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Amaro FIF, Soares P, Velo E, Carvalho DO, Gomez M, Balestrino F, Puggioli A, Bellini R, Osório HC. Mark-Release-Recapture Trial with Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) Irradiated Males: Population Parameters and Climatic Factors. INSECTS 2024; 15:685. [PMID: 39336653 PMCID: PMC11432691 DOI: 10.3390/insects15090685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is considered one of the major invasive species in the world and can transmit viruses such as dengue, Zika, or chikungunya. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) can be used to suppress the native populations of Ae. albopictus. Mark-release-recapture (MRR) studies are crucial to support the development of the release strategy during the SIT application. Meanwhile, weather conditions can affect the MRR trial's results and it is critical to understand the influence of climatic factors on the results. In October 2022, 84,000 irradiated sterile males were released for three consecutive weeks in Faro, Southern Portugal. Mosquitoes were recaptured by human landing collection (HLC) one, two, four, and six days after release. Generalized linear models with a negative binomial family and log function were used to estimate the factors associated with the number of recaptured mosquitoes, prevalence ratios, and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 84,000 sterile male mosquitoes were released, with 528 recaptured (0.8%) by HLC. The prevalence of recaptured mosquitoes was 23% lower when the wind intensity was moderate. Marked sterile males had an average median distance travelled of 88.7 m. The median probability of daily survival and the average life expectancy were 61.6% and 2.1 days, respectively. The wild male population estimate was 443.33 males/ha. Despite no statistically significant association being found with humidity, temperature, and precipitation, it is important to consider weather conditions during MRR trial analyses to obtain the best determinant estimation and a more efficient application of the SIT in an integrated vector management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Isabel Falcão Amaro
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research Doutor Francisco Cambournac (CEVDI), National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Palmela, Portugal
- Environmental Health Institute (ISAMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, Piso 0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Soares
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research Doutor Francisco Cambournac (CEVDI), National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Palmela, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, NOVA University Lisbon, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre of Statistics and its Applications (CEAUL), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Enkelejda Velo
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Danilo Oliveira Carvalho
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maylen Gomez
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabrizio Balestrino
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Department of Sanitary Entomology and Zoology, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Arianna Puggioli
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Department of Sanitary Entomology and Zoology, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Department of Sanitary Entomology and Zoology, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Hugo Costa Osório
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research Doutor Francisco Cambournac (CEVDI), National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Palmela, Portugal
- Environmental Health Institute (ISAMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, Piso 0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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Hapugoda M, Gunawardena NS, Ranathunge T, Bouyer J, Maiga H, Karunathilake K, Withanage GP, Weerasinghe I, Sow BBD, Harishchandra J. Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR) of Sterile Male Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Sri Lanka: Field Performance of Sterile Males and Estimation of the Wild Mosquito Population Density. INSECTS 2024; 15:466. [PMID: 39057199 PMCID: PMC11276655 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Dengue is an important mosquito-borne disease in Sri Lanka. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly and novel method that can suppress dengue vector mosquitoes in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to evaluate the field performance of sterile males and the density of wild male Aedes albopictus (Skuse) using a Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR) assay. Laboratory-colonized male pupae were exposed to 50 Gy gamma using a Co60 source. Sterile males (approx. 10,000) marked with fluorescent dust were released weekly for 4 consecutive weeks (January-February 2021) in a geographically isolated 30 ha site in Gampaha. Results show sterile males could disperse up to 543.8 m with a mean distance of 255.1 ± 44.6 m and survive up to 6 days with a mean life expectancy of 3.55 ± 2.32 days. A high field mating competitiveness of sterile males based on a Fried value of 0.47 ± 0.007 and significant induced sterility in the wild eggs in the second generation were found. The mean wild male mosquito population density was 163 males/ha. The data generated will be useful for designing future trials in Sri Lanka and other countries with similar situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaka Hapugoda
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka; (N.S.G.); (G.P.W.)
| | - Nilmini Silva Gunawardena
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka; (N.S.G.); (G.P.W.)
| | - Tharaka Ranathunge
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Batticaloa 30000, Sri Lanka;
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (H.M.)
- UMR ASTRE (Animal Santé Territoires Risques et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD, Plate Forme CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97491 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Hamidou Maiga
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (H.M.)
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso;
| | - Kankanige Karunathilake
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11010, Sri Lanka;
| | - Gayan Parakrama Withanage
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka; (N.S.G.); (G.P.W.)
| | - Indika Weerasinghe
- National Dengue Control Unit, Public Health Complex, Ministry of Health, Narahenpita, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka;
| | - Bazoumana B. D. Sow
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso;
| | - Jeevanie Harishchandra
- Anti-Malaria Campaign (AMC), Public Health Complex, Ministry of Health, Narahenpita, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka;
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Maïga H, Bakhoum MT, Mamai W, Diouf G, Bimbilé Somda NS, Wallner T, Martina C, Kotla SS, Masso OB, Yamada H, Sow BBD, Fall AG, Bouyer J. From the Lab to the Field: Long-Distance Transport of Sterile Aedes Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2023; 14:207. [PMID: 36835776 PMCID: PMC9967802 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pilot programs of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against Aedes aegypti may rely on importing significant and consistent numbers of high-quality sterile males from a distant mass rearing factory. As such, long-distance mass transport of sterile males may contribute to meet this requirement if their survival and quality are not compromised. This study therefore aimed to develop and assess a novel method for long-distance shipments of sterile male mosquitoes from the laboratory to the field. Different types of mosquito compaction boxes in addition to a simulation of the transport of marked and unmarked sterile males were assessed in terms of survival rates/recovery rates, flight ability and morphological damage to the mosquitoes. The novel mass transport protocol allowed long-distance shipments of sterile male mosquitoes for up to four days with a nonsignificant impact on survival (>90% for 48 h of transport and between 50 and 70% for 96 h depending on the type of mosquito compaction box), flight ability, and damage. In addition, a one-day recovery period for transported mosquitoes post-transport increased the escaping ability of sterile males by more than 20%. This novel system for the long-distance mass transport of mosquitoes may therefore be used to ship sterile males worldwide for journeys of two to four days. This study demonstrated that the protocol can be used for the standard mass transport of marked or unmarked chilled Aedes mosquitoes required for the SIT or other related genetic control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Maïga
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l’Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso BP 2779, Burkina Faso
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Wadaka Mamai
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
- Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), Yaoundé P.O. Box 2123, Cameroon
| | - Gorgui Diouf
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Nanwintoum Séverin Bimbilé Somda
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies (UFR/ST), Université Norbert ZONGO (UNZ), Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Thomas Wallner
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Martina
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simran Singh Kotla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Odet Bueno Masso
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bazoumana B. D. Sow
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l’Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso BP 2779, Burkina Faso
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
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Carvalho DO, Morreale R, Stenhouse S, Hahn DA, Gomez M, Lloyd A, Hoel D. A sterile insect technique pilot trial on Captiva Island: defining mosquito population parameters for sterile male releases using mark-release-recapture. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:402. [PMID: 36320036 PMCID: PMC9628054 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sterile insect technique (SIT), which involves area-wide inundative releases of sterile insects to suppress the reproduction of a target species, has proven to be an effective pest control method. The technique demands the continuous release of sterilized insects in quantities that ensure a high sterile male:wild male ratio for the suppression of the wild population over succeeding generations. Methods For these releases, it is important to determine several ecological and biological population parameters, including the longevity of the released males in the field, the dispersal of the released males and the wild pest population size. The Lee County Mosquito Control District initiated a study in a 47-ha portion of Captiva Island (Florida, USA), an island with a total area of 230 ha, to define biological SIT parameters for Aedes aegypti (L.), an invasive disease-vectoring mosquito known to be difficult to control due to a combination of daytime biting activity, use of cryptic breeding habitats that are difficult to target with conventional night-time ultra-low volume methods, and emerging resistance to commonly used insecticides. Another goal was to assess patterns of dispersal and survival for laboratory-reared sterile Ae. aegypti males released over time in the pilot site. These parameters will be used to evaluate the efficacy of a SIT suppression program for Ae. aegypti on Captiva Island. Results Over the course of seven mark-release-recapture studies using single- and multiple-point releases, 190,504 sterile marked males were released, for which the recapture rate was 1.5% over a mean period of 12 days. The mean distance traveled by sterile males of the local strain of Ae. aegypti that has colonized Captiva Island was 201.7 m from the release point, with an observed maximum traveled distance of 404.5 m. The released sterile mosquitoes had a probability of daily survival of 0.67 and an average life expectancy of ~ 2.46 days. Conclusions These data together with the population size estimate and sterile:wild ratio provide a solid basis for planning the SIT operational phase which is aimed at mosquito population suppression. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05512-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo O. Carvalho
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Morreale
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
| | - Steven Stenhouse
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Maylen Gomez
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aaron Lloyd
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
| | - David Hoel
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
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Velo E, Balestrino F, Kadriaj P, Carvalho DO, Dicko A, Bellini R, Puggioli A, Petrić D, Michaelakis A, Schaffner F, Almenar D, Pajovic I, Beqirllari A, Ali M, Sino G, Rogozi E, Jani V, Nikolla A, Porja T, Goga T, Fălcuă E, Kavran M, Pudar D, Mikov O, Ivanova-Aleksandrova N, Cvetkovikj A, Akıner MM, Mikovic R, Tafaj L, Bino S, Bouyer J, Mamai W. A Mark-Release-Recapture Study to Estimate Field Performance of Imported Radio-Sterilized Male Aedes albopictus in Albania. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:833698. [PMID: 36051578 PMCID: PMC9424856 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.833698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen transmitting Aedes albopictus mosquito is spreading rapidly in Europe, putting millions of humans and animals at risk. This species is well-established in Albania since its first detection in 1979. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly gaining momentum worldwide as a component of area-wide-integrated pest management. However, estimating how the sterile males will perform in the field and the size of target populations is crucial for better decision-making, designing and elaborating appropriate SIT pilot trials, and subsequent large-scale release strategies. A mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiment was carried out in Albania within a highly urbanized area in the city of Tirana. The radio-sterilized adults of Ae. albopictus Albania strain males were transported by plane from Centro Agricoltura Ambiente (CAA) mass-production facility (Bologna, Italy), where they were reared. In Albania, sterile males were sugar-fed, marked with fluorescent powder, and released. The aim of this study was to estimate, under field conditions, their dispersal capacity, probability of daily survival and competitiveness, and the size of the target population. In addition, two adult mosquito collection methods were also evaluated: BG-Sentinel traps baited with BG-Lure and CO2, (BGS) versus human landing catch (HLC). The overall recapture rates did not differ significantly between the two methods (2.36% and 1.57% of the total male released were recaptured respectively by BGS and HLC), suggesting a similar trapping efficiency under these conditions. Sterile males traveled a mean distance of 93.85 ± 42.58 m and dispersed up to 258 m. Moreover, they were observed living in the field up to 15 days after release with an average life expectancy of 4.26 ± 0.80 days. Whether mosquitoes were marked with green, blue, yellow, or pink, released at 3.00 p.m. or 6.00 p.m., there was no significant difference in the recapture, dispersal, and survival rates in the field. The Fried competitiveness index was estimated at 0.28. This mark-release-recapture study provided important data for better decision-making and planning before moving to pilot SIT trials in Albania. Moreover, it also showed that both BG-traps and HLC were successful in monitoring adult mosquitoes and provided similar estimations of the main entomological parameters needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkelejda Velo
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
- *Correspondence: Enkelejda Velo, ; Wadaka Mamai,
| | - Fabrizio Balestrino
- Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente (Italy), Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Përparim Kadriaj
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Ahmadou Dicko
- Statistics for Development–STATS4D, Sacre Coeur III, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente (Italy), Crevalcore, Italy
| | | | - Dusan Petrić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Scient.Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Greece
| | | | - David Almenar
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E, M.P. (TRAGSA), Paterna, Spain
| | - Igor Pajovic
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | | | - Gjergji Sino
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Elton Rogozi
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Vjola Jani
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Tanja Porja
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, “MeteoAlb” Politechnic University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Thanas Goga
- Aide to the Prime Minister, Albania Department of Risk Communication and Community Engagement, WHE Balkan Hub, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elena Fălcuă
- “Cantacuzino” National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Kavran
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Pudar
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - Ognyan Mikov
- National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Muhammet Mustafa Akıner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Rados Mikovic
- Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Lindita Tafaj
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Silva Bino
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wadaka Mamai
- Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Yaounde, Cameroon
- *Correspondence: Enkelejda Velo, ; Wadaka Mamai,
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