting, high toxicity, and drug resistance, leading to suboptimal clinical outcomes. This review focused on nanoparticle use in diagnosing and delivering medication for HCC, aiming to advance the development of nanomedicines for improved treatment outcomes. As an emerging frontier science and technology, nanotechnology has shown great potential, especially in precision medicine and personalized treatment. The success of nanosystems is attributable to their smaller size, biocompatibility, selective tumor accumulation, and lower toxicity. Nanoparticles, as a central part of nanotechnology innovation, have emerged in the field of medical diagnostics and therapeutics to overcome the various limitations of conventional chemotherapy, thus offering promising applications for improved selectivity, earlier and more precise diagnosis of cancers, personalized treatment, and overcoming drug resistance. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in drug delivery and imaging of HCC, with the body acting as a delivery system to target and deliver drugs or diagnostic reagents to specific organs or tissues, helping to accurately diagnose and target therapies while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. They protect drugs from early degradation and increase their biological half-life.

Insights into the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and oral toxicity of a polymeric benzimidazole - Curcumin nanocomplex with a multitarget anticancer potential

The current study investigates the oral toxicity of a PEGylated β-cyclodextrin-curcumin functionalized benzimidazole nanocomplex (BMPE-Cur) with multitarget anticancer potential in Swiss albino mice. Acute and chronic toxicities were evaluated after oral administration of BMPE-Cur in single doses ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 g/kg and repeated dosing of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution profiles of BMPE-Cur were analyzed by LC-MS. The toxicological assessments revealed that BMPE-Cur was tolerable up to 2.5 g/kg, with moderate organosomatic and biochemical alterations associated with doses >1.5 g/kg, whereas repeated dosing induced dose-dependent histopathological, hematological, and biochemical alterations. Doses within a range of 5-10 mg/kg were well tolerated, as indicated by the general normalization of the mentioned parameters. PK analysis revealed a similar value of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) attained by the free BMPE and BMPE-Cur. However, the latter accelerated the time to reach Cmax (Tmax) by 50 %, concomitant with longer residence time and lower clearance rate. BMPE-Cur also presented excellent hemocompatibility with human blood, with 46.58 %-99.96 % lower hemolysis than free BMPE within the same concentration range. These findings underscore the favorable pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility of BMPE-Cur while identifying safe therapeutic doses for potential human translation.

Innovative applications of SERS in precision medicine: In situ and real-time live imaging

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a molecular spectroscopic technique with high sensitivity and specificity, has demonstrated groundbreaking potential in precision medicine in recent years. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in SERS technology for in situ and real-time live imaging, focusing on its core value in early tumor diagnosis, intraoperative navigation, drug delivery monitoring, and dynamic pathological analysis. By optimizing nanoscale probe design-including targeted functionalization, enhanced biocompatibility, and integration with imaging systems-SERS overcomes the sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution limitations of traditional imaging techniques, enabling precise capture and dynamic tracking of molecular events in live biological environments. The article further analyzes challenges in clinical translation, such as signal stability in complex biological environments, multimodal imaging coordination, and standardized data processing methods. Future directions for personalized therapy and intelligent integrated diagnostics are also discussed.

The nano-paradox: addressing nanotoxicity for sustainable agriculture, circular economy and SDGs

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have aroused extensive interest in agricultural, industrial, and medical applications. The integration of ENMs into the agricultural systems aligns with the principles of United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs), circular economy (CE) and bio-economy (BE) principles. This approach offers excellent opportunities to enhance productivity and address global climate change challenges. The revelation of the adverse effects of nanomaterials (NMs) on various organisms and ecosystems, however, has fueled the debate on 'Nano-paradox' leading to emergence of a new research domain 'Nanotoxicology'. ENMs have shown different interactions with biological and environmental systems as compared to their bulk counterparts. They bioaccumulate in organisms, soils, and other environmental matrices, move through food chains and reach higher trophic levels including humans ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Understanding nano-bio interactions, the mechanism of gene- and cytotoxicity, and associated potential hazards, is therefore, essential to mitigate their toxicological outputs. This review comprehensively examines the cyto- and genotoxicity mechanisms of ENMs in biological systems, covering aspects such as their entry, uptake, cellular responses, dynamic interactions in biological environments their long-term effects and environmental risk assessment (ERA). It also discusses toxicological assessment methods, regulatory policies, strategies for toxicity management/mitigation and future research directions in nanotechnology, all within the context of SDGs, CE, promoting resource efficiency and sustainability. Navigating the nano-paradox involves balancing the benefits of nanomaterials with concerns about nanotoxicity. Prioritizing thorough research on above facets can ensure sustainability and safety, enabling responsible harnessing of nanotechnology's transformative potential in various applications including mitigating global climate change and enhancing agricultural productivity.

Toxicological Effects of Silver-Modified Bentonite Nanocomposites on Microalgae: Impact on Cell Growth, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Gene Expression

The increasing use of nanostructured silver-containing inorganic materials raises concerns about their impact on aquatic organisms. This study assessed the toxicity of silver-modified bentonite composites on Chlamydomonas sp. Two materials were tested: silver-exchanged bentonite (Ben-Ag) and its reduced form (Ben-Ag (H2)).Microalgae were exposed to 0.5 IC50, 1.5 IC50, and 2 IC50. Ben-Ag showed higher toxicity than Ben-Ag (H2), which even promoted algal growth at low doses. Fluorescence microscopy revealed morphological shrinkage in treated cells. Increased phenol content, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and altered antioxidant enzyme activities further confirmed Ben-Ag toxicity, along with reduced growth and photosynthetic pigments. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression under Ben-Ag exposure. Genes involved in photosynthesis (petB, psbL), caspase activity (casp), and carotenoid metabolism (Q2CHY) were down-regulated, indicating stress-induced damage. In contrast, genes encoding stress response enzymes (SOD, peroxidase), carbon metabolism enzymes (rbcL, PGQ1), and β-carotene biosynthesis (Q2BKT) were up-regulated, reflecting cellular defense mechanisms. Overall, the study highlights the high toxicity of Ben-Ag to Chlamydomonas sp., emphasizing the importance of evaluating environmental risks before using such materials in aquatic environments.

Quercetin loaded-magnetic zeolite nano-composite material and evaluate its anti-cancer effect

Quercetin (QUR) is a major flavonoid that is abundantly present in the human diet, and has various therapeutic effects, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Of note, high doses of free QUR can be dangerous to normal cells. Furthermore, a considerable amount of free QUR would be metabolized until reaching cancerous cells. On one hand, chemotherapy drugs have some side effects towards normal cells. Besides, nano zeolite clinoptilolite (NZ-CP), a drug delivery system (DDS), has high specific surface area and is non-toxic. By applying magnetic zeolite nano-composite (MZNC), purposeful mobility of high doses of QUR, considering acidic microenvironment of tumor, is possible. The aim of this work is to evaluate and compare the anti-cancer impacts of QUR-loaded MZNC with doxorubicin (DOX) as an anti-cancer drug on HepG2 cell line as a human cancer cell line. Various concentrations of NZ-CP at different times to evaluate its safety in normal cells were assessed. Also, to assess the cell survival of the HepG2 cell line, various amounts of QUR-loaded MZNC, DOX, and NZ-CP within cell viability assay were investigated. Based on results of normal cells assay, it was revealed that NZ-CP has no toxicity toward normal cells. Furthermore, according to evaluations of cell viability assay, it was determined that specific concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L) of QUR have a similar anti-cancer effect to DOX. Eventually, it was exhibited that NZ-CP has capability of controlled QUR release until reaching cancerous cells demonstrating its aptitude for drug delivery.

Recent Advances and Challenges for Biological Materials in Micro/Nanocarrier Synthesis for Bone Infection and Tissue Engineering

Roughly 1.71 billion people worldwide suffer from large bone abnormalities, which are the primary cause of disability. Traditional bone grafting procedures have several drawbacks that impair their therapeutic efficacy and restrict their use in clinical settings. A great deal of work has been done to create fresh, more potent strategies. Under these circumstances, a crucial technique for the regeneration of major lesions has emerged: bone tissue engineering (BTE). BTE involves the use of biomaterials that can imitate the natural design of bone. To yet, no biological material has been able to fully meet the parameters of the perfect implantable material, even though several varieties have been created and investigated for bone regeneration. Against this backdrop, researchers have focused a great deal of interest over the past few years on the subject of nanotechnology and the use of nanostructures in regenerative medicine. The ability to create nanoengineered particles that can overcome the current constraints in regenerative strategies─such as decreased cell proliferation and differentiation, insufficient mechanical strength in biological materials, and insufficient production of extrinsic factors required for effective osteogenesis has revolutionized the field of bone and tissue engineering. The effects of nanoparticles on cell characteristics and the application of biological materials for bone regeneration are the main topics of our review, which summarizes the most recent in vitro and in vivo research on the application of nanotechnology in the context of BTE.

Inhaled Lead Nanoparticles Enter the Brain through the Olfactory Pathway and Induce Neurodegenerative Changes Resembling Tauopathies

Lead nanoparticles (PbNPs) in air pollution pose a significant threat to human health, especially due to their neurotoxic effects. In this study, we exposed mice to lead(II) oxide nanoparticles (PbONPs) in inhalation chambers to mimic real-life exposure and assess their impact on the brain. PbONPs caused the formation of Hirano bodies and pathological changes related to neurodegenerative disorders through cytoskeletal disruptions without the induction of inflammation. Damage to astrocytic endfeet and capillary endothelial cells indicated a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB), allowing PbONPs to enter the brain. Additionally, NPs were detected along the olfactory pathway, including fila olfactoria, suggesting that at least a proportion of PbNPs enter the brain directly by passing through the olfactory epithelium. PbNP inhalation severely damaged the apical parts of olfactory epithelial cells, including the loss of microtubules in their ciliary distal segments. Inhalation of PbONPs led to the rapid accumulation of lead in the brain, while more soluble lead(II) nitrate NPs did not accumulate significantly until 11 weeks of exposure. PbNPs induced disruption of the BBB at multiple levels, ranging from ultrastructural changes to functional impairments of the barrier; however, they did not induce systemic inflammation in the brain. The clearance ability of the brain to remove Pb was very low for both types of NPs, with significant pathological effects persisting even after a long clearance period. Cation-binding proteins (ZBTB20 and calbindin1) were distributed unevenly in the brain, with the strongest signal located in the hippocampus, which exhibited the greatest defects in nuclear architecture, indicating that this area is the most sensitive structure for PbNP exposure. PbNP exposure also altered the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus and inhibition of tau phosphorylation by GSK-3 inhibitor rescued the negative effect of PbONPs on the intracellular calcium level in trigeminal ganglion cultures. In zebrafish larvae, PbONPs affected locomotor activity and reduced calcium levels in the medium enhanced negative effect of PbONP on animal mobility, even increasing lethality. These findings suggest that cytoskeletal disruption and calcium dysregulation are key factors in PbNP-induced neurotoxicity, providing potential targets for therapeutic intervention to prevent neurodegenerative changes following PbNP exposure.

Determination of metal oxide and metallic nanoparticles in indoor air samples using mixed cellulose esters filters and spICP-MS: dissolve and shoot

In recent years, there has been increasing concern about the adverse health effects of the metallic and metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs) present in indoor environments. Unfortunately, there is no well-stablish method to simultaneously characterize their number and composition. Recently, our research group proposed a strategy for the determination of metallic nanoparticles in air by means spICP-MS based on the aerosol collection on micro-quartz filters and the subsequent extraction using microwave heating in basic media. Although the proposed method allows accurate and precise characterization of NPs, it suffers from practical drawbacks: (i) micro-quartz filter fibers are released into the sample and must be removed prior to analysis to avoid clogging the nebulizer and (ii) the particle distribution detection limits (LODsize) achieved are not low enough (28 nm). In this work, we evaluate the NPs trapping capabilities and possible fiber release of filters of different nature commonly used for indoor air quality control (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nylon, polycarbonate, and mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters) and NPs of different chemical composition (ZrO2-, TiO2-, Pt-, AuNPs), size (20-150 nm), and capping agent (citrate, polyethylene glycol, branched polyethyleneimine, and lipoic acid). The results show that MCE is an optimal solution because it is completely dissolved during the microwave heating step and NPs are recovered quantitatively irrespective of their composition and size. The LODs are also improved down to 15 nm and 120 particles per liter of air, low enough to be used for indoor air pollution control. Finally, the proposed method was successfully tested in a simulated (NPs enriched) indoor environment.

Beyond species and spatial boundaries: Enabling long-distance gene silencing in plants via guanidinium-siRNA nanoparticles

RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely used in agriculture. However, it is well accepted that common methods of plant RNAi are species-dependent and lack systematic efficiency. This study designed a thiolated siRNA nanoparticle, guanidinium (Gu+)-containing disulfide assembled siRNA (Gu+-siRNA), demonstrating remarkable species independence and efficient systemic gene silencing across different plant species. Our results indicate that this approach effectively utilizes the plant vascular system to deliver siRNA, enabling long-distance gene silencing across both monocot and dicot plants, such as rice and Arabidopsis. By applying this method, we successfully targeted and silenced key genes like STM, WER, MYB23, GD1, EIL1, and EIL2, which regulate plant development and enhance salt tolerance. This delivery system significantly expands the application of RNAi technology across different plants, serving as a valuable tool for advancing agricultural biotechnology, enhancing crop resistance, and improving agricultural productivity, while aligning with global goals for sustainable food production and crop improvement.

Curcumin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles Modulate Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Activity and Maintain Intestinal Histoarchitecture in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Embryonic development is highly sensitive to oxidative stress, which can disrupt homeostasis. A strategy for mitigating oxidative stress induced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) involves the development of nanoparticles functionalized with phytoantioxidants through green chemistry methods, which also enhances the bioavailability of these antioxidants. In this study, environmentally friendly AuNPs were synthesized using curcumin (AuNPs-C), characterized by a spherical shape, uniform size, and a diameter of 7.2 ± 1.2 nm. The effects of AuNPs-C on oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster (Canton-S strain) during embryonic development were investigated, focusing on antioxidant defenses, oxidative damage, and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Exposure of Drosophila eggs to 50-200 μg/mL of AuNPs-C had no effect on hatching rates or pupal/adult development, with eclosion rates remaining above 50%. AuNPs-C did not elevate reactive oxygen species levels or induce lipid and protein oxidation in larvae exposed to 200 μg/mL. Oxidized protein products and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels remained comparable to those of the control group (70 ± 3 μM chloramine-T eq and 0.8 ± 0.1 nM MDA eq, respectively). Although AuNPs-C did not affect catalase activity or glutathione content, it reduced superoxide dismutase activity by 67% ± 6%. Additionally, AuNPs-C did not cause any damage to the gastrointestinal tract or alter the gut permeability of third-instar larvae. This study offers a deeper understanding of how AuNPs-C influence oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms in animal development and provides a basis for assessing the safety of phytoantioxidant-functionalized nanoparticles in vivo.

PhotoChem Interplays: Lighting the Way for Drug Delivery and Diagnosis

Light, a non-invasive tool integrated with cutting-edge nanotechnologies, has driven transformative advancements in imaging-based diagnosis and drug delivery for cancer and bacterial treatments. This review discusses recent progress in these areas, beginning with emerging imaging technologies. Unlike traditional photosensors activated by visible light, alternative energy sources such as near-infrared (NIR) light, X-rays, and ultrasound have been extensively investigated to activate various photosensors, achieving high sensitivity, wavelength versatility, and spatial resolution for deep-tissue imaging. Moreover, to address challenges like tissue autofluorescence in real-time fluorescence imaging, afterglow luminescent nanoparticles are being developed by integrating these alternative energy sources for real-time imaging and sensing in deep tissue for precise cancer diagnosis and treatment beyond superficial tissues. In addition to deep tissue imaging, light-responsive nanomedicines are revolutionizing anticancer and antimicrobial phototherapy by enabling spatially and temporally controlled drug release. These smart nanoparticles are engineered to release therapeutic cargo at target sites in response to microenvironmental cues specific to tumors or infections. In anticancer phototherapy, these nanoparticles facilitate controlled drug release via photoisomerization, photothermal, and photodynamic processes. To enhance circulation time and specific targeting, biomimetic nanoparticles, which mimic natural anti-tumor responses by our body, have attracted increasing attention. In antimicrobial phototherapy, research has been focused on the chemical modification of the photosensitizer to enable targeted drug delivery. An intriguing strategy has recently emerged involving the development of "pro-photosensitizers" that are specifically activated within bacterial cells upon light irradiation, offering a high margin of safety. These advancements leverage photochemical reactions and nanotechnology to enhance precision therapy and diagnosis in addressing critical health challenges.

Current strategies for rutin nano-formulation; a promising bioactive compound with increased efficacy

Rutin is an herbal polyphenolic compound recognized for its numerous therapeutic benefits, including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties. However, its application in biomedical fields encounters significant challenges, such as low solubility, poor absorption, low bioavailability, short half-life, and rapid metabolism. In recent years, advancements in nanotechnology have presented promising solutions to these limitations. Consequently, various nano-formulation strategies have been developed to enhance rutin's solubility, absorption, and overall efficacy. These strategies can be broadly categorized into two approaches. The first involves transforming rutin into nanocrystals without the use of any secondary compounds. The second approach entails nano-formulating rutin with other compounds, including proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, polymers, and metals. This study offers a review of these approaches and their applications in biomedical sciences, focusing on their categories, preparation methods, and biomedical properties. Initially, the pharmacological potential of rutin, its application in recent clinical trials, and its mechanisms of action are outlined. Next, it explores how nano-carriers can enhance rutin's bioavailability. Subsequently, the types of nanostructures employed are categorized, along with a discussion of their fabrication methods and benefits. In some instances, certain drawbacks are also reported. The data provided can guide the selection of optimal strategies for rutin nano-formulation, based on the intended biomedical application.

Nature's Arsenal: Uncovering Antibacterial Agents Against Antimicrobial Resistance

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant public health threat, leading to increased mortality. The World Health Organization has established a priority list highlighting critical multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens that demand urgent research on antimicrobial treatments. Considering this and the fact that new antibiotics are only sporadically approved, natural antibacterial agents have seen a resurgence in interest as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. Natural antibacterials, derived from microorganisms, higher fungi, plants, animals, natural minerals, and food sources, offer diverse mechanisms of action against MDR pathogens. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of antibacterial agents from natural sources, including a brief history of their application and highlighting key strategies for using microorganisms (microbiopredators, such as bacteriophages), plant extracts and essential oils, minerals (e.g., silver and copper), as well as compounds of animal origin, such as milk or even venoms. The review also addresses the role of prebiotics, probiotics, and antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel formulations such as nanoparticles. The mechanisms of action of these compounds, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, are explored alongside the challenges for their application, e.g., extraction, formulation, and pharmacokinetics. Conclusions: Future research should focus on developing eco-friendly, sustainable antimicrobial agents and validating their safety and efficacy through clinical trials. Clear regulatory frameworks are essential for integrating these agents into clinical practice. Despite challenges, natural sources offer transformative potential for combating AMR and promoting sustainable health solutions.

One-step green synthesis of collagen nanoparticles using Ulva fasciata, network pharmacology and functional enrichment analysis in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment

Collagen nanoparticles (collagen-NPs) possess numerous applications owing to their minimal immunogenicity, non-toxic nature, excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. This study presents a novel sustainable technique for one-step green synthesis of hydrolyzed fish collagen-NPs (HFC-NPs) using a hot-water extract of Ulva fasciata biomass. HFC-NPs were characterized using TEM, FTIR, XRD, ζ-potential analyses, etc. TEM revealed hollow spherical nanoparticles exhibiting an average diameter of 27.25 nm. Face-centered central composite design was employed to maximize the HFC-NPs yield. The highest HFC-NPs yield was 13.05 mg/mL, which was achieved when the initial pH level was 7, incubation period was 72 h, and HFC concentration was 15 mg/mL. Thereafter, the possibility of using HFC-NPs as a biosafe drug carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) was tested in-vitro. Interestingly, both HFC-NPs and DOX-loaded HFC-NPs showed anticancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma 'HCC'. In silico protein-protein interaction (PPI), network pharmacology, and functional pathway enrichment analysis of the common predicted HFC and HCC core targets suggested the involvement of PI3K-Akt, JAK-STAT, TNF, and/or Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in the HFC anti-HCC effect. In conclusion, our in vitro and in silico analyses demonstrated the HFC-NPs therapeutic efficacy against HCC, reflecting their promising potential in the development of novel anticancer drugs for HCC treatment.

Adhesive and Conductive Hydrogels for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality among cardiovascular diseases. Following MI, the damaged myocardium is progressively being replaced by fibrous scar tissue, which exhibits poor electrical conductivity, ultimately resulting in arrhythmias and adverse cardiac remodeling. Due to their extracellular matrix-like structure and excellent biocompatibility, hydrogels are emerging as a focal point in cardiac tissue engineering. However, traditional hydrogels lack the necessary conductivity to restore electrical signal transmission in the infarcted regions. Imparting conductivity to hydrogels while also enhancing their adhesive properties enables them to adhere closely to myocardial tissue, establish stable electrical connections, and facilitate synchronized contraction and myocardial tissue repair within the infarcted area. This paper reviews the strategies for constructing conductive and adhesive hydrogels, focusing on their application in MI repair. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions in developing adhesive and conductive hydrogels for MI repair are discussed.

Review of carbonaceous nanoparticles for antibacterial uses in various dental infections

The mouth cavity is the second most complex microbial community in the human body. It is composed of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. An imbalance in the oral microbiota may lead to various conditions, including caries, soft tissue infections, periodontitis, root canal infections, peri-implantitis (PI), pulpitis, candidiasis, and denture stomatitis. Additionally, several locally administered antimicrobials have been suggested for dentistry in surgical and non-surgical applications. The main drawbacks are increased antimicrobial resistance, the risk of upsetting the natural microbiota, and hypersensitivity responses. Because of their unique physiochemical characteristics, nanoparticles (NPs) can circumvent antibiotic-resistance mechanisms and exert antimicrobial action via a variety of new bactericidal routes. Because of their anti-microbial properties, carbon-based NPs are becoming more and more effective antibacterial agents. Periodontitis, mouth infections, PI, dentin and root infections, and other dental diseases are among the conditions that may be treated using carbon NPs (CNPs) like graphene oxide and carbon dots. An outline of the scientific development of multifunctional CNPs concerning oral disorders will be given before talking about the significant influence of CNPs on dental health. Some of these illnesses include Periodontitis, oral infections, dental caries, dental pulp disorders, dentin and dental root infections, and PI. We also review the remaining research and application barriers for carbon-based NPs and possible future problems.

Rational Fabrication of Copper Nanoclusters and In Vitro Study of Antioxidant Property

Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases. The excessive accumulation of ROS can cause severe cellular damage, leading to tissue dysfunction and disease progression. The development of nanomaterials with antioxidant properties presents a promising strategy for addressing this challenge. Herein, we report the fabrication of albumin-biomineralized copper nanoclusters (BCNCs) as a novel antioxidant platform and evaluate their effectiveness in combating oxidative stress. Our results show that BCNCs exhibit potent ROS scavenging abilities and protect cells from oxidative stress-induced damage, highlighting their potential as an effective therapeutic strategy for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Uncovering layer by layer the risk of nanoplastics to the environment and human health

Nanoplastics (NPs), defined as plastic particles with dimensions less than 100 nm, have emerged as a persistent environmental contaminant with potential risk to both environment and human health. Nanoplastics might translocate across biological barriers and accumulate in vital organs, leading to inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity, already reported in several organisms. Disruptions to cellular functions, hormonal balance, and immune responses were also linked to NPs exposure in in vitro assays. Further, NPs have been found to adsorb other pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and leach additives potentially amplifying their advere impacts, increasing the threat to organisms greater than NPs alone. However, NPs toxic effects remain largely unexplored, requiring further research to elucidate potential risks to human health, especially their accumulation, degradation, migration, interactions with the biological systems and long-term consequences of chronic exposure to these compounds. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-art regarding NPs interactions with environmental pollutants and with biological mechanisms and toxicity within cells.

Multifunctional Near Infrared Polymer Dots for Enhanced Synergistic Photodynamic/Photothermal Effect In Vitro

Synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) can be used to target cancer cells by locally generating singlet oxygen species or increasing temperature under laser irradiation. This approach offers higher tumor ablation efficiency, lower therapeutic dose requirements, and reduced side effects compared to single treatment approaches. However, the therapeutic efficiency of PDT/PTT is still limited by the low oxygen levels within the solid tumors caused by abnormal vasculature and altered cancer cell metabolism. To address these challenges, we developed multifunctional nanoparticles with high catalytic activity for converting tumor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen (O2). Using poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) as a cross-linker, we generated compact, highly fluorescent Pdots, used poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) as a near-infrared photosensitizer for both photodynamic and photothermal applications, and incorporated manganese (Mn) ions to catalyze the H2O2-to-O2 conversion. These Mn-doped Pdots significantly enhance O2 production, achieving an enhanced 1O2 quantum yield from 0.46 to 0.64 with the addition of H2O2, achieving the goal of improving PDT efficiency. With this rational design, we produced Pdots with enhanced H2O2-to-1O2 converting ability for potential use in PDT. For photothermal applications, our Pdots generate a photothermal conversion efficiency of 53%. In vitro studies using human MCF7 adenocarcinoma cells confirmed the biocompatibility of these Pdots in the absence of laser exposure with a pronounced cell killing effect under laser irradiation for synergistic PDT/PTT. These results highlight the promise of Pdots in overcoming oxygen limitations, balancing the performance of PDT/PTT, and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of PDT/PTT in cancer cells in vitro.

In vivo surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques: nanoprobes, instrumentation, and applications

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool in various biomedical applications, including in vivo imaging, diagnostics, and therapy, largely due to the development of near-infrared (NIR) active SERS substrates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SERS-based applications in vivo, focusing on key aspects such as the design considerations for SERS nanoprobes and advancements in instrumentation. Topics covered include the development of NIR SERS substrates, Raman label compounds (RLCs), protective coatings, and the conjugation of bioligands for targeted imaging and therapy. The review also discusses microscope-based configurations such as scanning, widefield imaging, and fiber-optic setups. Recent advances in using SERS nanoprobes for in vivo sensing, diagnostics, biomolecule screening, multiplex imaging, intraoperative guidance, and multifunctional cancer therapy are highlighted. The review concludes by addressing challenges in the clinical translation of SERS nanoprobes and outlines future directions, emphasizing opportunities for advancing biomedical research and clinical applications.

Investigating the sorption of Zinc-Oxide nanoparticles on Tire-wear particles and their toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris: Insights from toxicological models and physiological analysis

This study investigated the interaction of Tire-wear particles (TWPs) with Zinc-Oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and studied their individual and combined toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris in the co-presence of Humics. Physiological parameters, including growth, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress, and membrane damage, were analysed using Flow cytometry. Adsorption experiments exhibited that ZNPs were significantly absorbed by TWPs (qmax= 312.49 mg/g). A positive dose-response relation concerning inhibition in growth was observed in all treatment groups, and it was associated with reduced chlorophyll levels and damaged cell membranes. A negative impact of increased concentrations of TWPs and ZNPs was observed on anti-oxidant enzymes CAT and SOD; however, the impact was more severe when combined with exposure to both contaminants. Elevated concentrations of ZNPs and TWPs led to increased ROS production, lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, which could be contributing to the observed inhibition in growth. In the combined exposure groups, the Independent Action and the Abbott toxicity models revealed a synergistic effect on growth rates, which agreed with the Integrated Biomarker model results. The current study could enhance our understanding of the interaction between TWPs and metal nanoparticles in aquatic systems and offer novel understandings of the mechanisms underlying their combined toxic effects on microalgae.

Transforming Medicine: Cutting-Edge Applications of Nanoscale Materials in Drug Delivery

Since their inception in the early 1960s, the development and use of nanoscale materials have progressed tremendously, and their roles in diverse fields ranging from human health to energy and electronics are undeniable. The application of nanotechnology inventions has revolutionized many aspects of everyday life including various medical applications and specifically drug delivery systems, maximizing the therapeutic efficacy of the contained drugs by means of bioavailability enhancement or minimization of adverse effects. In this review, we utilize the CAS Content Collection, a vast repository of scientific information extracted from journal and patent publications, to analyze trends in nanoscience research relevant to drug delivery in an effort to provide a comprehensive and detailed picture of the use of nanotechnology in this field. We examine the publication landscape in the area to provide insights into current knowledge advances and developments. We review the major classes of nanosized drug delivery systems, their delivery routes, and targeted diseases. We outline the most discussed concepts and assess the advantages of various nanocarriers. The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the evolving landscape of current knowledge regarding nanosized drug delivery systems, to outline challenges, and to evaluate growth opportunities. The merit of the review stems from the extensive, wide-ranging coverage of the most up-to-date scientific information, allowing unmatched breadth of landscape analysis and in-depth insights.

Nanomedicine and Its Role in Surgical Wound Infections: A Practical Approach

Surgical wound infections are a major cause of postoperative complications, contributing to surgical morbidity and mortality. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, it is crucial to develop new innovative wound materials to manage surgical wound infections using methods that facilitate drug delivery agents and rely on materials other than antimicrobials. Nanoparticles, in particular, have captured researchers' interest in recent years due to their effectiveness in wound care. They can be classified into three main types: inorganic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these new technologies in enhancing wound-healing times and reducing bacterial burden. However, further research is essential to thoroughly evaluate the safety and toxicity of these materials before they can be integrated into routine surgical practice.

Green magnetically separable molluscicide Ba-Ce-Cu ferrite/TiO2 nanocomposite for controlling terrestrial gastropods Monacha Cartusiana

The increasing economic damage caused by terrestrial gastropods, especially the Monacha cartusiana (M. cartusiana) land snail, to the agricultural sector requires a diligent and continuous search for new materials and alternatives for the control operations. In this piece of work, a magnetically separable molluscicide with high effectiveness green Barium-Cerium-Copper ferrite/TiO2 (Ba-Ce-CuFO/TiO2) nanocomposite was greenly prepared using Eichhornia plant aqueous extract and characterized using different techniques. The green Ba-Ce-CuFO/TiO2 nanocomposite was applied as an aspect of the attempts to search for new active substances that would have a potential toxic effect against M. cartusiana. Laboratory toxicity evaluations by leaf dipping and contact methods showed LC50 values of 1218.79 and 289.19 ppm, respectively. Analysis of biochemical variables as a bio response indicator showed a noticeable increase in the values of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) relative to the control, while the decrease was characteristic for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total protein (TP) other variables when the animals were treated with LC50 value. The histopathological examination was performed on both the muscular foot and the digestive gland, or what is known as the hepatopancreas, which showed enlarged lumens and damaged digestive cells, in addition to destructed digestive tubes, the existence of pyknotic nuclei, and hematocyte infiltration. Foot histopathology showed ruptured epithelial cells, deep folds, and empty spaces when animals were treated with our target nanocomposite LC50 value. Application under natural field conditions through the bait technique showed a significant satisfactory population diminution after 14 days of exposure, as the mean percentage of diminution was 72.2% compared to the recommended pesticide Neomyl SL 20%, which poses a 74.27% reduction. Built on the above, we recommend further studies of the usage of green Ba-Ce-CuFO/TiO2 nanocomposite, and the introduction of such nanocomposite in gastropod control operations to reduce losses in the agricultural sector in general.

Plant Extracellular Nanovesicle-Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Antibacterial Wound Healing In Vivo

Bacterial infections impede wound healing and pose significant challenges in clinical care. There is an immediate need for safe and targeted antivirulence agents to fight bacterial infections effectively. In this regard, bioderived nanovesicles have shown significant promise. This work demonstrated significant antibacterial properties of extracellular nanovesicles derived from plant (mint) leaf juice (MENV). A hydrogel (HG) was developed using oxidized alginate and chitosan and loaded with antibacterial MENVs (MENV-HG). This formulation was investigated for topical HG dressings to treat Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli-invasive wounds. The developed HG was injectable, biocompatible (>95% cell was viable), nonhemolytic (<5% hemolytic capacity), self-healing and exhibited strong physical and mechanical interactions with the bacteria cells (MENV-HG-treated bacteria were significantly more elastic compared to the control in both M. luteus (1.01 ± 0.3 MPa, p < 0.005 vs 5.03 ± 2.6) and E. coli (5.81 ± 2.1 MPa vs 10.81 ± 3.8, p < 0.005). MENV-HG was topically applied on wounds with a slow MENV release profile, ensuring effective healing. These in vivo results demonstrated decreased inflammation and expedited healing within 10 days of treatment (wound area closure was 99% with MENV-HG treatment and 87% for control). Taken together, MENV-HGs have the potential for a scalable and sustainable wound dressing strategy that works satisfactorily for bacteria-infected wound healing and to be validated in clinical trials.

Emerging nanoplatforms towards microenvironment-responsive glioma therapy

Gliomas are aggressive intracranial tumors of the central nervous system with a poor prognosis, high risk of recurrence, and low survival rates. Radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy are traditional cancer therapies. It is very challenging to accurately image and differentiate the malignancy grade of gliomas due to their heterogeneous and infiltrating nature and the obstruction of the blood-brain barrier. Imaging plays a crucial role in gliomas which significantly plays an important role in the accuracy of the diagnosis followed by any subsequent surgery or therapy. Other diagnostic methods (such as biopsies or surgery) are often very invasive. Preoperative imaging and intraoperative image-guided surgery perform the most significant safe resection. In recent years, the rapid growth of nanotechnology has opened up new avenues for glioma diagnosis and treatment. For better therapeutic efficacy, developing microenvironment-responsive nanoplatforms, including novel nanotherapeutic platforms of sonodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal treatments, are employed for improved patient survival and better clinical control outcome. In this review recent advancement of multifunctional nanoplatforms leading toward treatment of glioma is discussed.

Synthesis and Characterization of Acacia-Stabilized Doxorubicin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy

The targeted delivery of drugs is vital in breast cancer treatment due to its ability to produce long-lasting therapeutic effects with minimal side effects. This study reports the successful development of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)-loaded colloidal gold nanoparticles stabilized with acacia gum (AG). Optimization studies varied AG concentrations (0.25% to 3% w/v) to determine optimal conditions for nanoparticle synthesis. The resulting acacia stabilized gold nanoparticles (AGNPs) were characterized using various techniques including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a higher release rate of DOX in sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) compared to phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4), suggesting an enhanced therapeutic efficacy in acidic tumor environments. Cytotoxicity of DOX-AGNPs and free DOX was assessed in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The DOX-AGNPs exhibited significantly greater cytotoxicity, indicating enhanced efficacy in targeting cancer cells. This enhancement suggests that adsorbing DOX on the surface of gold nanoparticles can improve drug delivery and effectiveness, potentially reducing side effects compared to pure DOX and traditional delivery methods. Stability tests conducted over six months at 25±1°C showed significant changes in particle size and PDI, suggesting limited stability under these conditions. Overall, the acacia-stabilized gold nanoparticles synthesized in this study exhibit promising characteristics for drug delivery applications, particularly in cancer therapy, with effective drug loading, controlled release, and favorable physicochemical properties.

A Decade-Long Delay in Presentation of Retained Foreign Bodies as Sequelae of Ballistic Injuries: A Report of Two Cases

In many regions of the world, ballistic injuries are on the decline. With the reduced incidence of encountering these injuries, there is no general consensus on how to deal with ballistic fragments. Constant research in material science has led to the evolution of materials utilised in ballistics production. However, there has not been enough research into the effect of long-term exposure of the human body to these materials. Ballistic fragments, when asymptomatic and not in the vicinity of vital structures, are often thought to be innocuous in nature. Earlier concepts stated that these metallic fragments were encapsulated in the body by fibrosis and remained inert substances. However, the emerging evidence suggests that these retained ballistic fragments are more alike to ticking time bombs than the inert materials they were earlier thought to be. Side effects of long-term exposure to these materials can lead to not just systemic toxicity due to chronic metallic exposure but may even have carcinogenic effects. This article reports two cases of retained ballistic fragments that presented in a delayed fashion due to their prior asymptomatic status coupled with inadequate investigation and intervention. It also discusses the issues associated with the retention of these fragments, especially in cases where adequate information is not available regarding the nature and composition of the retained materials or their interactions with the human body on long-term exposure.

Valorization and repurposing of seafood waste to next-generation carbon nanofertilizers

The surge in population growth, urbanization, and shifts in food consumption patterns have resulted in a rise in the global production of organic waste. This waste material must be repurposed and effectively managed to minimize environmental footprints. The generation of abundant biowaste, especially from marine sources, may have detrimental impacts on the environment and human health if left untreated. In recent years, substantial efforts have been made to valorize seafood waste, contributing significantly to the sustainability of the blue economy through the repurposing of marine discards. Seafood waste can be transformed into different by-products which can be applied as soil amendment to enhance soil quality and health, demonstrating a holistic approach to repurposing and waste utilization. The extraction of bioactive metabolites from these waste materials has opened avenues for developing nanofertilizers. This intersection of waste valorization and nanotechnology is pertinent in the context of sustainable agriculture. While conventional fertilizers improve soil fertility with significant leaching and gaseous losses, the advent of nanofertilizers introduces a paradigm shift with their targeted and controlled delivery mechanisms, rendering them significantly more efficient in resource utilization and mitigation of environmental crises. This review delves into the global issue of seafood waste accumulation, offering an overview of various methods for repurposing. The primary aim of this review is to bring into limelight the recent efforts in developing a portfolio of carbon-based nanofertilizers derived from organic waste, replacing previous valorization methods due to their sustainability, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. There are immense opportunities for future work in this direction by exploring innovative nanoengineering approach owing to the potential of carbon nanofertilizers in enhancing the production of value-added products and reduction of environmental pollution.

Nanotechnology-based approaches for antibacterial therapy

The technique of antimicrobial therapy action is to stop or slow the growth of bacteria that can kill people, animals, and crops. The most widely used antibacterial agents are antibiotics. Even though these antimicrobial medications are quite effective, there are still certain barriers or challenges in using them effectively. To solve these issues, new antimicrobial drug molecules that don't have side effects or resistance are needed. These days, antimicrobial drugs placed in nanosized vehicles, or nanomedicine, made of different metal and metallic oxides as well as of polymer, carbon or lipid-based may be used to address these issues with conventional therapy and delivery techniques. This review focuses on the importance of nanotechnology in antimicrobial therapy, nanoparticles (NPs) used in this therapy, their mode of action, and the recent advancement in nanotechnology for antimicrobial therapy.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications - A Review

Over the last decade, biomedical nanomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable biological properties and diverse applications in biomedicine. Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are particularly notable for their wide range of medicinal uses, including antibacterial, anticancer, biosensing, cell imaging, and drug/gene delivery. Among these, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs stand out for their versatility and effectiveness. Recently, ZnO NPs have become a primary material in various sectors, such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, antimicrobials, construction, textile, and automotive industries. ZnO NPs can generate reactive oxygen species and induce cellular apoptosis, thus underpinning their potent anticancer and antibacterial properties. To meet the growing demand, numerous synthetic approaches have been developed to produce ZnO NPs. However, traditional manufacturing processes often involve significant economic and environmental costs, prompting a search for more sustainable alternatives. Intriguingly, biological synthesis methods utilizing plants, plant extracts, or microorganisms have emerged as ideal for producing ZnO NPs. These green production techniques offer numerous medicinal, economic, environmental, and health benefits. This review highlights the latest advancements in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their biomedical applications, showcasing their potential to revolutionize the field with eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions.

Nanomaterials for stroke diagnosis and treatment

Nanomaterials and nanotechnology innovations possess unique physicochemical properties that present new opportunities in the realm of stroke detection, diagnosis, and treatment. This comprehensive review explores the utilization of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of strokes, encompassing recent advancements in computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI), as well as groundbreaking applications of nanomaterials and bionanomaterials in drug delivery systems and brain tissue repair. Additionally, this review meticulously examines significant challenges such as biocompatibility toxicity and long-term safety, proposing potential strategies to surmount these obstacles. Moreover, this review delves into the application of nanomaterials to improve the clinical diagnosis of stroke patients, elucidates the potential of nanotechnology in post-stroke therapy, and identifies future research directions and potential clinical applications.

Toxicity, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and DNA Cleavage Effects of Dextran-Graft-Polyacrylamide/Zinc Oxide Nanosystems

Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles-polymer nanocomposites is an emerging strategy in nanotechnology to improve targeted delivery and reduce the toxicity of nanoparticles. In this study, we report biological effects of previously described hybrid nanocomposites containing dextran-graft-polyacrylamide/zinc oxide nanoparticles (D-PAA/ZnO NPs) prepared from zinc sulfate (D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-)) and zinc acetate (D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc)) focusing primarily on their antimicrobial activity. D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems were tested in a complex way to assess their antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), antidiabetic potential (α-amylase inhibition), DNA cleavage activity, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity. In addition, the toxicity of D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems against primary murine splenocytes was tested using MTT assay. The studied nanosystems inhibited E.coli growth. For all the investigated strains, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) were in the range of 8 mg/L-128 mg/L and 16 mg/L-128 mg/L, respectively. The nanocomposites demonstrated effective antibiofilm properties as 94.27% and 86.43%. The compounds showed good antioxidant, anti-α-amylase, and DNA cleavage activities. D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems reduced cell viability and promoted cell death of primary murine spleen cells at concentrations higher than those that proved to be antibacterial indicating the presence of therapeutic window. D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems show antioxidant, antidiabetic, DNA cleavage, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity against the background of good biocompatibility suggesting the presence of therapeutic potential, which should be further investigated in vivo.

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles: from green synthesis to clinical translation

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and various applications in different fields. NPs, including gold, silver, zinc oxide, copper, titanium, and magnesium oxide NPs, have attracted considerable interest. Green synthesis approaches, utilizing natural products, offer advantages such as sustainability and environmental friendliness. The theranostics applications of these NPs hold immense significance in the fields of medicine and diagnostics. The review explores intricate cellular uptake pathways, internalization dynamics, reactive oxygen species generation, and ensuing inflammatory responses, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms governing their behaviour at a molecular level. Intriguingly, biogenic metallic NPs exhibit a wide array of applications in medicine, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-plasmodial, antiviral properties and radical scavenging efficacy. Their potential in personalized medicine stands out, with a focus on tailoring treatments to individual patients based on these NPs' unique attributes and targeted delivery capabilities. The article culminates in emphasizing the role of biogenic metallic NPs in shaping the landscape of personalized medicine. Harnessing their unique properties for tailored therapeutics, diagnostics and targeted interventions, these NPs pave the way for a paradigm shift in healthcare, promising enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects.

Smart Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Next-Generation Therapeutic and Diagnostic Solutions

Stimuli-responsive nanocomposite gels combine the unique properties of hydrogels with those of nanoparticles, thus avoiding the suboptimal results of single components and creating versatile, multi-functional platforms for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. These hybrid materials are engineered to respond to various internal and external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, magnetic fields, and enzymatic activity, allowing precise control over drug release, tissue regeneration, and biosensing. Their responsiveness to environmental cues permits personalized medicine approaches, providing dynamic control over therapeutic interventions and real-time diagnostic capabilities. This review explores recent advances in stimuli-responsive hybrid gels' synthesis and application, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostics. Overall, these platforms have significant clinical potential, and future research is expected to lead to unique solutions to address unmet medical needs.

Potential role of metal nanoparticles in treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis

Peri-implantitis (PI), a pathological condition associated with plaque, affects the tissues around dental implants. In addition, peri-implant mucositis (PIM) is a precursor to the destructive inflammatory PI and is an inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding the dental implant. It is challenging to eradicate and regulate the PI treatment due to its limited effectiveness. Currently, there is a significant interest in the development and research of additional biocompatible materials to prevent the failure of dental implants. Nanotechnology has the potential to address or develop solutions to the significant challenge of implant failure caused by cytotoxicity and biocompatibility in dentistry. Nanoparticles (NPs) may be used as carriers for the release of medicines, as well as to make implant coatings and supply appropriate materials for implant construction. Furthermore, the bioactivity and therapeutic efficacy of metal NPs in peri-implant diseases (PID) are substantiated by a plethora of in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the use of silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc oxide, titanium oxide (TiO2), copper (Cu), and iron oxide NPs as a cure for dental implant infections brought on by bacteria that have become resistant to several medications is the subject of recent dentistry research. Because of their unique shape-dependent features, which enhance bio-physio-chemical functionalization, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility, metal NPs are employed in dental implants. This study attempted to provide an overview of the application of metal and metal oxide NPs to control and increase the success rate of implants while focusing on the antimicrobial properties of these NPs in the treatment of PID, including PIM and PI. Additionally, the study reviewed the potential benefits and drawbacks of using metal NPs in clinical settings for managing PID, with the goal of advancing future treatment strategies for these conditions.

Metal-based nanomaterials in aquatic environments: What do we know so far about their ecotoxicity?

The wide range of applications of nanomaterials (NM) in different fields has led to both uncontrolled production and release into environmental compartments, such as aquatic systems, where final disposal occurs. Some efforts have been made to estimate their concentrations in environmental matrices; however, little is known about the actual effects of environmental NM concentrations on biota. The aims of the present review are to (i) expose the state of the art of the most applied NM and their actual concentrations regarding how much is being released to the aquatic environment and which are the predicted ones; (ii) analyze the current literature to elucidate if the aforementioned conditions were proven to cause deleterious effects on the associated organisms; and (iii) identify gaps in the knowledge regarding whether the actual NM concentrations are harmful to aquatic biota. These novel materials are expected to being released into the environment in the range of hundreds to thousands of tons per year, with Si- and Ti-based NM being the two most important. The estimated environmental NM concentrations are in the low range of ng to µg/L, except for Ti-based ones, which concentrations reach values on the order of mg/L. Empirical information regarding the ecotoxicity of environmental NM concentrations mainly focused on metal-based NM, however, it resulted poor and unbalanced in terms of materials and test species. Given its high predicted environmental concentration in comparison with the others, the ecotoxicity of Ti-based NM has been well assessed in algae and fish, while little is known regarding other NM types. While only a few marine species were addressed, the freshwater species Daphnia magna and Danio rerio accounted for the majority of studies on invertebrate and fish groups, respectively. Most of the reported responses are related to oxidative stress. Overall, we consider that invertebrate groups are the most vulnerable, with emphasis on microcrustaceans, as environmentally realistic metal-based NM concentration even caused mortality in some species. In the case of fish, we assumed that environmental concentrations of Ti-based NM represent a growing concern and threat; however, further studies should be carried out by employing other kinds of NM. Furthermore, more ecotoxicological information is needed in the case of carbon-based NM, as they are expected to considerably increase in terms of released amounts and applications in the near future.

An insight into impact of nanomaterials toxicity on human health

In recent years, advances in nanotechnology have significantly influenced electronics manufacturing, industrial processes, and medical research. Various industries have seen a surge in the use of nanomaterials. However, several researchers have raised the alarm about the toxicological nature of nanomaterials, which appear to be quite different from their crude forms. This altered nature can be attributed to their unique physicochemical profile. They can adversely affect human health and the environment. Nanomaterials that have been released into the environment tend to accumulate over time and can cause a significant impact on the ecosystem and organisms with adverse health effects. Increased use of nanoparticles has led to increased human exposure in their daily lives, making them more vulnerable to nanoparticle toxicity. Because of their small size, nanomaterials can readily cross biological membranes and enter cells, tissues, and organs. Therefore, the effect of nanomaterials on the human environment is of particular concern. The toxicological effects of nanomaterials and their mechanisms of action are being researched worldwide. Technological advances also support monitoring new nanomaterials marketed for industrial and household purposes. It is a challenging area because of the exceptional physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. This updated review focuses on the diverse toxicological perspective of nanomaterials. We have discussed the use of different types of nanoparticles and their physiochemical properties responsible for toxicity, routes of exposure, bio-distribution, and mechanism of toxicity. The review also includes various in vivo and in vitro methods of assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials. Finally, this review will provide a detailed insight into nano material-induced toxicological response, which can be beneficial in designing safe and effective nanoparticles.

Silk Fibroin Film Decorated with Ultralow FeCo Content by Sputtering Deposition Results in a Flexible and Robust Biomaterial for Magnetic Actuation

Magnetically responsive soft biomaterials are at the forefront of bioengineering and biorobotics. We have created a magnetic hybrid material by coupling silk fibroin─i.e., a natural biopolymer with an optimal combination of biocompatibility and mechanical robustness─with the FeCo alloy, the ferromagnetic material with the highest saturation magnetization. The material is in the form of a 6 μm-thick silk fibroin film, coated with a FeCo layer (nominal thickness: 10 nm) grown by magnetron sputtering deposition. The sputtering deposition technique is versatile and eco-friendly and proves effective for growing the magnetic layer on the biopolymer substrate, also allowing one to select the area to be decorated. The hybrid material is biocompatible, lightweight, flexible, robust, and water-resistant. Electrical, structural, mechanical, and magnetic characterization of the material, both as-prepared and after being soaked in water, have provided information on the adhesion between the silk fibroin substrate and the FeCo layer and on the state of internal mechanical stresses. The hybrid film exhibits a high magnetic bending response under a magnetic field gradient, thanks to an ultralow fraction of the FeCo component (less than 0.1 vol %, i.e., well below 1 wt %). This reduces the risk of adverse health effects and makes the material suitable for bioactuation applications.

Energy-Efficient and Effective MCF-7 Cell Ablation and Electrothermal Therapy Enabled by M13-WS2-PEG Nanostructures

Thermal agents (TAs) have exhibited promise in clinical tests when utilized in cancer thermal therapy (TT). While rapid degradation of TAs may address safety concerns, it limits the thermal stability required for effective treatment. TAs, which possess exceptional thermal stability, experience gradual deterioration. There are few approaches that effectively address the trade-off between improving thermal stability and simultaneously boosting material deterioration. Here, we control the thermal character of tungsten disulfide (WS2)-based 2D materials by utilizing an M13 phage through Joule heating (the M13-WS2-PEG nanostructures were generated and termed a tripartite (T) nanostructure), and developed a T nanostructure-driven TT platform (we called it T-TT) for efficient thermal ablation of clinically relevant MCF-7 cells. A relative cell viability of ~59% was achieved, as well as onset time of degradation of ~0.5 week. The T-TT platform also discloses an energy density of 5.9 J/mL. Furthermore, the phage-conjugated WS2 can be utilized to achieve ultrasound imaging for disease monitoring. Therefore, this research not only presents a thermal agent that overcomes TA limitations, but also demonstrates a practical application of WS2-type material system in ultra-energy efficient and effective cancer therapy.

Nanocarrier design for pathogen-inspired innate immune agonist delivery

In complex diseases such as cancer, modulating cytokine signatures of disease using innate immune agonists holds therapeutic promise. Novel multi-agonist treatments offer tunable control of the immune system because they are uniquely pathogen inspired, eliciting robust antitumor responses by promoting synergistic cytokine responses. However, the chief strategic hurdle is ensuring multi-agonist delivery to the same target cells, highlighting the importance of using nanomaterial-based carriers. Here, we place nanocarriers in center stage and review the delivery hurdles related to the varying extra- and intracellular localizations of innate immune receptors. We discuss a range of nanomaterials used for multi-agonist delivery, highlighting their respective benefits and drawbacks. Our overarching stance is that rational nanocarrier design is crucial for developing pathogen-inspired multi-agonist immunotherapies.

Therapeutic Potential of Silver Nitroprusside Nanoparticles for Melanoma

Melanoma has gained considerable attention due to its high mortality and morbidity rate worldwide. The currently available treatment options are associated with several limitations such as nonspecificity, drug resistance, easy clearance, low efficacy, toxicity-related issues, etc. To this end, nanotechnology has garnered significant attention for the treatment of melanoma. In the present manuscript, we have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of silver nitroprusside nanoparticles (abbreviated as AgNNPs) against melanoma. The AgNNPs exhibit cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells, which has been investigated by several in vitro experiments including [methyl 3H]-thymidine incorporation assay, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry, and ROS generation through DCFDA, DHE, and DAF2A reagents. Further, the internalization of nanoparticles was determined by ICPOES analysis, while their colocalization was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Additionally, JC-1 staining is performed to examine mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Cytoskeleton integrity was observed by phalloidin staining. Expression of different markers (Ki-67, cytochrome c, and E-cadherin) was checked using an immunofluorescence assay. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of AgNNPs has been validated in the melanoma model established by inoculating B16F10 cells into the dorsal right abdomen of C57BL/6J mice. The intraperitoneal administration of AgNNPs reduced melanoma growth and increased the survivability of tumor-bearing mice. The in vivo immunofluorescence studies (Ki-67, CD31, and E-cadherin) and TUNEL assay support the inhibitory and apoptotic nature of AgNNPs toward melanoma, respectively. Furthermore, the various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in anticancer activity are evaluated by Western blot analysis. These findings altogether demonstrate the promising anticancer potential of AgNNPs toward melanoma.

Gold nanostructures in melanoma: Advances in treatment, diagnosis, and theranostic applications

Melanoma, a lethal form of skin cancer, poses a significant challenge in oncology due to its aggressive nature and high mortality rates. Gold nanostructures, including gold nanoparticles (GNPs), offer myriad opportunities in melanoma therapy and imaging due to their facile synthesis and functionalization, robust stability, tunable physicochemical and optical properties, and biocompatibility. This review explores the emerging role of gold nanostructures and their composites in revolutionizing melanoma treatment paradigms, bridging the gap between nanotechnology and clinical oncology, and offering insights for researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders. It begins by elucidating the potential of nanotechnology-driven approaches in cancer therapy, highlighting the unique physicochemical properties and versatility of GNPs in biomedical applications. Various therapeutic modalities, including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, targeted drug delivery, gene delivery, and nanovaccines, are discussed in detail, along with insights from ongoing clinical trials. In addition, the utility of GNPs in melanoma imaging and theranostics is explored, showcasing their potential in diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and personalized medicine. Furthermore, safety considerations and potential toxicities associated with GNPs are addressed, underscoring the importance of comprehensive risk assessment in clinical translation. Finally, the review concludes by discussing current challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies to maximize the clinical impact of GNPs in melanoma therapy.

Small Scale, Big Impact: Nanotechnology-Enhanced Drug Delivery for Brain Diseases

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, ranging from brain cancers to neurodegenerative disorders like dementia and acute conditions such as strokes, have been heavily burdening healthcare and have a direct impact on patient quality of life. A significant hurdle in developing effective treatments is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective barrier that prevents most drugs from reaching the brain. The tight junctions and adherens junctions between the endothelial cells and various receptors expressed on the cells make the BBB form a nonfenestrated and highly selective structure that is crucial for brain homeostasis but complicates drug delivery. Nanotechnology offers a novel pathway to circumvent this barrier, with nanoparticles engineered to ferry drugs across the BBB, protect drugs from degradation, and deliver medications to the designated area. After years of development, nanoparticle optimization, including sizes, shapes, surface modifications, and targeting ligands, can enable nanomaterials tailored to specific brain drug delivery settings. Moreover, smart nano drug delivery systems can respond to endogenous and exogenous stimuli that control subsequent drug release. Here, we address the importance of the BBB in brain disease treatment, summarize different delivery routes for brain drug delivery, discuss the cutting-edge nanotechnology-based strategies for brain drug delivery, and further offer valuable insights into how these innovations in nanoparticle technology could revolutionize the treatment of CNS diseases, presenting a promising avenue for noninvasive, targeted therapeutic interventions.

Macromolecular Nano-Assemblies for Enhancing the Effect of Oxygen-Dependent Photodynamic Therapy Against Hypoxic Tumors

In oxygen (O2)-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT), photosensitizers absorb light energy, which is then transferred to ambient O2 and subsequently generates cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2). Therefore, the availability of O2 and the utilization efficiency of generated 1O2 are two significant factors that influence the effectiveness of PDT. However, tumor microenvironments (TMEs) characterized by hypoxia and limited utilization efficiency of 1O2 resulting from its short half-life and short diffusion distance significantly restrict the applicability of PDT for hypoxic tumors. To address these challenges, numerous macromolecular nano-assemblies (MNAs) have been designed to relieve hypoxia, utilize hypoxia or enhance the utilization efficiency of 1O2. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on recent advancements achieved with MNAs in enhancing the effectiveness of O2-dependent PDT against hypoxic tumors.

Nanomaterial-Based Sensors for Coumarin Detection

Sensors are widely used owing to their advantages including excellent sensing performance, user-friendliness, portability, rapid response, high sensitivity, and specificity. Sensor technologies have been expanded rapidly in recent years to offer many applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, the environment, food safety, and national security. Various nanomaterial-based sensors have been developed for their exciting features, such as a powerful absorption band in the visible region, excellent electrical conductivity, and good mechanical properties. Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives are attracting attention in the development of functional polymers and polymeric networks for their unique biological, optical, and photochemical properties. They are the most abundant organic molecules in medicine because of their biological and pharmacological impacts. Furthermore, coumarin derivatives can modulate signaling pathways that affect various cellular processes. This review covers the discovery of coumarins and their derivatives, the integration of nanomaterial-based sensors, and recent advances in nanomaterial-based sensing for coumarins. This review also explains how sensors work, their types, their pros and cons, and sensor studies for coumarin detection in recent years.