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Dowling P, Trollet C, Negroni E, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. How Can Proteomics Help to Elucidate the Pathophysiological Crosstalk in Muscular Dystrophy and Associated Multi-System Dysfunction? Proteomes 2024; 12:4. [PMID: 38250815 PMCID: PMC10801633 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This perspective article is concerned with the question of how proteomics, which is a core technique of systems biology that is deeply embedded in the multi-omics field of modern bioresearch, can help us better understand the molecular pathogenesis of complex diseases. As an illustrative example of a monogenetic disorder that primarily affects the neuromuscular system but is characterized by a plethora of multi-system pathophysiological alterations, the muscle-wasting disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy was examined. Recent achievements in the field of dystrophinopathy research are described with special reference to the proteome-wide complexity of neuromuscular changes and body-wide alterations/adaptations. Based on a description of the current applications of top-down versus bottom-up proteomic approaches and their technical challenges, future systems biological approaches are outlined. The envisaged holistic and integromic bioanalysis would encompass the integration of diverse omics-type studies including inter- and intra-proteomics as the core disciplines for systematic protein evaluations, with sophisticated biomolecular analyses, including physiology, molecular biology, biochemistry and histochemistry. Integrated proteomic findings promise to be instrumental in improving our detailed knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms and multi-system dysfunction, widening the available biomarker signature of dystrophinopathy for improved diagnostic/prognostic procedures, and advancing the identification of novel therapeutic targets to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland;
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Capucine Trollet
- Center for Research in Myology U974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute, 75013 Paris, France; (C.T.); (E.N.)
| | - Elisa Negroni
- Center for Research in Myology U974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute, 75013 Paris, France; (C.T.); (E.N.)
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, D53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland;
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Molinaro M, Torrente Y, Villa C, Farini A. Advancing Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Targets in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:631. [PMID: 38203802 PMCID: PMC10778889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence underscores the intricate interplay between the immune system and skeletal muscles in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), as well as during regular muscle regeneration. While immune cell infiltration into skeletal muscles stands out as a prominent feature in the disease pathophysiology, a myriad of secondary defects involving metabolic and inflammatory pathways persist, with the key players yet to be fully elucidated. Steroids, currently the sole effective therapy for delaying onset and symptom control, come with adverse side effects, limiting their widespread use. Preliminary evidence spotlighting the distinctive features of T cell profiling in DMD prompts the immuno-characterization of circulating cells. A molecular analysis of their transcriptome and secretome holds the promise of identifying a subpopulation of cells suitable as disease biomarkers. Furthermore, it provides a gateway to unraveling new pathological pathways and pinpointing potential therapeutic targets. Simultaneously, the last decade has witnessed the emergence of novel approaches. The development and equilibrium of both innate and adaptive immune systems are intricately linked to the gut microbiota. Modulating microbiota-derived metabolites could potentially exacerbate muscle damage through immune system activation. Concurrently, genome sequencing has conferred clinical utility for rare disease diagnosis since innovative methodologies have been deployed to interpret the functional consequences of genomic variations. Despite numerous genes falling short as clinical targets for MD, the exploration of Tdark genes holds promise for unearthing novel and uncharted therapeutic insights. In the quest to expedite the translation of fundamental knowledge into clinical applications, the identification of novel biomarkers and disease targets is paramount. This initiative not only advances our understanding but also paves the way for the design of innovative therapeutic strategies, contributing to enhanced care for individuals grappling with these incapacitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Molinaro
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (Y.T.)
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea Farini
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (Y.T.)
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3
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Agrawal P, Harish V, Mohd S, Singh SK, Tewari D, Tatiparthi R, Harshita, Vishwas S, Sutrapu S, Dua K, Gulati M. Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its delivery strategies. Life Sci 2023; 330:122003. [PMID: 37544379 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disorder brought on by mutations in the DMD gene, which prevent muscle cells from expressing the dystrophin protein. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has evolved as potential option to treat DMD due to its ability to permanently skip exons, restoring the disrupted DMD reading frame and leading to dystrophin restoration. Even though, having potential to treat DMD, the delivery, safety and efficacy of this technology is still challenging. Several delivery methods, including viral vectors, nanoparticles, and electroporation, have been explored to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 to the targeted cells. Despite the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the treatment of DMD, several limitations need to be addressed. The off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9 are a major concern that needs to be addressed to avoid unintended mutations. The delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to the target cells and the immune response due to the viral vectors used for delivery are a few other limitations. The clinical trials of CRISPR/Cas9 for DMD provide valuable insights into the safety and efficacy of this technology in humans and the limitations that need to be known. Therefore, in this review we insightfully discussed the challenges and limitations of CRISPR/Cas9 in the treatment of DMD and delivery strategies used, and the ongoing efforts to overcome these challenges and restore dystrophin expression in DMD patients in the ongoing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Agrawal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Vancha Harish
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
| | - Sharfuddin Mohd
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Ramanjireddy Tatiparthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Harshita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Srinivas Sutrapu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Erbe LS, Hoffjan S, Janßen S, Kneifel M, Krause K, Gerding WM, Döring K, Güttsches AK, Roos A, Buena Atienza E, Gross C, Lücke T, Nguyen HHP, Vorgerd M, Köhler C. Exome Sequencing and Optical Genome Mapping in Molecularly Unsolved Cases of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Identification of a Causative X-Chromosomal Inversion Disrupting the DMD Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14716. [PMID: 37834164 PMCID: PMC10572545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle disease that mainly affects boys due to X-linked recessive inheritance. In most affected individuals, MLPA or sequencing-based techniques detect deletions, duplications, or point mutations in the dystrophin-encoding DMD gene. However, in a small subset of patients clinically diagnosed with DMD, the molecular cause is not identified with these routine methods. Evaluation of the 60 DMD patients in our center revealed three cases without a known genetic cause. DNA samples of these patients were analyzed using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and, if unconclusive, optical genome mapping (OGM). WES led to a diagnosis in two cases: one patient was found to carry a splice mutation in the DMD gene that had not been identified during previous Sanger sequencing. In the second patient, we detected two variants in the fukutin gene (FKTN) that were presumed to be disease-causing. In the third patient, WES was unremarkable, but OGM identified an inversion disrupting the DMD gene (~1.28 Mb) that was subsequently confirmed with long-read sequencing. These results highlight the importance of reanalyzing unsolved cases using WES and demonstrate that OGM is a useful method for identifying large structural variants in cases with unremarkable exome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoni S. Erbe
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (L.S.E.); (W.M.G.); (K.D.); (H.H.P.N.)
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (L.S.E.); (W.M.G.); (K.D.); (H.H.P.N.)
- Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), 44791 Bochum, Germany; (C.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Sören Janßen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Moritz Kneifel
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (K.K.); (A.-K.G.); (A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Karsten Krause
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (K.K.); (A.-K.G.); (A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Wanda M. Gerding
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (L.S.E.); (W.M.G.); (K.D.); (H.H.P.N.)
| | - Kristina Döring
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (L.S.E.); (W.M.G.); (K.D.); (H.H.P.N.)
| | - Anne-Katrin Güttsches
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (K.K.); (A.-K.G.); (A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (K.K.); (A.-K.G.); (A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Elena Buena Atienza
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (E.B.A.); (C.G.)
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caspar Gross
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (E.B.A.); (C.G.)
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), 44791 Bochum, Germany; (C.K.); (T.L.)
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Hoa Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (L.S.E.); (W.M.G.); (K.D.); (H.H.P.N.)
- Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), 44791 Bochum, Germany; (C.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.K.); (K.K.); (A.-K.G.); (A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Cornelia Köhler
- Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), 44791 Bochum, Germany; (C.K.); (T.L.)
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
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5
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Rok M, Wong TWY, Maino E, Ahmed A, Yang G, Hyatt E, Lindsay K, Fatehi S, Marks R, Delgado-Olguín P, Ivakine EA, Cohn RD. Prevention of early-onset cardiomyopathy in Dmd exon 52-54 deletion mice by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated exon skipping. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:246-258. [PMID: 37545481 PMCID: PMC10403712 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease with a life-threatening trajectory resulting from mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to degeneration of skeletal muscle and fibrosis of cardiac muscle. The overwhelming majority of mutations are multiexonic deletions. We previously established a dystrophic mouse model with deletion of exons 52-54 in Dmd that develops an early-onset cardiac phenotype similar to DMD patients. Here we employed CRISPR-Cas9 delivered intravenously by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to restore functional dystrophin expression via excision or skipping of exon 55. Exon skipping with a solitary guide significantly improved editing outcomes and dystrophin recovery over dual guide excision. Some improvements to genomic and transcript editing levels were observed when the guide dose was enhanced, but dystrophin restoration did not improve considerably. Editing and dystrophin recovery were restricted primarily to cardiac tissue. Remarkably, our exon skipping approach completely prevented onset of the cardiac phenotype in treated mice up to 12 weeks. Thus, our results demonstrate that intravenous delivery of a single-cut CRISPR-Cas9-mediated exon skipping therapy can prevent heart dysfunction in DMD in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rok
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tatianna Wai Ying Wong
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleonora Maino
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Hyatt
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Lindsay
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sina Fatehi
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Marks
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Delgado-Olguín
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evgueni A. Ivakine
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald D. Cohn
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Rahman NIA, Lam CL, Sulaiman N, Abdullah NAH, Nordin F, Ariffin SHZ, Yazid MD. PAX7, a Key for Myogenesis Modulation in Muscular Dystrophies through Multiple Signaling Pathways: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13051. [PMID: 37685856 PMCID: PMC10487808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a heterogenous group of hereditary muscle disorders caused by mutations in the genes responsible for muscle development, and is generally defined by a disastrous progression of muscle wasting and massive loss in muscle regeneration. Pax7 is closely associated with myogenesis, which is governed by various signaling pathways throughout a lifetime and is frequently used as an indicator in muscle research. In this review, an extensive literature search adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was performed to identify research that examined signaling pathways in living models, while quantifying Pax7 expression in myogenesis. A total of 247 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS), PubMed and Scopus databases and were thoroughly examined and evaluated, resulting in 19 articles which met the inclusion criteria. Admittedly, we were only able to discuss the quantification of Pax7 carried out in research affecting various type of genes and signaling pathways, rather than the expression of Pax7 itself, due to the massive differences in approach, factor molecules and signaling pathways analyzed across the research. However, we highlighted the thorough evidence for the alteration of the muscle stem cell precursor Pax7 in multiple signaling pathways described in different living models, with an emphasis on the novel approach that could be taken in manipulating Pax7 expression itself in dystrophic muscle, towards the discovery of an effective treatment for muscular dystrophy. Therefore, we believe that this could be applied to the potential gap in muscle research that could be filled by tuning the well-established marker expression to improve dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Idayu A. Rahman
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Chung Liang Lam
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Nadiah Sulaiman
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin
- Centre of Biotechnology & Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
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7
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Aguayo JS, Shelton JM, Tan W, Rakheja D, Cai C, Shalaby A, Lee J, Iannaccone ST, Xu L, Chen K, Burns DK, Zheng Y. Ectopic PLAG1 induces muscular dystrophy in the mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 665:159-168. [PMID: 37163936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Even though various genetic mutations have been identified in muscular dystrophies (MD), there is still a need to understand the biology of MD in the absence of known mutations. Here we reported a new mouse model of MD driven by ectopic expression of PLAG1. This gene encodes a developmentally regulated transcription factor known to be expressed in developing skeletal muscle, and implicated as an oncogene in certain cancers including rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma composed of myoblast-like cells. By breeding loxP-STOP-loxP-PLAG1 (LSL-PLAG1) mice into the MCK-Cre line, we achieved ectopic PLAG1 expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The Cre/PLAG1 mice died before 6 weeks of age with evidence of cardiomyopathy significantly limiting left ventricle fractional shortening. Histology of skeletal muscle revealed dystrophic features, including myofiber necrosis, fiber size variation, frequent centralized nuclei, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis, all of which mimic human MD pathology. QRT-PCR and Western blot revealed modestly decreased Dmd mRNA and dystrophin protein in the dystrophic muscle, and immunofluorescence staining showed decreased dystrophin along the cell membrane. Repression of Dmd by ectopic PLAG1 was confirmed in dystrophic skeletal muscle and various cell culture models. In vitro studies showed that excess IGF2 expression, a transcriptional target of PLAG1, phenocopied PLAG1-mediated down-regulation of dystrophin. In summary, we developed a new mouse model of a lethal MD due to ectopic expression of PLAG1 in heart and skeletal muscle. Our data support the potential contribution of excess IGF2 in this model. Further studying these mice may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of MD and perhaps lead to new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shugert Aguayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chunyu Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Shalaby
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Susan T Iannaccone
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dennis K Burns
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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8
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Dowling P, Gargan S, Zweyer M, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. Extracellular Matrix Proteomics: The mdx-4cv Mouse Diaphragm as a Surrogate for Studying Myofibrosis in Dystrophinopathy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1108. [PMID: 37509144 PMCID: PMC10377647 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive degeneration of the skeletal musculature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is accompanied by reactive myofibrosis, fat substitution, and chronic inflammation. Fibrotic changes and reduced tissue elasticity correlate with the loss in motor function in this X-chromosomal disorder. Thus, although dystrophinopathies are due to primary abnormalities in the DMD gene causing the almost-complete absence of the cytoskeletal Dp427-M isoform of dystrophin in voluntary muscles, the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins presents a key histopathological hallmark of muscular dystrophy. Animal model research has been instrumental in the characterization of dystrophic muscles and has contributed to a better understanding of the complex pathogenesis of dystrophinopathies, the discovery of new disease biomarkers, and the testing of novel therapeutic strategies. In this article, we review how mass-spectrometry-based proteomics can be used to study changes in key components of the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium, such as collagens, proteoglycans, matricellular proteins, and adhesion receptors. The mdx-4cv mouse diaphragm displays severe myofibrosis, making it an ideal model system for large-scale surveys of systematic alterations in the matrisome of dystrophic fibers. Novel biomarkers of myofibrosis can now be tested for their appropriateness in the preclinical and clinical setting as diagnostic, pharmacodynamic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic monitoring indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Stephen Gargan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Margit Zweyer
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bonn, D53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, D53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Gargan S, Dowling P, Zweyer M, Henry M, Meleady P, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. Proteomic Identification of Markers of Membrane Repair, Regeneration and Fibrosis in the Aged and Dystrophic Diaphragm. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1679. [PMID: 36362832 PMCID: PMC9696191 DOI: 10.3390/life12111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin is the underlying cause of the progressive muscle wasting disease named Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In order to detect novel disease marker candidates and confirm the complexity of the pathobiochemical signature of dystrophinopathy, mass spectrometric screening approaches represent ideal tools for comprehensive biomarker discovery studies. In this report, we describe the comparative proteomic analysis of young versus aged diaphragm muscles from wild type versus the dystrophic mdx-4cv mouse model of X-linked muscular dystrophy. The survey confirmed the drastic reduction of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in the mdx-4cv diaphragm muscle and concomitant age-dependent changes in key markers of muscular dystrophy, including proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization, metabolite transportation, the cellular stress response and excitation-contraction coupling. Importantly, proteomic markers of the regulation of membrane repair, tissue regeneration and reactive myofibrosis were detected by mass spectrometry and changes in key proteins were confirmed by immunoblotting. Potential disease marker candidates include various isoforms of annexin, the matricellular protein periostin and a large number of collagens. Alterations in these proteoforms can be useful to evaluate adaptive, compensatory and pathobiochemical changes in the intracellular cytoskeleton, myofiber membrane integrity and the extracellular matrix in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gargan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Margit Zweyer
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bonn, D53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 E432 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 E432 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bonn, D53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
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