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Xing Y, Jian Y, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhang X. Morphological determination of localization and function of Golgi proteins. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2024; 10:121-132. [PMID: 38774352 PMCID: PMC11103716 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2024.240008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, the Golgi apparatus serves as the central hub of the endomembrane secretory pathway. It is responsible for the processing, modification, and sorting of proteins and lipids. The unique stacking and ribbon-like architecture of the Golgi apparatus forms the foundation for its precise functionality. Under cellular stress or pathological conditions, the structure of the Golgi and its important glycosylation modification function may change. It is crucial to employ suitable methodologies to study the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus, particularly when assessing the involvement of a target protein in Golgi regulation. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse microscopy techniques used to determine the specific location of the target protein within the Golgi apparatus. Additionally, it outlines methods for assessing changes in the Golgi structure and its glycosylation modification function following the knockout of the target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xing
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yannan Jian
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Read CB, Ali AN, Stephenson DJ, Macknight HP, Maus KD, Cockburn CL, Kim M, Xie X, Carlyon JA, Chalfant CE. Ceramide-1-phosphate is a regulator of Golgi structure and is co-opted by the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. mBio 2024; 15:e0029924. [PMID: 38415594 PMCID: PMC11005342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00299-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens structurally disrupt the Golgi apparatus as an evolutionarily conserved promicrobial strategy. Yet, the host factors and signaling processes involved are often poorly understood, particularly for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. We found that A. phagocytophilum elevated cellular levels of the bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), to promote Golgi fragmentation that enables bacterial proliferation, conversion from its non-infectious to infectious form, and productive infection. A. phagocytophilum poorly infected mice deficient in ceramide kinase, the Golgi-localized enzyme responsible for C1P biosynthesis. C1P regulated Golgi morphology via activation of a PKCα/Cdc42/JNK signaling axis that culminates in phosphorylation of Golgi structural proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65. siRNA-mediated depletion of Cdc42 blocked A. phagocytophilum from altering Golgi morphology, which impaired anterograde trafficking of trans-Golgi vesicles into and maturation of the pathogen-occupied vacuole. Cells overexpressing phosphorylation-resistant versions of GRASP55 and GRASP65 presented with suppressed C1P- and A. phagocytophilum-induced Golgi fragmentation and poorly supported infection by the bacterium. By studying A. phagocytophilum, we identify C1P as a regulator of Golgi structure and a host factor that is relevant to disease progression associated with Golgi fragmentation.IMPORTANCECeramide-1-phosphate (C1P), a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates diverse processes vital to mammalian physiology, is linked to disease states such as cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. By studying the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, we discovered that C1P is a major regulator of Golgi morphology. A. phagocytophilum elevated C1P levels to induce signaling events that promote Golgi fragmentation and increase vesicular traffic into the pathogen-occupied vacuole that the bacterium parasitizes. As several intracellular microbial pathogens destabilize the Golgi to drive their infection cycles and changes in Golgi morphology is also linked to cancer and neurodegenerative disorder progression, this study identifies C1P as a potential broad-spectrum therapeutic target for infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis B. Read
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Anika N. Ali
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J. Stephenson
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - H. Patrick Macknight
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Maus
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chelsea L. Cockburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Xiujie Xie
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jason A. Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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3
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Kava E, Garbelotti CV, Lopes JLS, Costa-Filho AJ. Myristoylated GRASP55 dimerizes in the presence of model membranes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38361284 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Proteins (GRASPs) are engaged in various functions within the cell, both in unconventional secretion mechanisms and structuring and organizing the Golgi apparatus. Understanding their specific role in each situation still requires more structural and functional data at the molecular level. GRASP55 is one of the GRASP members in mammals, anchored to the membrane via the myristoylation of a Gly residue at its N-terminus. Therefore, co-translational modifications, such as myristoylation, are fundamental when considering a strategy to obtain detailed information on the interactions between GRASP55 and membranes. Despite its functional relevance, the N-terminal myristoylation has been underappreciated in the studies reported to date, compromising the previously proposed models for GRASP-membrane interactions. Here, we investigated the synergy between the presence of the membrane and the formation of oligomeric structures of myristoylated GRASP55, using a series of biophysical techniques to perform the structural characterization of the lipidated GRASP55 and its interaction with biological lipid model membranes. Our data fulfill an unexplored gap: the adequate evaluation of the presence of lipidations and lipid membranes on the structure-function dyad of GRASPs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Kava
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Garbelotti
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz S Lopes
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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4
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Sansaria R, Das KD, Poulose A. Quantification of golgi dispersal and classification using machine learning models. Micron 2024; 176:103547. [PMID: 37839330 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi body is a critical organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for processing and modifying proteins and lipids. Under certain conditions, such as stress, disease, or ageing, the Golgi structure alters. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate Golgi dispersion has significant research contributions to identifying disease. However, there is a lack of tools to quantify the Golgi dispersion datasets. In this paper, we aim to automate the process of quantification of Golgi dispersion and use extracted features to classify dispersed Golgi images from undispersed Golgi images using machine learning models. First, we collected confocal microscopy images of transiently transfected HeLa cells expressing Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT)- green fluorescent protein (GFP) to quantify Golgi dispersal and classification. For the quantification, we introduced automated image processing and segmentation by applying mean and Gaussian filters. Then we used Otsu thresholding on preprocessed images and watershed segmentation to refine the segmentation of dispersed Golgi particles. In the case of classification, we extracted features from the Golgi dispersal images and classified them into empty vector (EV) versus CARP1 ring mutant (CARP1 RM) and empty vector (EV) versus CARP1 wildtype (CARP1 WT) classes. Our approach used machine-learning models, including logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, Naive Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and gradient boosting for dispersed Golgi image classification. The experiment results show that our quantification technique on Golgi dispersal images reached 65% classification accuracy when the system uses a gradient boosting classifier for EV vs. CARP1 WT classification. Furthermore, our approach achieved 65% classification accuracy using a random forest classifier for EV vs. CARP1 RM classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutika Sansaria
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Krishanu Dey Das
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Alwin Poulose
- School of Data Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISE R TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India.
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5
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Ayala I, Colanzi A. In Vitro Methods to Investigate the Disassembly of the Golgi Ribbon During the G2-M Transition of the Cell Cycle. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:333-347. [PMID: 36512225 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is the central hub of the secretory pathway. In mammalian cells, it is formed by stacks of flattened cisternae organized in a continuous membrane system, the Golgi ribbon, located near the centrosome. During G2, the Golgi ribbon is disassembled into isolated stacks that, at the onset of mitosis, are further fragmented into small tubular-vesicular clusters that disperse throughout the cytoplasm. Here, we describe a set of methods to study the Golgi complex in different phases of the cell cycle, drawing attention to reproducing the mitotic Golgi fragmentation to gain knowledge and acquire the skills to study the mechanisms that regulate mitotic Golgi reorganization as well as its biological significance. The investigations based on these assays have been instrumental in understanding that Golgi disassembly is not only a consequence of mitosis but is also required for mitotic entry and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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6
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Rui Q, Tan X, Liu F, Bao Y. An Update on the Key Factors Required for Plant Golgi Structure Maintenance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933283. [PMID: 35837464 PMCID: PMC9274083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant Golgi apparatus serves as the central station of the secretory pathway and is the site where protein modification and cell wall matrix polysaccharides synthesis occur. The polarized and stacked cisternal structure is a prerequisite for Golgi function. Our understanding of Golgi structure maintenance and trafficking are largely obtained from mammals and yeast, yet, plant Golgi has many different aspects. In this review, we summarize the key players in Golgi maintenance demonstrated by genetic studies in plants, which function in ER-Golgi, intra-Golgi and post-Golgi transport pathways. Among these, we emphasize on players in intra-Golgi trafficking.
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7
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Mascanzoni F, Iannitti R, Colanzi A. Functional Coordination among the Golgi Complex, the Centrosome and the Microtubule Cytoskeleton during the Cell Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030354. [PMID: 35159164 PMCID: PMC8834581 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex of mammalian cells is organized in a ribbon-like structure often closely associated with the centrosome during interphase. Conversely, the Golgi complex assumes a fragmented and dispersed configuration away from the centrosome during mitosis. The structure of the Golgi complex and the relative position to the centrosome are dynamically regulated by microtubules. Many pieces of evidence reveal that this microtubule-mediated dynamic association between the Golgi complex and centrosome is of functional significance in cell polarization and division. Here, we summarize findings indicating how the Golgi complex and the centrosome cooperate in organizing the microtubule network for the directional protein transport and centrosome positioning required for cell polarization and regulating fundamental cell division processes.
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8
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Golgi Metal Ion Homeostasis in Human Health and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020289. [PMID: 35053405 PMCID: PMC8773785 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane organelle located in the center of the protein processing and trafficking pathway. It consists of sub-compartments with distinct biochemical compositions and functions. Main functions of the Golgi, including membrane trafficking, protein glycosylation, and sorting, require a well-maintained stable microenvironment in the sub-compartments of the Golgi, along with metal ion homeostasis. Metal ions, such as Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+, are important cofactors of many Golgi resident glycosylation enzymes. The homeostasis of metal ions in the secretory pathway, which is required for proper function and stress response of the Golgi, is tightly regulated and maintained by transporters. Mutations in the transporters cause human diseases. Here we provide a review specifically focusing on the transporters that maintain Golgi metal ion homeostasis under physiological conditions and their alterations in diseases.
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9
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Resurrecting Golgi proteins to grasp Golgi ribbon formation and self-association under stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:264-275. [PMID: 34861272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is an essential organelle of the eukaryotic exocytic pathway. A subfamily of Golgi matrix proteins, called GRASPs, is central in stress-induced unconventional secretion, Golgi dynamics during mitosis/apoptosis, and Golgi ribbon formation. The Golgi ribbon is vertebrate-specific and correlates with the appearance of two GRASP paralogues and two Golgins (GM130/Golgin45), which form specific GRASP-Golgin pairs. The molecular details of their appearance only in Metazoans are unknown. Moreover, despite new functionalities supported by GRASP paralogy, little is known about their structural and evolutionary differences. Here, we used ancestor sequence reconstruction and biophysical/biochemical approaches to assess the evolution of GRASPs structure/dynamics, fibrillation, and how they started anchoring their Golgin partners. Our data showed that a GRASP ancestor anchored Golgins before gorasp gene duplication in Metazoans. After gene duplication, variations within the GRASP binding pocket determined which paralogue would recruit which Golgin. These interactions are responsible for their specific Golgi location and Golgi ribbon appearance. We also suggest that GRASPs have a long-standing capacity to form supramolecular structures, affecting their participation in stress-induced processes.
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10
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Conventional Molecular and Novel Structural Mechanistic Insights into Orderly Organelle Interactions. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Si J, Pei Y, Ji P, Zhang X, Xu R, Qiao H, Shen D, Peng H, Dou D. PsGRASP, a Golgi Reassembly Stacking Protein in Phytophthora sojae, Is Required for Mycelial Growth, Stress Responses, and Plant Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702632. [PMID: 34305870 PMCID: PMC8297711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi reassembly stacking proteins (GRASPs) play important roles in Golgi structure formation, ER stress response, and unconventional secretion in eukaryotic cells. However, GRASP functions in oomycetes haven’t been adequately characterized. Here, we report the identification and functional analysis of PsGRASP, a GRASP-encoding gene from the soybean-infecting oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Transcriptional profiling showed that PsGRASP expression is up-regulated at the infection stages. PsGRASP knockout mutants were created using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These mutants exhibited impaired vegetative growth, zoospore release and virulence. PsGRASP was involved ER stress responses and altered laccase activity. Our work suggests that PsGRASP is crucial for P. sojae development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Si
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Qiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Nüchel J, Tauber M, Nolte JL, Mörgelin M, Türk C, Eckes B, Demetriades C, Plomann M. An mTORC1-GRASP55 signaling axis controls unconventional secretion to reshape the extracellular proteome upon stress. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3275-3293.e12. [PMID: 34245671 PMCID: PMC8382303 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cells communicate with their environment via surface proteins and secreted factors. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) is an evolutionarily conserved process, via which distinct cargo proteins are secreted upon stress. Most UPS types depend upon the Golgi-associated GRASP55 protein. However, its regulation and biological role remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) directly phosphorylates GRASP55 to maintain its Golgi localization, thus revealing a physiological role for mTORC1 at this organelle. Stimuli that inhibit mTORC1 cause GRASP55 dephosphorylation and relocalization to UPS compartments. Through multiple, unbiased, proteomic analyses, we identify numerous cargoes that follow this unconventional secretory route to reshape the cellular secretome and surfactome. Using MMP2 secretion as a proxy for UPS, we provide important insights on its regulation and physiological role. Collectively, our findings reveal the mTORC1-GRASP55 signaling hub as the integration point in stress signaling upstream of UPS and as a key coordinator of the cellular adaptation to stress. mTORC1 phosphorylates GRASP55 directly at the Golgi in non-stressed cells mTORC1 inactivation by stress leads to GRASP55 dephosphorylation and relocalization GRASP55 relocalization to autophagosomes and MVBs drives UPS of selected cargo mTORC1-GRASP55 link cellular stress to changes in the extracellular proteome via UPS
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Nüchel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Biochemistry, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Tauber
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Biochemistry, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Janica L Nolte
- University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Clara Türk
- University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Matrix Biology, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Constantinos Demetriades
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus Plomann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Biochemistry, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Mitotic HOOK3 phosphorylation by ERK1c drives microtubule-dependent Golgi destabilization and fragmentation. iScience 2021; 24:102670. [PMID: 34189435 PMCID: PMC8215223 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK1c is an alternatively spliced isoform of ERK1 that specifically regulates mitotic Golgi fragmentation, which allows division of the Golgi during mitosis. We have previously shown that ERK1c translocates to the Golgi during mitosis where it is activated by a resident MEK1b to induce Golgi fragmentation. However, the mechanism of ERK1c functions in the Golgi remained obscure. Here, we searched for ERK1c substrates and identified HOOK3 as a mediator of ERK1c-induced mitotic Golgi fragmentation, which requires a second phosphorylation by AuroraA for its function. In cycling cells, HOOK3 interacts with microtubules (MTs) and links them to the Golgi. Early in mitosis, HOOK3 is phosphorylated by ERK1c and later by AuroraA, resulting in HOOK3 detachment from the MTs, and elevated interaction with GM130. This detachment modulates Golgi stability and allows fragmentation of the Golgi. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism of Golgi apparatus destabilization early in mitosis to allow mitotic progression. HOOK3 is a Golgi fragmentation-related substrate of ERK1c ERK1c phosphorylates HOOK3 on Ser238 and then AuroraA phosphorylates Ser707 Doubly phosphorylated HOOK3 detaches from microtubules and interacts with GM130 These changes destabilize the Golgi during mitosis and induce its fragmentation
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14
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Small GTPases of the Rab and Arf Families: Key Regulators of Intracellular Trafficking in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094425. [PMID: 33922618 PMCID: PMC8122874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the Rab and Arf families are key regulators of vesicle formation and membrane trafficking. Membrane transport plays an important role in the central nervous system. In this regard, neurons require a constant flow of membranes for the correct distribution of receptors, for the precise composition of proteins and organelles in dendrites and axons, for the continuous exocytosis/endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and for the elimination of dysfunctional proteins. Thus, it is not surprising that Rab and Arf GTPases have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Both pathologies share characteristics such as the presence of protein aggregates and/or the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, hallmarks that have been related to both Rab and Arf GTPases functions. Despite their relationship with neurodegenerative disorders, very few studies have focused on the role of these GTPases in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize their importance in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as their emergence as potential therapeutical targets for neurodegeneration.
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Taku I, Hirai T, Makiuchi T, Shinzawa N, Iwanaga S, Annoura T, Nagamune K, Nozaki T, Saito-Nakano Y. Rab5b-Associated Arf1 GTPase Regulates Export of N-Myristoylated Adenylate Kinase 2 From the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Plasmodium falciparum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:610200. [PMID: 33604307 PMCID: PMC7884776 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels human erythrocytes by exporting hundreds of parasite proteins. This remodeling is closely linked to the Plasmodium virulence-related functions and immune evasion. The N-terminal export signal named PEXEL (Plasmodium export element) was identified to be important for the export of proteins beyond the PVM, however, the issue of how these PEXEL-positive proteins are transported and regulated by Rab GTPases from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface has remained poorly understood. Previously, we identified new aspects of the trafficking of N-myristoylated adenylate kinase 2 (PfAK2), which lacks the PEXEL motif and is regulated by the PfRab5b GTPase. Overexpression of PfRab5b suppressed the transport of PfAK2 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and PfAK2 was accumulated in the punctate compartment within the parasite. Here, we report the identification of PfRab5b associated proteins and dissect the pathway regulated by PfRab5b. We isolated two membrane trafficking GTPases PfArf1 and PfRab1b by coimmunoprecipitation with PfRab5b and via mass analysis. PfArf1 and PfRab1b are both colocalized with PfRab5b adjacent to the ER in the early erythrocytic stage. A super-resolution microgram of the indirect immunofluorescence assay using PfArf1 or PfRab1b- expressing parasites revealed that PfArf1 and PfRab1b are localized to different ER subdomains. We used a genetic approach to expresses an active or inactive mutant of PfArf1 that specifically inhibited the trafficking of PfAK2 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. While expression of PfRab1b mutants did not affect in the PfAK2 transport. In contrast, the export of the PEXEL-positive protein Rifin was decreased by the expression of the inactive mutant of PfRab1b or PfArf1. These data indicate that the transport of PfAK2 and Rifin were recognized at the different ER subdomain by the two independent GTPases: PfAK2 is sorted by PfArf1 into the pathway for the PV, and the export of Rifin might be sequentially regulated by PfArf1 and PfRab1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Taku
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hirai
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoaki Shinzawa
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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The exquisite structural biophysics of the Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3632-3644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Zhang X, Wang Y. Nonredundant Roles of GRASP55 and GRASP65 in the Golgi Apparatus and Beyond. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1065-1079. [PMID: 32893104 PMCID: PMC7641999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that two Golgi stacking proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65, self-interact to form trans-oligomers that tether adjacent Golgi membranes into stacks and ribbons in mammalian cells. This ensures proper functioning of the Golgi apparatus in protein trafficking and processing. More recently, GRASP proteins have drawn extensive attention from researchers due to their diverse and essential roles in and out of the Golgi in different organisms. In this review, we summarize their established roles in Golgi structure formation and function under physiological conditions. We then highlight the emerging and divergent roles for individual GRASP proteins, focusing on GRASP65 in cell migration and apoptosis and GRASP55 in unconventional protein secretion and autophagy under stress or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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18
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Reddy ST, Uversky VN, Costa-Filho AJ. Biophysical characterization of intrinsically disordered human Golgi matrix protein GRASP65. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1982-1993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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He Q, Liu H, Deng S, Chen X, Li D, Jiang X, Zeng W, Lu W. The Golgi Apparatus May Be a Potential Therapeutic Target for Apoptosis-Related Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 33015040 PMCID: PMC7493689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that, in addition to the classical function of protein processing and transport, the Golgi apparatus (GA) is also involved in apoptosis, one of the most common forms of cell death. The structure and the function of the GA is damaged during apoptosis. However, the specific effect of the GA on the apoptosis process is unclear; it may be involved in initiating or promoting apoptosis, or it may inhibit apoptosis. Golgi-related apoptosis is associated with a variety of neurological diseases including glioma, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and ischemic stroke. This review summarizes the changes and the possible mechanisms of Golgi structure and function during apoptosis. In addition, we also explore the possible mechanisms by which the GA regulates apoptosis and summarize the potential relationship between the Golgi and certain neurological diseases from the perspective of apoptosis. Elucidation of the interaction between the GA and apoptosis broadens our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of neurological diseases and provides new research directions for the treatment of these diseases. Therefore, we propose that the GA may be a potential therapeutic target for apoptosis-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiqian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Deng S, Liu J, Wu X, Lu W. Golgi Apparatus: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Autophagy-Associated Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564975. [PMID: 33015059 PMCID: PMC7509445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has dual effects in human diseases: appropriate autophagy may protect cells from stress, while excessive autophagy may cause cell death. Additionally, close interactions exist between autophagy and the Golgi. This review outlines recent advances regarding the role of the Golgi apparatus in autophagy. The signaling processes of autophagy are dependent on the normal function of the Golgi. Specifically, (i) autophagy-related protein 9 is mainly located in the Golgi and forms new autophagosomes in response to stressors; (ii) Golgi fragmentation is induced by Golgi-related proteins and accompanied with autophagy induction; and (iii) the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and the reticular trans-Golgi network play essential roles in autophagosome formation to provide a template for lipidation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 and induce further ubiquitination. Golgi-related proteins regulate formation of autophagosomes, and disrupted formation of autophagy can influence Golgi function. Notably, aberrant autophagy has been demonstrated to be implicated in neurological diseases. Thus, targeted therapies aimed at protecting the Golgi or regulating Golgi proteins might prevent or ameliorate autophagy-related neurological diseases. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential application of Golgi therapy in autophagy-based neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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21
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ROBINSON DAVIDG. Plant Golgi ultrastructure. J Microsc 2020; 280:111-121. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DAVID G. ROBINSON
- Centre for Organismal Studies University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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22
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Xu H, Gao J, Cai M, Chen J, Zhang Q, Li H, Wang H. Structural Mechanism Analysis of Orderly and Efficient Vesicle Transport by High-Resolution Imaging and Fluorescence Tracking. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6555-6563. [PMID: 32290652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The orderly organelle interaction network is essential for normal biological activity of cells. However, the mechanism of orderly organelle interaction remains elusive. In this report, we analyzed the structure characteristics of the cell membrane, endocytic vesicles, and the Golgi membrane through a high-resolution imaging technique and further comprehensively investigated the vesicle-transport process via epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis and a recycling pathway using a real-time fluorescence tracing method. Our data suggest that orderly vesicle transport is due to protein protrusion from the outer surface of endocytic vesicles and that full membrane fusion between homotypic endocytic vesicles is a result of the rough outer surface. Finally, the kiss-and-run method, which is utilized by endocytic vesicles to communicate with the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is attributed to a dense protein layer at the outer surface of the TGN. In summary, by combining static structural analysis with dynamic tracing, we elucidate the mechanism of orderly vesicle transport from the overall structural features of the membrane. This work provides insight into the structural mechanisms underlying vital biological processes involving organelle interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Junling Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Qingrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Hongru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qing Dao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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23
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The Golgi ribbon: mechanisms of maintenance and disassembly during the cell cycle. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:245-256. [PMID: 32010930 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC) has an essential role in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids. The GC of mammalian cells is composed of stacks of cisternae connected by membranous tubules to create a continuous network, the Golgi ribbon, whose maintenance requires several core and accessory proteins. Despite this complex structural organization, the Golgi apparatus is highly dynamic, and this property becomes particularly evident during mitosis, when the ribbon undergoes a multistep disassembly process that allows its correct partitioning and inheritance by the daughter cells. Importantly, alterations of the Golgi structure are associated with a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the core mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in both the maintenance and disassembly of the Golgi ribbon, and we also report on the signaling pathways that connect the disassembly of the Golgi ribbon to mitotic entry and progression.
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24
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Ireland S, Ramnarayanan S, Fu M, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li J, Emebo D, Wang Y. Cytosolic Ca 2+ Modulates Golgi Structure Through PKCα-Mediated GRASP55 Phosphorylation. iScience 2020; 23:100952. [PMID: 32179476 PMCID: PMC7078314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that the ER responds to cellular stresses through the unfolded protein response (UPR), but it is unknown how the Golgi responds to similar stresses. In this study, we treated HeLa cells with ER stress inducers, thapsigargin (TG), tunicamycin (Tm), and dithiothreitol (DTT), and found that only TG treatment resulted in Golgi fragmentation. TG induced Golgi fragmentation at a low dose and short time when UPR was undetectable, indicating that Golgi fragmentation occurs independently of ER stress. Further experiments demonstrated that TG induces Golgi fragmentation through elevating intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activity, which phosphorylates the Golgi stacking protein GRASP55. Significantly, activation of PKCα with other activating or inflammatory agents, including phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and histamine, modulates Golgi structure in a similar fashion. Hence, our study revealed a novel mechanism through which increased cytosolic Ca2+ modulates Golgi structure and function. Thapsigargin (TG) treatment leads to Golgi fragmentation independent of ER stress TG induces Golgi fragmentation through elevated cytosolic Ca2+ TG-induced cytosolic Ca2+ spikes activate PKCα that phosphorylates GRASP55 Histamine modulates the Golgi structure and function by a similar mechanism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ireland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Saiprasad Ramnarayanan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Mingzhou Fu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Dabel Emebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA.
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25
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Ravichandran Y, Goud B, Manneville JB. The Golgi apparatus and cell polarity: Roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and Golgi membranes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:104-113. [PMID: 31751898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking plays a crucial role in cell polarity by directing lipids and proteins to specific subcellular locations in the cell and sustaining a polarized state. The Golgi apparatus, the master organizer of membrane trafficking, can be subdivided into three layers that play different mechanical roles: a cytoskeletal layer, the so-called Golgi matrix, and the Golgi membranes. First, the outer regions of the Golgi apparatus interact with cytoskeletal elements, mainly actin and microtubules, which shape, position, and orient the organelle. Closer to the Golgi membranes, a matrix of long coiled-coiled proteins not only selectively captures transport intermediates but also participates in signaling events during polarization of membrane trafficking. Finally, the Golgi membranes themselves serve as active signaling platforms during cell polarity events. We review here the recent findings that link the Golgi apparatus to cell polarity, focusing on the roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and the Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Ravichandran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR 3691, 25 rue du Docteur Roux F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France.
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26
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Zhang X, Brachner A, Kukolj E, Slade D, Wang Y. SIRT2 deacetylates GRASP55 to facilitate post-mitotic Golgi assembly. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs232389. [PMID: 31604796 PMCID: PMC6857597 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is an NAD-dependent sirtuin deacetylase that regulates microtubule and chromatin dynamics, gene expression and cell cycle progression, as well as nuclear envelope reassembly. Recent proteomic analyses have identified Golgi proteins as SIRT2 interactors, indicating that SIRT2 may also play a role in Golgi structure formation. Here, we show that SIRT2 depletion causes Golgi fragmentation and impairs Golgi reassembly at the end of mitosis. SIRT2 interacts with the Golgi reassembly stacking protein GRASP55 (also known as GORASP2) in mitosis when GRASP55 is highly acetylated on K50. Expression of wild-type and the K50R acetylation-deficient mutant of GRASP55, but not the K50Q acetylation-mimetic mutant, in GRASP55 and GRASP65 (also known as GORASP1) double-knockout cells, rescued the Golgi structure and post-mitotic Golgi reassembly. Acetylation-deficient GRASP55 exhibited a higher self-interaction efficiency, a property required for Golgi structure formation. These results demonstrate that SIRT2 regulates Golgi structure by modulating GRASP55 acetylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4110 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Andreas Brachner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Kukolj
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dea Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 4110 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
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27
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Jain BK, Dahara R, Bhattacharyya D. The golgin PpImh1 mediates reversible cisternal stacking in the Golgi of the budding yeast Pichia pastoris. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230672. [PMID: 31391238 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesive force for cisternal stacking of Golgi needs to be reversible - to be initiated and undone in a continuous cycle to keep up with the cisternal maturation. Microscopic evidence in support of such a reversible nature of stacking, in the form of 'TGN peeling,' has been reported in various species, suggesting a potential evolutionarily conserved mechanism. However, knowledge of such mechanism has remained sketchy. Here, we have explored this issue in the budding yeast Pichia pastoris which harbors stacked Golgi. We observed that deletion of GRIP domain golgin P. pastoris (Pp)IMH1 increases the peeling of late cisterna, causing unstacking of the Golgi stack. Our results suggest that the PpImh1 dimer mediates reversible stacking through a continuous association-dissociation cycle of its GRIP domain to the middle and late Golgi cisterna under the GTP hydrolysis-based regulation of Arl3-Arl1 GTPase cascade switch. The reversible cisternal stacking function of PpImh1 is independent of its vesicle-capturing function. Since GRIP domain proteins are conserved in plants, animals and fungi, it is plausible that this reversible mechanism of Golgi stacking is evolutionarily conserved.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawik Kumar Jain
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210 MH, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, MH 400085, India
| | - Roma Dahara
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210 MH, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, MH 400085, India
| | - Dibyendu Bhattacharyya
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210 MH, India .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, MH 400085, India
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28
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Reddy ST, Mendes LFS, Fontana NA, Costa-Filho AJ. Exploring structural aspects of the human Golgi matrix protein GRASP55 in solution. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:481-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Mascanzoni F, Ayala I, Colanzi A. Organelle Inheritance Control of Mitotic Entry and Progression: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31396510 PMCID: PMC6664238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC), in addition to its well-known role in membrane traffic, is also actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry and progression. In particular, during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the Golgi ribbon is unlinked into isolated stacks. Importantly, this ribbon cleavage is required for G2/M transition, indicating that a “Golgi mitotic checkpoint” controls the correct segregation of this organelle. Then, during mitosis, the isolated Golgi stacks are disassembled, and this process is required for spindle formation. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that also proper mitotic segregation of other organelles, such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes, is required for correct mitotic progression and/or spindle formation. Collectively, these observations imply that in addition to the control of chromosomes segregation, which is required to preserve the genetic information, the cells actively monitor the disassembly and redistribution of subcellular organelles in mitosis. Here, we provide an overview of the major structural reorganization of the GC and other organelles during G2/M transition and of their regulatory mechanisms, focusing on novel findings that have shed light on the basic processes that link organelle inheritance to mitotic progression and spindle formation, and discussing their implications for tissue homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Mascanzoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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30
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Ahat E, Li J, Wang Y. New Insights Into the Golgi Stacking Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:131. [PMID: 31380369 PMCID: PMC6660245 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi stacking proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65, are best known for their roles in Golgi structure formation. These peripheral Golgi proteins form trans-oligomers that hold the flat cisternal membranes into stacks. Depletion of both GRASP proteins in cells disrupts the Golgi stack structure, increases protein trafficking, but impairs accurate glycosylation, and sorting. Golgi unstacking by GRASPs depletion also reduces cell adhesion and migration in an integrin-dependent manner. In addition to Golgi structure formation and regulation of cellular activities, GRASPs, in particular GRASP55, have recently drawn attention in their roles in autophagy, and unconventional secretion. In autophagy, GRASP55 senses the energy level by O-GlcNAcylation, which regulates GRASP55 translocation from the Golgi to the autophagosome-lysosome interface, where it interacts with LC3 and LAMP2 to facilitate autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This newly discovered function of GRASP55 in autophagy may help explain its role in the stress-induced, autophagosome-dependent unconventional secretion. In this review, we summarize the emerging functions of the GRASP proteins, focusing on their roles in cell adhesion and migration, autophagy, unconventional secretion, as well as on novel GRASP-interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), important organelles for energy storage and involved in the development of metabolic disorders, are extremely dynamic and interact with many other cellular compartments to orchestrate lipid metabolism. Little is known about how these organelle contacts are changed according to cellular needs and functions under different metabolic and pathological conditions and which proteins regulate this. Here, we summarize recent exciting discoveries about the reorganization of organelle contacts in steatotic liver, including the identification of novel LD contact site proteins in cell lines and in animals. We also discuss state of the art proteomics workflows that enable the characterization of LD-organelle contacts and tethering proteins and give an outlook how this can inform obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Krahmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ernst AM, Toomre D, Bogan JS. Acylation - A New Means to Control Traffic Through the Golgi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:109. [PMID: 31245373 PMCID: PMC6582194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi is well known to act as center for modification and sorting of proteins for secretion and delivery to other organelles. A key sorting step occurs at the trans-Golgi network and is mediated by protein adapters. However, recent data indicate that sorting also occurs much earlier, at the cis-Golgi, and uses lipid acylation as a novel means to regulate anterograde flux. Here, we examine an emerging role of S-palmitoylation/acylation as a mechanism to regulate anterograde routing. We discuss the critical Golgi-localized DHHC S-palmitoyltransferase enzymes that orchestrate this lipid modification, as well as their diverse protein clients (e.g., MAP6, SNAP25, CSP, LAT, β-adrenergic receptors, GABA receptors, and GLUT4 glucose transporters). Critically, for integral membrane proteins, S-acylation can act as new a “self-sorting” signal to concentrate these cargoes in rims of Golgi cisternae, and to promote their rapid traffic through the Golgi or, potentially, to bypass the Golgi. We discuss this mechanism and examine its potential relevance to human physiology and disease, including diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jonathan S Bogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Zhang X, Wang L, Ireland SC, Ahat E, Li J, Bekier ME, Zhang Z, Wang Y. GORASP2/GRASP55 collaborates with the PtdIns3K UVRAG complex to facilitate autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy 2019; 15:1787-1800. [PMID: 30894053 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been indicated that the Golgi apparatus contributes to autophagy, but how it is involved in autophagosome formation and maturation is not well understood. Here we show that amino acid starvation causes trans-Golgi derived membrane fragments to colocalize with autophagosomes. Depletion of the Golgi stacking protein GORASP2/GRASP55, but not GORASP1/GRASP65, increases both MAP1LC3 (LC3)-II and SQSTM1/p62 levels. We demonstrate that GORASP2 facilitates autophagosome-lysosome fusion by physically linking autophagosomes and lysosomes through the interactions with LC3 on autophagosomes and LAMP2 on late endosomes/lysosomes. Furthermore, we provide evidence that GORASP2 interacts with BECN1 to facilitate the assembly and membrane association of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) UVRAG complex. These findings indicate that GORASP2 plays an important role in autophagosome maturation during amino acid starvation. Abbreviations: ATG14: autophagy related 14; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CQ: chloroquine; EBSS: earle's balanced salt solution; EM: electron microscopy; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GORASP1/GRASP65: golgi reassembly stacking protein 1; GORASP2/GRASP55: golgi reassembly stacking protein 2; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PK: protease K; PNS: post-nuclear supernatant; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SD: standard deviation; TGN: trans-Golgi network; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Leibin Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Stephen C Ireland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Michael E Bekier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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Ahat E, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Bekier ME, Wang Y. GRASP depletion-mediated Golgi destruction decreases cell adhesion and migration via the reduction of α5β1 integrin. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:766-777. [PMID: 30649990 PMCID: PMC6589770 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle that serves as the center for trafficking and processing of proteins and lipids. To perform these functions, the Golgi forms a multilayer stacked structure held by GRASP55 and GRASP65 trans-oligomers and perhaps their binding partners. Depletion of GRASP proteins disrupts Golgi stack formation and impairs critical functions of the Golgi, such as accurate protein glycosylation and sorting. However, how Golgi destruction affects other cellular activities is so far unknown. Here, we report that depletion of GRASP proteins reduces cell attachment and migration. Interestingly, GRASP depletion reduces the protein level of α5β1 integrin, the major cell adhesion molecule at the surface of HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells, due to decreased integrin protein synthesis. GRASP depletion also increases cell growth and total protein synthesis. These new findings enrich our understanding on the role of the Golgi in cell physiology and provide a potential target for treating protein-trafficking disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
| | - Michael E. Bekier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
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35
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The role of the Golgi apparatus in carcinogenesis still remains unclear. A number of structural and functional cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi proteins as well as a complexity of metabolic pathways which they mediate may indicate a central role of the Golgi apparatus in the development and progression of cancer. Pleiotropy of cellular function of the Golgi apparatus makes it a "metabolic heart" or a relay station of a cell, which combines multiple signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Therefore, any damage to or structural abnormality of the Golgi apparatus, causing its fragmentation and/or biochemical dysregulation, results in an up- or downregulation of signaling pathways and may in turn promote tumor progression, as well as local nodal and distant metastases. Three alternative or parallel models of spatial and functional Golgi organization within tumor cells were proposed: (1) compacted Golgi structure, (2) normal Golgi structure with its increased activity, and (3) the Golgi fragmentation with ministacks formation. Regardless of the assumed model, the increased activity of oncogenesis initiators and promoters with inhibition of suppressor proteins results in an increased cell motility and migration, increased angiogenesis, significantly activated trafficking kinetics, proliferation, EMT induction, decreased susceptibility to apoptosis-inducing factors, and modulating immune response to tumor cell antigens. Eventually, this will lead to the increased metastatic potential of cancer cells and an increased risk of lymph node and distant metastases. This chapter provided an overview of the current state of knowledge of selected Golgi proteins, their role in cytophysiology as well as potential involvement in tumorigenesis.
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37
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Li J, Tang D, Ireland SC, Wang Y. DjA1 maintains Golgi integrity via interaction with GRASP65. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:478-490. [PMID: 30566031 PMCID: PMC6594443 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 65 kDa (GRASP65) has been implicated in both Golgi stacking and ribbon linking by forming trans-oligomers. To better understand its function and regulation, we used biochemical methods to identify the DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 (DjA1) as a novel GRASP65-binding protein. In cells, depletion of DjA1 resulted in Golgi fragmentation, short and improperly aligned cisternae, and delayed Golgi reassembly after nocodazole washout. In vitro, immunodepletion of DjA1 from interphase cytosol reduced its activity to enhance GRASP65 oligomerization and Golgi membrane fusion, while adding purified DjA1 enhanced GRASP65 oligomerization. DjA1 is a cochaperone of Heat shock cognate 71-kDa protein (Hsc70), but the activity of DjA1 in Golgi structure formation is independent of its cochaperone activity or Hsc70, rather, through DjA1-GRASP65 interaction to promote GRASP65 oligomerization. Thus, DjA1 interacts with GRASP65 to enhance Golgi structure formation through the promotion of GRASP65 trans-oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
| | - Danming Tang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
| | - Stephen C Ireland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085
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38
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Ise M, Kageyama H, Araki A, Itami M. Identification of a novel GORASP2-ALK fusion in an ALK-positive large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 60:493-497. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1493731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Ise
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kamagaya General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hajime Kageyama
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinobu Araki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makiko Itami
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
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39
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Zhang X, Wang L, Lak B, Li J, Jokitalo E, Wang Y. GRASP55 Senses Glucose Deprivation through O-GlcNAcylation to Promote Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion. Dev Cell 2018; 45:245-261.e6. [PMID: 29689198 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the central hub for protein trafficking and glycosylation in the secretory pathway. However, how the Golgi responds to glucose deprivation is so far unknown. Here, we report that GRASP55, the Golgi stacking protein located in medial- and trans-Golgi cisternae, is O-GlcNAcylated by the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT under growth conditions. Glucose deprivation reduces GRASP55 O-GlcNAcylation. De-O-GlcNAcylated GRASP55 forms puncta outside of the Golgi area, which co-localize with autophagosomes and late endosomes/lysosomes. GRASP55 depletion reduces autophagic flux and results in autophagosome accumulation, while expression of an O-GlcNAcylation-deficient mutant of GRASP55 accelerates autophagic flux. Biochemically, GRASP55 interacts with LC3-II on the autophagosomes and LAMP2 on late endosomes/lysosomes and functions as a bridge between LC3-II and LAMP2 for autophagosome and lysosome fusion; this function is negatively regulated by GRASP55 O-GlcNAcylation. Therefore, GRASP55 senses glucose levels through O-GlcNAcylation and acts as a tether to facilitate autophagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
| | - Leibin Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Behnam Lak
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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40
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Herman EK, Yiangou L, Cantoni DM, Miller CN, Marciano-Cabral F, Anthonyrajah E, Dacks JB, Tsaousis AD. Identification and characterisation of a cryptic Golgi complex in Naegleria gruberi. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs213306. [PMID: 29535209 PMCID: PMC5963838 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Golgi complex has a conserved morphology of flattened stacked cisternae in most eukaryotes, it has lost the stacked organisation in several lineages, raising the question of what range of morphologies is possible for the Golgi. In order to understand this diversity, it is necessary to characterise the Golgi in many different lineages. Here, we identify the Golgi complex in Naegleria, one of the first descriptions of an unstacked Golgi organelle in a non-parasitic eukaryote, other than fungi. We provide a comprehensive list of Golgi-associated membrane trafficking genes encoded in two species of Naegleria and show that nearly all are expressed in mouse-passaged N. fowleri cells. We then study distribution of the Golgi marker (Ng)CopB by fluorescence in Naegleria gruberi, identifying membranous structures that are disrupted by Brefeldin A treatment, consistent with Golgi localisation. Confocal and immunoelectron microscopy reveals that NgCOPB localises to tubular membranous structures. Our data identify the Golgi organelle for the first time in this major eukaryotic lineage, and provide the rare example of a tubular morphology, representing an important sampling point for the comparative understanding of Golgi organellar diversity.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Herman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Lyto Yiangou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Diego M Cantoni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Christopher N Miller
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Francine Marciano-Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA
| | - Erin Anthonyrajah
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Anastasios D Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
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41
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Barlow LD, Nývltová E, Aguilar M, Tachezy J, Dacks JB. A sophisticated, differentiated Golgi in the ancestor of eukaryotes. BMC Biol 2018; 16:27. [PMID: 29510703 PMCID: PMC5840792 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Golgi apparatus is a central meeting point for the endocytic and exocytic systems in eukaryotic cells, and the organelle's dysfunction results in human disease. Its characteristic morphology of multiple differentiated compartments organized into stacked flattened cisternae is one of the most recognizable features of modern eukaryotic cells, and yet how this is maintained is not well understood. The Golgi is also an ancient aspect of eukaryotes, but the extent and nature of its complexity in the ancestor of eukaryotes is unclear. Various proteins have roles in organizing the Golgi, chief among them being the golgins. RESULTS We address Golgi evolution by analyzing genome sequences from organisms which have lost stacked cisternae as a feature of their Golgi and those that have not. Using genomics and immunomicroscopy, we first identify Golgi in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi. We then searched 87 genomes spanning eukaryotic diversity for presence of the most prominent proteins implicated in Golgi structure, focusing on golgins. We show some candidates as animal specific and others as ancestral to eukaryotes. CONCLUSIONS None of the proteins examined show a phyletic distribution that correlates with the morphology of stacked cisternae, suggesting the possibility of stacking as an emergent property. Strikingly, however, the combination of golgins conserved among diverse eukaryotes allows for the most detailed reconstruction of the organelle to date, showing a sophisticated Golgi with differentiated compartments and trafficking pathways in the common eukaryotic ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael D Barlow
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Eva Nývltová
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building (RMSB) # 2067, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Maria Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada. .,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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42
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Cardoso R, Wang J, Müller J, Rupp S, Leitão A, Hemphill A. Modulation of cis- and trans- Golgi and the Rab9A-GTPase during infection by Besnoitia besnoiti, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Exp Parasitol 2018; 187:75-85. [PMID: 29499180 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Like most intracellular pathogens, the apicomplexan parasites Besnoitia besnoiti, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum scavenge metabolites from their host cells. Recruitment of the Golgi complex to the vicinity of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) is likely to aid in this process. In this work, we comparatively assessed B. besnoiti, T. gondii and N. caninum infected human retinal pigmented epithelial (hTERT-RPE-1) cells at 24 h post-infection and used antibodies to confirm Golgi ribbon compaction in B. besnoiti, and Golgi ribbon dispersion in T. gondii, while no alteration in Golgi morphology was seen in N. caninum infected cells. In either case, the Golgi stacks of infected cells contained both cis- (GM130) and trans- (TGN46) Golgi proteins. The localization of Rab9A, an important regulator of endosomal trafficking, was also studied. GFP-tagged Rab9A was recruited to the vicinity of the PV of all three parasites. Toxoplasma-infected cells exhibited increased expression of Rab9A in comparison to non-infected cells. However, Rab9A expression levels remained unaltered upon infection with N. caninum and B. besnoiti tachyzoites. In contrast to Rab9A, a GFP-tagged dominant negative mutant form of Rab9A (Rab9A DN), was not recruited to the PV, and the expression of Rab9A DN did not affect host cell invasion nor replication by all three parasites. Thus, B. besnoiti, T. gondii and N. caninum show similarities but also differences in how they affect constituents of the endosomal/secretory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cardoso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Junhua Wang
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Rupp
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
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43
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Huang S, Wang Y. Golgi structure formation, function, and post-translational modifications in mammalian cells. F1000Res 2017; 6:2050. [PMID: 29225785 PMCID: PMC5710388 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11900.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central membrane organelle for trafficking and post-translational modifications of proteins and lipids in cells. In mammalian cells, it is organized in the form of stacks of tightly aligned flattened cisternae, and dozens of stacks are often linked laterally into a ribbon-like structure located in the perinuclear region of the cell. Proper Golgi functionality requires an intact architecture, yet Golgi structure is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle and under disease conditions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the relationship between Golgi structure formation, function, and regulation, with focus on how post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and ubiquitination regulate Golgi structure and on how Golgi unstacking affects its functions, in particular, protein trafficking, glycosylation, and sorting in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiao Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Álvarez A, Uribe F, Canales J, Romero C, Soza A, Peña MA, Antonelli M, Almarza O, Cerda O, Toledo H. KCTD5 and Ubiquitin Proteasome Signaling Are Required for Helicobacter pylori Adherence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:450. [PMID: 29114497 PMCID: PMC5660694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish infection, bacterial pathogens modulate host cellular processes by using virulence factors, which are delivered from the bacteria to the host cell leading to cellular reprogramming. In this context, several pathogens regulate the ubiquitin proteasome system in order to regulate the cellular effectors required for their successful colonization and persistance. In this study, we investigated how Helicobacter pylori affect the ubiquitination of the host proteins to achieve the adherence to the cells, using AGS gastric epithelial cells cultured with H. pylori strains, H. pylori 26695 and two isogenic mutants H. pylori cag::cat and vacA::apha3, to characterize the ability of H. pylori to reprogram the ubiquitin proteasome systems. The infection assays suggest that the ubiquitination of the total proteins does not change when cells were co-culture with H. pylori. We also found that the proteasome activity is necessary for H. pylori adhesion to AGS cells and the adherence increases when the level of KCTD5, an adaptor of Cullin-3, decrease. Moreover, we found that KCTD5 is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome system and that CagA and VacA played no role on reducing KCTD5 levels. Furthermore, H. pylori impaired KCTD5 ubiquitination and did not increase global proteasome function. These results suggest that H. pylori affect the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to facilitate the adhesion of this microorganism to establish stable colonization in the gastric epithelium and improve our understanding of how H. pylori hijack host systems to establish the adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhejandra Álvarez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Uribe
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Canales
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Romero
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - María A Peña
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Antonelli
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Almarza
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Toledo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bekier ME, Wang L, Li J, Huang H, Tang D, Zhang X, Wang Y. Knockout of the Golgi stacking proteins GRASP55 and GRASP65 impairs Golgi structure and function. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2833-2842. [PMID: 28814501 PMCID: PMC5638586 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GRASP55 and GRASP65 were knocked out, and it was found that double knockout of GRASP proteins disperses the Golgi stack into single cisternae and tubulovesicular structures, accelerates protein trafficking, and impairs accurate glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 65 kDa (GRASP65) and Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 55 kDa (GRASP55) were originally identified as Golgi stacking proteins; however, subsequent GRASP knockdown experiments yielded inconsistent results with respect to the Golgi structure, indicating a limitation of RNAi-based depletion. In this study, we have applied the recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology to knock out GRASP55 and GRASP65, individually or in combination, in HeLa and HEK293 cells. We show that double knockout of GRASP proteins disperses the Golgi stack into single cisternae and tubulovesicular structures, accelerates protein trafficking, and impairs accurate glycosylation of proteins and lipids. These results demonstrate a critical role for GRASPs in maintaining the stacked structure of the Golgi, which is required for accurate posttranslational modifications in the Golgi. Additionally, the GRASP knockout cell lines developed in this study will be useful tools for studying the role of GRASP proteins in other important cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Bekier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Leibin Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Haoran Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Danming Tang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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McGee LJ, Jiang AL, Lan Y. Golga5 is dispensable for mouse embryonic development and postnatal survival. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28509431 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Golgins are a family of coiled-coil proteins located at the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi apparatus and have been implicated in maintaining Golgi structural integrity through acting as tethering factors for retrograde vesicle transport. Whereas knockdown of several individual golgins in cultured cells caused Golgi fragmentation and disruption of vesicle trafficking, analysis of mutant mouse models lacking individual golgins have discovered tissue-specific developmental functions. Recently, homozygous loss of function of GOLGA2, of which previous in vitro studies suggested an essential role in maintenance of Golgi structure and in mitosis, has been associated with a neuromuscular disorder in human patients, which highlights the need for understanding the developmental roles of the golgins in vivo. We report here generation of Golga5-deficient mice using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Although knockdown studies in cultured cells have implicated Golga5 in maintenance of Golgi organization, we show that Golga5 is not required for mouse embryonic development, postnatal survival, or fertility. Moreover, whereas Golga5 is structurally closely related to Golgb1, we show that inactivation of Golga5 does not enhance the severity of developmental defects in Golgb1-deficient mice. The Golga5-deficient mice enable further investigation of the roles and functional specificity of golgins in development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynessa J McGee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Alex L Jiang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
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Tachikawa M, Mochizuki A. Golgi apparatus self-organizes into the characteristic shape via postmitotic reassembly dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5177-5182. [PMID: 28461510 PMCID: PMC5441826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619264114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bounded organelle with the characteristic shape of a series of stacked flat cisternae. During mitosis in mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is once fragmented into small vesicles and then reassembled to form the characteristic shape again in each daughter cell. The mechanism and details of the reassembly process remain elusive. Here, by the physical simulation of a coarse-grained membrane model, we reconstructed the three-dimensional morphological dynamics of the Golgi reassembly process. Considering the stability of the interphase Golgi shape, we introduce two hypothetical mechanisms-the Golgi rim stabilizer protein and curvature-dependent restriction on membrane fusion-into the general biomembrane model. We show that the characteristic Golgi shape is spontaneously organized from the assembly of vesicles by proper tuning of the two additional mechanisms, i.e., the Golgi reassembly process is modeled as self-organization. We also demonstrate that the fine Golgi shape forms via a balance of three reaction speeds: vesicle aggregation, membrane fusion, and shape relaxation. Moreover, the membrane fusion activity decreases thickness and the number of stacked cisternae of the emerging shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tachikawa
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science Research Group, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mochizuki
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science Research Group, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Science Program, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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48
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Zhao J, Li B, Huang X, Morelli X, Shi N. Structural Basis for the Interaction between Golgi Reassembly-stacking Protein GRASP55 and Golgin45. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2956-2965. [PMID: 28049725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgin45 is required for normal Golgi structure and the transportation of protein from the ER. It forms a specific complex with GRASP55 in vivo Little is known regarding the molecular details of this interaction and its structural role in stacking of the Golgi complex. Here, we present the crystal structure of the GRASP domains of GRASP55 in complex with the Golgin45 C-terminal peptide, determined at 1.33 Å resolution. Similar to the structure of GRASP65 bound to GM130 reported recently, this structure reveals more than one interacting site and involves both PDZ1 and PDZ2 domains of the GRASP simultaneously. The C-terminal peptides of Golgin45 and GM130 present a conserved PDZ domain binding motif sequence and recognize the canonical PDZ-peptide binding groove of the PDZ1 domains of GRASP55 and GRASP65. A main difference in this recognition process resides in a structural rearrangement of GRASP65-GM130 that does not occur for the GRASP55-Golgin45 complex. The binding site at the cleft between the PDZ1 and PDZ2 domains of GRASP65 is dominated by hydrophobic interactions with GM130 that are not observed in the GRASP55-Golgin45 complex. In addition, a unique zinc finger structure is revealed in the GRASP55-Golgin45 complex crystal structure. Mutagenesis experiments support these structural observations and demonstrate that two of these sites are required to form a stable complex. Finally, a novel Golgi stacking model is proposed according to these structural findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China and
| | - Bowen Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China and
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China and
| | - Xavier Morelli
- the Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ning Shi
- From the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China and
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Ranftler C, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Neumüller J, Ellinger A, Pavelka M. Golgi apparatus dis- and reorganizations studied with the aid of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and visualized by 3D-electron tomography. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:415-438. [PMID: 27975144 PMCID: PMC5359389 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied Golgi apparatus disorganizations and reorganizations in human HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells by using the nonmetabolizable glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) and analyzing the changes in Golgi stack architectures by 3D-electron tomography. Golgi stacks remodel in response to 2DG-treatment and are replaced by tubulo-glomerular Golgi bodies, from which mini-Golgi stacks emerge again after removal of 2DG. The Golgi stack changes correlate with the measured ATP-values. Our findings indicate that the classic Golgi stack architecture is impeded, while cells are under the influence of 2DG at constantly low ATP-levels, but the Golgi apparatus is maintained in forms of the Golgi bodies and Golgi stacks can be rebuilt as soon as 2DG is removed. The 3D-electron microscopic results highlight connecting regions that interlink membrane compartments in all phases of Golgi stack reorganizations and show that the compact Golgi bodies mainly consist of continuous intertwined tubules. Connections and continuities point to possible new transport pathways that could substitute for other modes of traffic. The changing architectures visualized in this work reflect Golgi stack dynamics that may be essential for basic cell physiologic and pathologic processes and help to learn, how cells respond to conditions of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ranftler
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Josef Neumüller
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adolf Ellinger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Pavelka
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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50
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Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates fractalkine production by altering its trafficking from Golgi to plasma membrane: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1153-1163. [PMID: 27832289 PMCID: PMC5309299 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine-threonine kinase implicated in multiple processes and signaling pathways. Its dysregulation is associated with different pathological conditions including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we demonstrate how changes in GSK-3β activity and/or levels regulate the production and subsequent secretion of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the immune response that has been linked to AD and to other different neurological disorders. Treatment of primary cultured neurons with GSK-3β inhibitors such as lithium and AR-A014418 decreased full-length fractalkine in total cell extracts. Opposite effects were observed after neuron transduction with a lentiviral vector overexpressing the kinase. Biotinylation assays showed that those changes mainly affect the plasma membrane-associated form of the protein, an observation that positively correlates with changes in the levels of its soluble form. These effects were confirmed in lithium-treated wild type (wt) mice and in GSK-3β transgenic animals, as well as in brain samples from AD patients, evident as age-dependent (animals) or Braak stage dependent changes (humans) in both the membrane-bound and the soluble forms of the protein. Further immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated how GSK-3β exerts these effects by affecting the trafficking of the chemokine from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, in different and opposite ways when the levels/activity of the kinase are increased or decreased. This work provides for the first time a mechanism linking GSK-3β and fractalkine both in vitro and in vivo, with important implications for neurological disorders and especially for AD, in which levels of this chemokine might be useful as a diagnostic tool.
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