1
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Xu L, Tan C, Barr J, Talaba N, Verheyden J, Chin JS, Gaboyan S, Kasaraneni N, Elgamal RM, Gaulton KJ, Lin G, Afshar K, Golts E, Meier A, Alexander LEC, Borok Z, Shen Y, Chung WK, McCulley DJ, Sun X. Context-dependent roles of mitochondrial LONP1 in orchestrating the balance between airway progenitor versus progeny cells. Cell Stem Cell 2024:S1934-5909(24)00287-X. [PMID: 39181129 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
While all eukaryotic cells are dependent on mitochondria for function, in a complex tissue, which cell type and which cell behavior are more sensitive to mitochondrial deficiency remain unpredictable. Here, we show that in the mouse airway, compromising mitochondrial function by inactivating mitochondrial protease gene Lonp1 led to reduced progenitor proliferation and differentiation during development, apoptosis of terminally differentiated ciliated cells and their replacement by basal progenitors and goblet cells during homeostasis, and failed airway progenitor migration into damaged alveoli following influenza infection. ATF4 and the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway are elevated and responsible for the airway phenotypes. Such context-dependent sensitivities are predicted by the selective expression of Bok, which is required for ISR activation. Reduced LONP1 expression is found in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) airways with squamous metaplasia. These findings illustrate a cellular energy landscape whereby compromised mitochondrial function could favor the emergence of pathological cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justinn Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Talaba
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jamie Verheyden
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ji Sun Chin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samvel Gaboyan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nikita Kasaraneni
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth M Elgamal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Afshar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eugene Golts
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angela Meier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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2
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Ortiz HR, Cruz Flores P, Podgorski J, Ramonett A, Ahmed T, Hempel N, Charest PG, Ellis NA, Langlais PR, Montfort WR, Mythreye K, Kumar S, Lee NY. Extracellular signals induce dynamic ER remodeling through αTAT1-dependent microtubule acetylation. Neoplasia 2024; 53:101003. [PMID: 38759377 PMCID: PMC11127537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology are central to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Microtubules (MT) facilitate the continuous remodeling of the ER network into sheets and tubules by coordinating with many ER-shaping protein complexes, although how this process is controlled by extracellular signals remains unknown. Here we report that TAK1, a kinase responsive to various growth factors and cytokines including TGF-β and TNF-α, triggers ER tubulation by activating αTAT1, an MT-acetylating enzyme that enhances ER-sliding. We show that this TAK1/αTAT1-dependent ER remodeling promotes cell survival by actively downregulating BOK, an ER membrane-associated proapoptotic effector. While BOK is normally protected from degradation when complexed with IP3R, it is rapidly degraded upon their dissociation during the ER sheets-to-tubules conversion. These findings demonstrate a distinct mechanism of ligand-induced ER remodeling and suggest that the TAK1/αTAT1 pathway may be a key target in ER stress and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Paola Cruz Flores
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Julia Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Aaron Ramonett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tasmia Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pascale G Charest
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - William R Montfort
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Tirupati, Mangalam Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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3
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Zhu S, Liu J, Wang Q, Yang Y, Du L, Qiu X, Qi R, Wang J. Resolvin D1 alleviates apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress in IPEC-J2 cells. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:125. [PMID: 38561794 PMCID: PMC10983747 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (SPM), is derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It plays a key role in actively resolving inflammatory responses, which further reduces small intestinal damage. However, its regulation of the apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intestinal epithelial cells is still poorly understood. The intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were stimulated with tunicamycin to screen an optimal stimulation time and concentration to establish an ER stress model. Meanwhile, RvD1 (0, 1, 10, 20, and 50 nM) cytotoxicity and its impact on cell viability and the effective concentration for reducing ER stress and apoptosis were determined. Finally, the effects of RvD1 on ER stress and associated apoptosis were furtherly explored by flow cytometry analysis, AO/EB staining, RT-qPCR, and western blotting. RESULTS The ER stress model of IPEC-J2 cells was successfully built by stimulating the cells with 1 µg/mL tunicamycin for 9 h. Certainly, the increased apoptosis and cell viability inhibition also appeared under the ER stress condition. RvD1 had no cytotoxicity, and its concentration of 1 nM significantly decreased cell viability inhibition (p= 0.0154) and the total apoptosis rate of the cells from 14.13 to 10.00% (p= 0.0000). RvD1 at the concentration of 1 nM also significantly reduced the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP-78, an ER stress marker gene) (p= 0.0000) and pro-apoptotic gene Caspase-3 (p= 0.0368) and promoted the expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic gene)(p= 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the results shed light on the potential of RvD1 for alleviating apoptosis triggered by ER stress, which may indicate an essential role of RvD1 in maintaining intestinal health and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Lei Du
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Renli Qi
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China.
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4
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Sobhi Amjad Z, Shojaeian A, Sadri Nahand J, Bayat M, Taghizadieh M, Rostamian M, Babaei F, Moghoofei M. Oncoviruses: Induction of cancer development and metastasis by increasing anoikis resistance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22598. [PMID: 38144298 PMCID: PMC10746446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of cell death is a vital aspect in the regulation of aberrant cells such as cancer cells. Anoikis is a kind of cell death that occurs when cells get separated from the extracellular matrix. Some cancer cells can inhibit anoikis in order to progress metastasis. One of the key variables that might be implicated in anoikis resistance (AR) is viral infections. The most important viruses involved in this process are Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, human herpes virus 8, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and hepatitis C virus. A better understanding of how carcinogenic viruses suppress anoikis might be helpful in developing an effective treatment for virus-associated cancers. In the current study, we review the role of the mentioned viruses and their gene products in anoikis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sobhi Amjad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mobina Bayat
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mosayeb Rostamian
- Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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5
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Arnett E, Pahari S, Leopold Wager CM, Hernandez E, Bonifacio JR, Lumbreras M, Renshaw C, Montoya MJ, Opferman JT, Schlesinger LS. Combination of MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors is a promising approach for a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115738. [PMID: 37864894 PMCID: PMC10841846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) accounts for 1.6 million deaths annually and over 25% of deaths due to antimicrobial resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) drives MCL-1 expression (family member of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins) to limit apoptosis and grow intracellularly in human macrophages. The feasibility of re-purposing specific MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors to limit M.tb growth, using inhibitors that are in clinical trials and FDA-approved for cancer treatment has not be tested previously. We show that specifically inhibiting MCL-1 and BCL-2 induces apoptosis of M.tb-infected macrophages, and markedly reduces M.tb growth in human and murine macrophages, and in a pre-clinical model of human granulomas. MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors limit growth of drug resistant and susceptible M.tb in macrophages and act in additive fashion with the antibiotics isoniazid and rifampicin. This exciting work uncovers targeting the intrinsic apoptosis pathway as a promising approach for TB host-directed therapy. Since safety and activity studies are underway in cancer clinics for MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors, we expect that re-purposing them for TB treatment should translate more readily and rapidly to the clinic. Thus, the work supports further development of this host-directed therapy approach to augment current TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Susanta Pahari
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Chrissy M Leopold Wager
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jordan R Bonifacio
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Miranda Lumbreras
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Charles Renshaw
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Maria J Montoya
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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6
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Sun H, Tian Y, Fu Y, Lei Y, Wang Y, Yan X, Wang J. Single-molecule scale quantification reveals interactions underlying protein-protein interface: from forces to non-covalent bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31791-31803. [PMID: 37966041 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04351g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family are considered a major driving force in cell cycle regulation and signaling. However, how this interfacial noncovalent interaction is achieved molecularly remains poorly understood. Herein, anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and pro-apoptotic protein (BAX) were used as models and their PPIs were explored for the first time using atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and in silico approaches. In addition, we used advanced analytical models, including multiple kinetic models, thermodynamic models, Poisson distributions, and contact angle molecular recognition to fully reveal the complexity of the BAX/Bcl-2 interaction interfaces. We propose that the binding kinetics between BAX/Bcl-2 are mainly mediated by specific (hydrogen bonding) and non-specific forces (hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions) and show that the complicated multivalent binding interaction induces stable BAX/Bcl-2 complexes. This study enriches our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which BAX interacts with Bcl-2. It provides valuable insights into the physical factors that need to be considered when designing PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yichen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yuna Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yongrong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yani Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Xinrui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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7
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Ortiz HR, Flores PC, Ramonett A, Ahmed T, Ellis NA, Langlais PR, Mythreye K, Lee NY. Structural remodeling of the endoplasmic reticulum in response to extracellular signals requires αTAT1-induced microtubule acetylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.20.537623. [PMID: 37131821 PMCID: PMC10153279 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.20.537623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology are central to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Microtubules (MT) facilitate the continuous remodeling of the ER network into sheets and tubules by coordinating with many ER-shaping protein complexes, although how this process is controlled by extracellular signals remains unknown. Here we report that TAK1, a kinase responsive to numerous growth factors and cytokines including TGF-β and TNF-α, triggers ER tubulation by activating αTAT1, an MT-acetylating enzyme that enhances ER-sliding. We show that this TAK1/αTAT-dependent ER remodeling promotes cell survival by actively downregulating BOK, an ER membrane-associated proapoptotic effector. While BOK is normally protected from degradation when complexed with IP3R, it is rapidly degraded upon their dissociation during the ER sheets-to-tubules conversion. These findings demonstrate a distinct mechanism of ligand-induced ER remodeling and suggest that the TAK1/αTAT pathway may be a key target in ER stress and dysfunction.
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8
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Shalaby R, Diwan A, Flores-Romero H, Hertlein V, Garcia-Saez AJ. Visualization of BOK pores independent of BAX and BAK reveals a similar mechanism with differing regulation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:731-741. [PMID: 36289446 PMCID: PMC9607731 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BOK is a poorly understood member of the BCL-2 family of proteins that has been proposed to function as a pro-apoptotic, BAX-like effector. However, the molecular mechanism and structural properties of BOK pores remain enigmatic. Here, we show that the thermal stability and pore activity of BOK depends on the presence of its C-terminus as well as on the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. We directly visualized BOK pores in liposomes by electron microscopy, which appeared similar to those induced by BAX, in line with comparable oligomerization properties quantified by single molecule imaging. In addition, super-resolution STED imaging revealed that BOK organized into dots and ring-shaped assemblies in apoptotic mitochondria, also reminiscent of those found for BAX and BAK. Yet, unlike BAX and BAK, the apoptotic activity of BOK was limited by partial mitochondrial localization and was independent of and unaffected by other BCL-2 proteins. These results suggest that, while BOK activity is kept in check by subcellular localization instead of interaction with BCL-2 family members, the resulting pores are structurally similar to those of BAX and BAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Shalaby
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arzoo Diwan
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hector Flores-Romero
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hertlein
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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9
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Moldoveanu T. Apoptotic mitochondrial poration by a growing list of pore-forming BCL-2 family proteins. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200221. [PMID: 36650950 PMCID: PMC9975053 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pore-forming BCL-2 family proteins are effectors of mitochondrial poration in apoptosis initiation. Two atypical effectors-BOK and truncated BID (tBID)-join the canonical effectors BAK and BAX. Gene knockout revealed developmental phenotypes in the absence the effectors, supporting their roles in vivo. During apoptosis effectors are activated and change shape from dormant monomers to dynamic oligomers that associate with and permeabilize mitochondria. BID is activated by proteolysis, BOK accumulates on inhibition of its degradation by the E3 ligase gp78, while BAK and BAX undergo direct activation by BH3-only initiators, autoactivation, and crossactivation. Except tBID, effector oligomers on the mitochondria appear as arcs and rings in super-resolution microscopy images. The BH3-in-groove dimers of BAK and BAX, the tBID monomers, and uncharacterized BOK species are the putative building blocks of apoptotic pores. Effectors interact with lipids and bilayers but the mechanism of membrane poration remains elusive. I discuss effector-mediated mitochondrial poration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Moldoveanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,Correspondence:
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10
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Zhang H, Song Y, Yang Y, Gao Z, Song Z, Wang W. Effect of Fas and Bcl-2 DNA Damages Response Expression in Stem Cells on Apoptosis of Nucleus Pulposus of Intervertebral Disc. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:8103595. [PMID: 36818160 PMCID: PMC9934980 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus pulposus is an elastic jelly composed of crisscross fibrous reticular structures, namely, chondrocytes and proteoglycan mucoid matrix. Embryo and adult SC can resist the accumulation of genetic damage and repair them through various DNA repair mechanisms, thus preventing them from spreading to daughter cells. Fresh medullary tissue was fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 4 m. The nucleus pulposus was stained with HE, and its degeneration was observed under light microscope. The average apoptotic index (AI) of 20 denatured nuclei was 50.230, the percentage of Fas-positive cells was 74.255%, and the percentage of Bcl-2-positive cells was 55.370%. The average apoptotic index (AI) was 28.317. The percentage of Fas-positive cells, Fas protein-positive cells, and Bcl-2 protein-positive cells in six normal nuclei was 41.717%, 41.717%, and 27.167%, respectively. The average AI value, Fas protein expression, and Bcl-2 protein expression in the two groups were significantly different (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu, China
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu, China
| | - Yuxin Song
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu, China
| | - Zhengdong Song
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu, China
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11
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Huang X, Ji S, Bian C, Sun J, Ji H. The endoplasmic reticulum stress and B cell lymphoma-2 related ovarian killer participate in docosahexaenoic acid-induced adipocyte apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad101. [PMID: 37067261 PMCID: PMC10118398 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lessens adipose tissue lipid deposition partly by inducing adipocyte apoptosis in grass carp, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) is the novel pathway for inducing apoptosis. This study aimed to explore the potential role of ER stress in DHA-induced apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) adipocytes. DHA induced apoptosis by deforming the nuclear envelope, condensing the chromatin, and increasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and genes in vivo and in vitro (P < 0.05). However, the ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), effectively suppressed DHA-induced apoptosis (P < 0.05), indicating that ER stress mediates DHA-induced adipocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed that 200 μM DHA significantly up-regulates the transcripts of B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) related ovarian killer (BOK) in vitro (P < 0.05). BOK is a pro-apoptotic protein in the BCL-2 family, which governs the mitochondria apoptosis pathway. Hence, we hypothesized that BOK might be an important linker between ER stress and apoptosis. We cloned and identified two grass carp BOK genes, BOKa and BOKb, which encode peptides of 213 and 216 amino acids, respectively. BOKa primarily localizes in ER and mitochondria in the cytoplasm, while BOKb localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm of grass carp adipocytes. Moreover, 200 μM DHA treatment up-regulated the mRNA expression of BOKa and BOKb, whereas 4-PBA suppressed the DHA-induced expressions. These results raised the possibility that BOK participates in DHA-induced adipocyte apoptosis through ER stress signaling, in line with its localization in ER and mitochondria. Two UPR branches, the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) signaling pathways, are possibly important in DHA-induced adipocyte apoptosis, unlike protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase. The study also emphasized the roles of BOKa and BOKb in IRE1α- and ATF6-mediated apoptosis. This work is the first to elucidate the importance of the ER stress-BOK pathway during adipocyte apoptosis in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shanghong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenchen Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
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12
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Cao Y, Wang HB, Ni CJ, Chen SL, Wang WT, Wang LR. Necrostatin-1 prevents skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury by regulating Bok-mediated apoptosis. J Chin Med Assoc 2023; 86:26-33. [PMID: 36599139 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) mediates apoptosis by regulating the classic proapoptotic effectors Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak). Although Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (Bok) is structurally similar to Bak and Bax, it is unclear whether it mediates apoptosis in skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. We hypothesized that by regulating Bok-mediated apoptosis, inhibiting RIPK1 with necrostatin-1 would reduce skeletal muscle IR injury. METHODS Rats were randomized into four groups: sham (SM), IR, IR treated with necrostatin-1 (NI), or vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DI). For the IR group, the right femoral artery was clamped for 4 hours and then reperfused for 4 hours, and for the NI and DI groups, necrostatin-1 (1.65 mg/kg) and the equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxide were intraperitoneally administered prior to IR induction. The structural damage of muscle tissue and protein expression of Bok, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 were investigated, and apoptotic cells were identified with terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. In vitro, human skeletal muscle cells (HSMCs) were exposed to 6 hours of oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by normoxia for 6 hours to establish an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model. To determine the role of Bok, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and flow cytometry were examined to demonstrate the effects of necrostatin-1 and Bok knockdown on the OGD/R insult of HSMCs. RESULTS Necrostatin-1 pretreatment markedly reduced IR-induced muscle damage and RIPK1, Bok, and cleaved caspase-3 expression, whereas upregualted Bcl-2 expression (p < 0.05). Furthermore, necrostatin-1 prevented mitochondrial damage and decreased TUNEL-positive muscle cells (p < 0.05). In vitro, HSMCs treated with necrostatin-1 showed reduced Bok expression, increased cell viability, and reduced LDH release in response to OGD/R (p < 0.05), and Bok knockdown significantly blunted the OGD/R insult in HSMCs. CONCLUSION Necrostatin-1 prevents skeletal muscle from IR injury by regulating Bok-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun-Jue Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shun-Li Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan-Tie Wang
- Institute of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang-Rong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Bonzerato CG, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Bok: real killer or bystander with non-apoptotic roles? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1161910. [PMID: 37123400 PMCID: PMC10130511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1161910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2-related ovarian killer, Bok, was first labeled "pro-apoptotic" due to its ability to cause cell death when over-expressed. However, it has become apparent that this is not a good name, since Bok is widely expressed in tissues other than ovaries. Further, there is serious doubt as to whether Bok is a real "killer," due to disparities in the ability of over-expressed versus endogenous Bok to trigger apoptosis. In this brief review, we rationalize these disparities and argue that endogenous Bok is very different from the pro-apoptotic, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization mediators, Bak and Bax. Instead, Bok is a stable, endoplasmic reticulum-located protein bound to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors. From this location, Bok plays a variety of roles, including regulation of endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria contact sites and mitochondrial dynamics. Therefore, categorizing Bok as a "killer" may well be misleading and instead, endogenous Bok would better be considered an endoplasmic reticulum-located "bystander", with non-apoptotic roles.
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Bonzerato CG, Keller KR, Schulman JJ, Gao X, Szczesniak LM, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Endogenous Bok is stable at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and does not mediate proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1094302. [PMID: 36601536 PMCID: PMC9806350 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1094302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy surrounds the cellular role of the Bcl-2 family protein Bok. On one hand, it has been shown that all endogenous Bok is bound to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), while other data suggest that Bok can act as a pro-apoptotic mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization mediator, apparently kept at very low and non-apoptotic levels by efficient proteasome-mediated degradation. Here we show that 1) endogenous Bok is expressed at readily-detectable levels in key cultured cells (e.g., mouse embryonic fibroblasts and HCT116 cells) and is not constitutively degraded by the proteasome, 2) proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis is not mediated by Bok, 3) endogenous Bok expression level is critically dependent on the presence of IP3Rs, 4) endogenous Bok is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the absence of IP3Rs at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and 5) charged residues in the transmembrane region of Bok affect its stability, ability to interact with Mcl-1, and pro-apoptotic activity when over-expressed. Overall, these data indicate that endogenous Bok levels are not governed by proteasomal activity (except when IP3Rs are deleted) and that while endogenous Bok plays little or no role in apoptotic signaling, exogenous Bok can mediate apoptosis in a manner dependent on its transmembrane domain.
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15
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Walter F, D’Orsi B, Jagannathan A, Dussmann H, Prehn JHM. BOK controls ER proteostasis and physiological ER stress responses in neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:915065. [PMID: 36060797 PMCID: PMC9434404 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.915065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family proteins BAK and BAX control the crucial step of pore formation in the mitochondrial outer membrane during intrinsic apoptosis. Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (BOK) is a Bcl-2 family protein with a high sequence similarity to BAK and BAX. However, intrinsic apoptosis can proceed in the absence of BOK. Unlike BAK and BAX, BOK is primarily located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi membranes, suggesting a role for BOK in regulating ER homeostasis. In this study, we report that BOK is required for a full ER stress response. Employing previously characterized fluorescent protein-based ER stress reporter cell systems, we show that BOK-deficient cells have an attenuated response to ER stress in all three signaling branches of the unfolded protein response. Fluo-4-based confocal Ca2+ imaging revealed that disruption of ER proteostasis in BOK-deficient cells was not linked to altered ER Ca2+ levels. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments using GRP78/BiP-eGFP demonstrated that GRP78 motility was significantly lower in BOK-deficient cells. This implied that less intraluminal GRP78 was freely available and more of the ER chaperone bound to unfolded proteins. Collectively, these experiments suggest a new role for BOK in the protection of ER proteostasis and cellular responses to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Walter
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Beatrice D’Orsi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anagha Jagannathan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heiko Dussmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H. M. Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Jochen H. M. Prehn,
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16
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Haeusler GM, Garnham AL, Li‐Wai‐Suen CSN, Clark JE, Babl FE, Allaway Z, Slavin MA, Mechinaud F, Smyth GK, Phillips B, Thursky KA, Pellegrini M, Doerflinger M. Blood transcriptomics identifies immune signatures indicative of infectious complications in childhood cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1383. [PMID: 35602885 PMCID: PMC9113042 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a major cause of treatment disruption and unplanned hospitalization in childhood cancer patients. This study investigated the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in children with cancer and FN to identify potential predictors of serious infection. Methods Whole-genome transcriptional profiling was conducted on PBMCs collected during episodes of FN in children with cancer at presentation to the hospital (Day 1; n = 73) and within 8-24 h (Day 2; n = 28) after admission. Differentially expressed genes as well as gene pathways that correlated with clinical outcomes were defined for different infectious outcomes. Results Global differences in gene expression associated with specific immune responses in children with FN and documented infection, compared to episodes without documented infection, were identified at admission. These differences resolved over the subsequent 8-24 h. Distinct gene signatures specific for bacteraemia were identified both at admission and on Day 2. Differences in gene signatures between episodes with bacteraemia and episodes with bacterial infection, viral infection and clinically defined infection were also observed. Only subtle differences in gene expression profiles between non-bloodstream bacterial and viral infections were identified. Conclusion Blood transcriptome immune profiling analysis during FN episodes may inform monitoring and aid in defining adequate treatment for different infectious aetiologies in children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Haeusler
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVICAustralia,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in CancerSir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,The Victorian Paediatric Integrated Cancer ServiceVictoria State GovernmentMelbourneVICAustralia,Infection Diseases UnitDepartment of General MedicineRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Connie SN Li‐Wai‐Suen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Julia E Clark
- Queensland Children's HospitalChild Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Franz E Babl
- Department of Emergency MedicineRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia,Murdoch Children's Research InstitutePaediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT)MelbourneVICAustralia,Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of PaediatricsFaculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Zoe Allaway
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVICAustralia,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in CancerSir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Monica A Slavin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVICAustralia,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in CancerSir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Infection Diseases UnitDepartment of General MedicineRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia,Victorian Infectious Diseases ServiceThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Francoise Mechinaud
- Children's Cancer CentreThe Royal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia,Unité d'Hématologie Immunologie PédiatriqueHopital Robert DebréAPHP Nord Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Bob Phillips
- Leeds Children's HospitalLeeds General InfirmaryLeedsUK
| | - Karin A Thursky
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVICAustralia,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in CancerSir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of Infectious DiseasesNational Centre for Antimicrobial StewardshipUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- NHMRC National Centre for Infections in CancerSir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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17
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Niu Z, Wang X, Xu Y, Li Y, Gong X, Zeng Q, Zhang B, Xi J, Pei X, Yue W, Han Y. Development and Validation of a Novel Survival Model for Cutaneous Melanoma Based on Necroptosis-Related Genes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852803. [PMID: 35387121 PMCID: PMC8979066 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necroptosis is crucial for organismal development and pathogenesis. To date, the role of necroptosis in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is yet unveiled. In addition, the part of melanin pigmentation was largely neglected in the bioinformatic analysis. In this study, we aimed to construct a novel prognostic model based on necroptosis-related genes and analysis the pigmentation phenotype of patients to provide clinically actionable information for SKCM patients. Methods We downloaded the SKCM data from the TCGA and GEO databases in this study and identified the differently expressed and prognostic necroptosis-related genes. Patients’ pigmentation phenotype was evaluated by the GSVA method. Then, using Lasso and Cox regression analysis, a novel prognostic model was constructed based on the intersected genes. The risk score was calculated and the patients were divided into two groups. The survival differences between the two groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The ROC analysis was performed and the area under curves was calculated to evaluate the prediction performances of the model. Then, the GO, KEGG and GSEA analyses were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Differences in the tumor microenvironment, patients’ response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and pigmentation phenotype were analyzed. In order to validate the mRNA expression levels of the selected genes, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed. Results Altogether, a novel prognostic model based on four genes (BOK, CD14, CYLD and FASLG) was constructed, and patients were classified into high and low-risk groups based on the median risk score. Low-risk group patients showed better survival status. The model showed high accuracy in the training and the validation cohort. Pathway and functional enrichment analysis indicated that immune-related pathways were differently activated in the two groups. In addition, immune cells infiltration patterns and sensitivity of ICIs showed a significant difference between patients from two risk groups. The pigmentation score was positively related to the risk score in pigmentation phenotype analysis. Conclusion In conclusion, this study established a novel prognostic model based on necroptosis-related genes and revealed the possible connections between necroptosis and melanin pigmentation. It is expected to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Niu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Gong
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zeng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafei Xi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Zhuang J, Xie L, Zheng L. A Glimpse of Programmed Cell Death Among Bacteria, Animals, and Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790117. [PMID: 35223864 PMCID: PMC8866957 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in animals mainly refers to lytic and non-lytic forms. Disruption and integrity of the plasma membrane are considered as hallmarks of lytic and apoptotic cell death, respectively. These lytic cell death programs can prevent the hosts from microbial pathogens. The key to our understanding of these cases is pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs in animals and LRR-RLKs in plants, and nod-like receptors (NLRs). Herein, we emphatically discuss the biochemical and structural studies that have clarified the anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic functions of Bcl-2 family proteins during intrinsic apoptosis and how caspase-8 among apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis sets the switchable threshold and integrates innate immune signaling, and that have compared the similarity and distinctness of the apoptosome, necroptosome, and inflammasome. We recapitulate that the necroptotic MLKL pore, pyroptotic gasdermin pore, HR-inducing resistosome, and mitochondrial Bcl-2 family all can form ion channels, which all directly boost membrane disruption. Comparing the conservation and unique aspects of PCD including ferrroptosis among bacteria, animals, and plants, the commonly shared immune domains including TIR-like, gasdermin-like, caspase-like, and MLKL/CC-like domains act as arsenal modules to restructure the diverse architecture to commit PCD suicide upon stresses/stimuli for host community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhuang,
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Luping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Meinhardt AL, Munkhbaatar E, Höckendorf U, Dietzen M, Dechant M, Anton M, Jacob A, Steiger K, Weichert W, Brcic L, McGranahan N, Branca C, Kaufmann T, Dengler MA, Jost PJ. The BCL-2 family member BOK promotes KRAS-driven lung cancer progression in a p53-dependent manner. Oncogene 2022; 41:1376-1382. [PMID: 35091677 PMCID: PMC8881215 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cancer entities are driven by KRAS mutations, which remain difficult to target clinically. Survival pathways, such as resistance to cell death, may represent a promising treatment approach in KRAS mutated cancers. Based on the frequently observed genomic deletions of BCL-2-related ovarian killer (BOK) in cancer patients, we explored the function of BOK in a mutant KrasG12D-driven murine model of lung cancer. Using KrasG12D/+ Bok-/- mice, we observed an overall tumor-promoting function of BOK in vivo. Specifically, loss of BOK reduced proliferation both in cell lines in vitro as well as in KrasG12D-driven tumor lesions in vivo. During tumor development in vivo, loss of BOK resulted in a lower tumor burden, with fewer, smaller, and less advanced tumors. Using KrasG12D/+ Tp53Δ/Δ Bok-/- mice, we identified that this phenotype was entirely dependent on the presence of functional p53. Furthermore, analysis of a human dataset of untreated early-stage lung tumors did not identify any common deletion of the BOK locus, independently of the TP53 status or the histopathological classification. Taken together our data indicate that BOK supports tumor progression in Kras-driven lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Meinhardt
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Enkhtsetseg Munkhbaatar
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Höckendorf
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle Dietzen
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Center of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Marta Dechant
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Anton
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Jacob
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luka Brcic
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Center of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caterina Branca
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Dengler
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Means RE, Katz SG. Yes, MAM! Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1919473. [PMID: 34616865 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1919473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cell life and death by members of the BCL-2 family of proteins occurs at the mitochondria. Large portions of the mitochondria's outer membrane are found in tight approximation with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) or mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCs). We recently reported that BOK is present within MAMs where it regulates Ca2+ transfer from the ER to the mitochondria, appropriate MAM components and MERC structure, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Means
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Szczesniak LM, Bonzerato CG, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Identification of the Bok Interactome Using Proximity Labeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689951. [PMID: 34136494 PMCID: PMC8201613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the Bcl-2 family member Bok is currently enigmatic, with various disparate roles reported, including mediation of apoptosis, regulation of mitochondrial morphology, binding to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, and regulation of uridine metabolism. To better define the roles of Bok, we examined its interactome using TurboID-mediated proximity labeling in HeLa cells, in which Bok knock-out leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and Bok overexpression leads to apoptosis. Labeling with TurboID-Bok revealed that Bok was proximal to a wide array of proteins, particularly those involved in mitochondrial fission (e.g., Drp1), endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions (e.g., Stim1), and surprisingly among the Bcl-2 family members, just Mcl-1. Comparison with TurboID-Mcl-1 and TurboID-Bak revealed that the three Bcl-2 family member interactomes were largely independent, but with some overlap that likely identifies key interactors. Interestingly, when overexpressed, Mcl-1 and Bok interact physically and functionally, in a manner that depends upon the transmembrane domain of Bok. Overall, this work shows that the Bok interactome is different from those of Mcl-1 and Bak, identifies novel proximities and potential interaction points for Bcl-2 family members, and suggests that Bok may regulate mitochondrial fission via Mcl-1 and Drp1.
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Szczesniak LM, Bonzerato CG, Schulman JJ, Bah A, Wojcikiewicz RJH. Bok binds to a largely disordered loop in the coupling domain of type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 553:180-186. [PMID: 33773141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (Bok) binds tightly to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). To better understand this interaction, we sought to elucidate the Bok binding determinants in IP3R1, focusing on the ∼75 amino acid loop (residues 1882-1957) between α helices 72 and 73. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the majority of this loop is intrinsically disordered, with two flanking regions of high disorder next to a low disorder central region (∼residues 1914-1926) that is predicted to contain two fused, disjointed transient helical elements. Experiments with IP3R1 mutants, combined with computational analysis, indicated that small deletions in this central region block Bok binding due to perturbation of the helical elements. Studies in vitro with purified Bok and IP3R1-derived peptides revealed high affinity binding to amino acids 1898-1940 of IP3R1 (Kd ∼65 nM) and that binding affinity is also dependent upon both of the high disorder flanking regions. The strength of the Bok-IP3R1 interaction was demonstrated by the ability of IP3R1 or Bok to recruit transmembrane domain-free Bok or IP3R1 mutants, respectively, to membranes in intact cells, and that these two mutants can bind in the cytosol independently of membrane association. Overall, we show that Bok binding to IP3R1 occurs within a largely disordered loop between α helices 72 and 73 and that high affinity binding is mediated by multivalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Szczesniak
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Caden G Bonzerato
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Alaji Bah
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Naim S, Fernandez-Marrero Y, de Brot S, Bachmann D, Kaufmann T. Loss of BOK Has a Minor Impact on Acetaminophen Overdose-Induced Liver Damage in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063281. [PMID: 33807047 PMCID: PMC8004760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most commonly used analgesic and anti-pyretic drugs, and APAP intoxication is one of the main reasons for liver transplantation following liver failure in the Western world. While APAP poisoning ultimately leads to liver necrosis, various programmed cell death modalities have been implicated, including ER stress-triggered apoptosis. The BCL-2 family member BOK (BCL-2-related ovarian killer) has been described to modulate the unfolded protein response and to promote chemical-induced liver injury. We therefore investigated the impact of the loss of BOK following APAP overdosing in mice. Surprisingly, we observed sex-dependent differences in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in both wildtype (WT) and Bok-/- mice, with increased activation of JNK in females compared with males. Loss of BOK led to a decrease in JNK activation and a reduced percentage of centrilobular necrosis in both sexes after APAP treatment; however, this protection was more pronounced in Bok-/- females. Nevertheless, serum ALT and AST levels of Bok-/- and WT mice were comparable, indicating that there was no major difference in the overall outcome of liver injury. We conclude that after APAP overdosing, loss of BOK affects initiating signaling steps linked to ER stress, but has a more minor impact on the outcome of liver necrosis. Furthermore, we observed sex-dependent differences that might be worthwhile to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Naim
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (Y.F.-M.); (D.B.)
| | - Yuniel Fernandez-Marrero
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (Y.F.-M.); (D.B.)
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Simone de Brot
- COMPATH, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (Y.F.-M.); (D.B.)
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (Y.F.-M.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Kasture V, Sahay A, Joshi S. Cell death mechanisms and their roles in pregnancy related disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:195-225. [PMID: 34090615 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are catabolic pathways essential for homeostasis. They play a crucial role for normal placental and fetal development. These cell death mechanisms are exaggerated in placental disorders such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Apoptosis is widely studied, highly controlled and regulated whereas; autophagy is an orderly degradation and recycling of the cellular components. Cellular senescence may be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, reduction in survival signals and nutrition deprivation. Apoptosis is regulated by two types of pathways intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic pathway is initiated by apoptosis inducing cells such as macrophages, natural killer cells whereas; intrinsic pathway is initiated in response to DNA damage, cell injury and lack of oxygen. In autophagy, the cell or organelles undergo lysosomal degradation. Placental apoptosis increases as the gestation progresses while autophagy plays a role in trophoblast differentiation and invasion. In pregnancy disorders like preeclampsia and IUGR, proapoptotic markers such as caspase 3, 8, BAX are higher and antiapoptotic markers like Bcl-2 are lower. In GDM, apoptotic markers are reduced resulting in increased placental mass and fetal macrosomia. Apoptosis in the pathological pregnancies is also influenced by the reduced levels of micronutrients and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in disturbed placental biology. This chapter describes the role of various key molecular events involved in cellular senescence and the various factors influencing them. This will help identify future therapeutic strategies for better management of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kasture
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Akriti Sahay
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.
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Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, cAMP Signalling and Apoptosis: A Crossroads in Lymphocytes of Multiple Sclerosis, a Possible Role of Nutraceutics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010021. [PMID: 33379309 PMCID: PMC7823468 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory and neurodegenerative chronic disease that involves the immune and central nervous systems (CNS). The pathogenesis involves the loss of blood–brain barrier integrity, resulting in the invasion of lymphocytes into the CNS with consequent tissue damage. The MS etiology is probably a combination of immunological, genetic, and environmental factors. It has been proposed that T lymphocytes have a main role in the onset and propagation of MS, leading to the inflammation of white matter and myelin sheath destruction. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress exert a role in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis and are involved in the apoptosis resistance of immune cells with the consequent development of autoimmune diseases. The defective apoptosis of autoreactive lymphocytes in patients with MS, allows these cells to perpetuate, within the CNS, a continuous cycle of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the involvement in MS of cAMP pathway, mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and their interaction in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis. In addition, we discuss a series of nutraceutical compounds that could influence these aspects.
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The Mysteries around the BCL-2 Family Member BOK. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121638. [PMID: 33291826 PMCID: PMC7762061 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BOK is an evolutionarily conserved BCL-2 family member that resembles the apoptotic effectors BAK and BAX in sequence and structure. Based on these similarities, BOK has traditionally been classified as a BAX-like pro-apoptotic protein. However, the mechanism of action and cellular functions of BOK remains controversial. While some studies propose that BOK could replace BAK and BAX to elicit apoptosis, others attribute to this protein an indirect way of apoptosis regulation. Adding to the debate, BOK has been associated with a plethora of non-apoptotic functions that makes this protein unpredictable when dictating cell fate. Here, we compile the current knowledge and open questions about this paradoxical protein with a special focus on its structural features as the key aspect to understand BOK biological functions.
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