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Yang Y, Gao F, Ren L, Ren N, Pan J, Xu Q. Functions and mechanisms of RNA m 6A regulators in breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 65:86. [PMID: 39054967 PMCID: PMC11299767 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a major malignant tumor in females and the incidence rate of BC has increased worldwide in recent years. N6‑methyladenosine (m6A) is a methylation modification that occurs extensively in eukaryotic RNA. The abnormal expression of m6A and related regulatory proteins can activate or inhibit certain signal pathways or oncogenes, thus affecting the proliferation, metastasis and prognosis of BC. Numerous studies have shown that m6A regulator disorder exists in BC, and this disorder can be reversed. Therefore, m6A is predicted as a potential therapeutic target for BC. However, the molecular mechanism of m6A RNA methylation regulating the occurrence and development of BC has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this review article, the functions of various m6A regulators and the specific mechanisms of certain regulators of the progress of BC were summarized. Furthermore, the dual role of RNA methylation in tumor progression was discussed, concluding that RNA methylation can not only lead to tumorigenesis but at times give rise to inhibition of tumor formation. In addition, further comprehensive analysis on mechanisms of m6A regulators in BC is conducive to screening effective potential targets and formulating targeted treatment strategies, which will provide new methods for the prevention and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibei Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Lanqi Ren
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ren
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Pan
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoping Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Luo W, Zhou Y, Wang J, Wang K, Lin Q, Li Y, Xie Y, Li M, Wang J, Xiong L. YTHDF1's Regulatory Involvement in Breast Cancer Prognosis, Immunity, and the ceRNA Network. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1879. [PMID: 38339157 PMCID: PMC10856278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1), an m6A reader, has a role in the development and progression of breast cancer as well as the immunological microenvironment. The networks of competing endogenous RNA in cancer have received much attention in research. In tumor gene therapy, the regulatory networks of m6A and competing endogenous RNA are increasingly emerging as a new route. We evaluated the relationship between the YTHDF1 expression, overall survival, and clinicopathology of breast cancer using TCGA, PrognoScan, and other datasets. We used Western blot to demonstrate that YTHDF1 is substantially expressed in breast cancer tissues. Furthermore, we explored YTHDF1's functions in the tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, and tumor microenvironment. Our findings indicate that YTHDF1 is a critical component of the m6A regulatory proteins in breast cancer and may have a particular function in the immunological microenvironment. Crucially, we investigated the relationship between YTHDF1 and the associated competitive endogenous RNA regulatory networks, innovatively creating three such networks (Dehydrogenase/Reductase 4-Antisense RNA 1-miR-378g-YTHDF1, HLA Complex Group 9-miR-378g-YTHDF1, Taurine Up-regulated 1-miR-378g-YTHDF1). Furthermore, we showed that miR-378g could inhibit the expression of YTHDF1, and that miR-378g/YTHDF1 could impact MDA-MB-231 proliferation. We speculate that YTHDF1 may serve as a biomarker for poor prognosis and differential diagnosis, impact the growth of breast cancer cells via the ceRNA network axis, and be a target for immunotherapy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Youjia Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jiayang Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Keqin Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuqiu Li
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yujie Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Miao Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
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Li W, Wang X, Li C, Chen T, Zhou X, Li Z, Yang Q. Identification and validation of an m6A-related gene signature to predict prognosis and evaluate immune features of breast cancer. Hum Cell 2023; 36:393-408. [PMID: 36403174 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer, and it is accompanied by high heterogeneity. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification significantly contributes to breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression. However, how m6A-related genes affect the clinical outcomes and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of breast cancer is largely unknown. Our study developed an m6A-related gene signature on the basis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The m6A-related gene signature was constructed using univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Breast cancer patients were classified into low- and high-risk groups depending on the median risk score. The reliability and efficiency of the signature were validated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and principal component analysis (PCA). The risk score was validated as an independent indicator associated with overall survival, and a nomogram model was created to estimate the overall survival of patients with breast cancer. Functional annotation suggested that the risk score had a strong relationship with immune-related pathways. Different proportions of immune cell infiltration between the two groups were evaluated using various algorithms. The high-risk group had higher immune checkpoint expression levels. We discovered that one of the 6 prognostic genes, TMEM71, was downregulated in breast cancer tissues. In vitro experiments indicated that overexpression of TMEM71 suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. In conclusion, the m6A-related gene signature may be a sensitive biomarker for overall survival prediction and guide the individualized treatment for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xianyong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Department of Pathology Tissue Bank, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Research Institute of Breast Cancer, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 107, JinanShandong, 250012, China.
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Yang J, Zhang J, Gao X, Luo R, Xie K, Wang W, Li J, Yang Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Gun S. FTO Regulates Apoptosis in CPB2-Treated IPEC-J2 Cells by Targeting Caspase 3 Apoptotic Protein. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131644. [PMID: 35804542 PMCID: PMC9264887 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification can accommodate mRNA processing, stability, and translation in mammals, and fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO) is a vital demethylase in the m6A modification pathway. Clostridium perfringens type C (C. perfringens type C) causes diarrhea in piglets and has a serious impact on the pig industry. However, our understanding of the effect of m6A in the process of C. perfringens type C infectious piglet diarrhea (CPTCIPD) is limited. Here, an in vitro model of CPTCIPD was constructed by treating the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2 (IPEC-J2) with Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin, and the role of FTO was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. The results revealed that the overall RNA m6A contents at the tissue and cell levels were significantly up-regulated after C. perfringens infection (p < 0.05). FTO expression was significantly reduced in CPB2-treated IPEC-J2 cells. Functionally, FTO knockdown in the treated cells inhibited their proliferation and promoted apoptosis and the inflammation phenotype, whereas FTO overexpression had the opposite effects. Inhibiting FTO prolonged the half-life and up-regulated the expression of Caspase 3, leading to apoptosis. Therefore, this work explored the regulation of FTO in IPEC-J2 cells after CPB2 treatment and enhanced our understanding of the effect of the m6A modification in CPTCIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xi’an 712100, China;
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.G.); (R.L.); (K.X.); (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence:
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The Prognostic Role of m6A-Related Genes in Paediatric Neuroblastoma Patients. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8354932. [PMID: 35047058 PMCID: PMC8763491 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8354932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methods The gene expression data were extracted from the “Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments” (TARGET) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the relationships between DEGs and m6A genes were explored. Then, the correlations among the m6A genes in neuroblastoma were investigated. Finally, the prognostic role of the m6A genes was studied, and the risk model was constructed. Results 81 NB patients were extracted from the TARGET database. After comparing the gene expression between unfavorable and favorable outcome groups, 73 DEGs were identified, including 54 downregulated genes and 19 upregulated genes. In NB patients, we found that IGF2BP3, METTL14, and METTL16 are prognostic factors for disease-free survival (DFS) while IGF2BP3, METTL14, and METTL16 are prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). Besides, after the risk model construction, the OS between the two risk groups was drawn (log-rank p = 1.64e − 08, HR = 3.438, 95% CI 2.24-5.278). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year time-dependent receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also illustrated, and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) attained 0.75, 0.798, and 0.768, respectively. Conclusions IGF2BP3, METTL14, and METTL16 were identified as the significant factors for DFS and OS in NB patients.
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Zhang J, Shan B, Lin L, Dong J, Sun Q, Zhou Q, Chen J, Han X. Dissecting the Role of N6-Methylandenosine-Related Long Non-coding RNAs Signature in Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment of Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711859. [PMID: 34692676 PMCID: PMC8526800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) represents a molecularly and clinically heterogeneous disease. Recent progress in immunotherapy has provided a glimmer of hope for several BC subtypes. The relationship between N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) is still largely unexplored in BC. Here, with the intention to dissect the landscape of m6A-related lncRNAs and explore the immunotherapeutic value of the m6A-related lncRNA signature, we identified m6A-related lncRNAs by co-expression analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and stratified BC patients into different subgroups. Furthermore, we generated an m6A-related lncRNA prognostic signature. Four molecular subtypes were identified by consensus clustering. Cluster 3 preferentially had favorable prognosis, upregulated immune checkpoint expression, and high level of immune cell infiltration. Twenty-one m6A-related lncRNAs were applied to construct the m6A-related lncRNA model (m6A-LncRM). Survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves further confirmed the prognostic value and prediction performance of m6A-LncRM. Finally, high- and low-risk BC subgroups displayed significantly different clinical features and immune cell infiltration status. Overall, our study systematically explored the prognostic value of the m6A-related LncRNAs and identified a high immunogenicity BC subtype. The proposed m6A-related LncRNA model might serve as a robust prognostic signature and attractive immunotherapeutic targets for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Zhang
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Benjie Shan
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinghua Han
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Gu C, Shi X, Qiu W, Huang Z, Yu Y, Shen F, Chen Y, Pan X. Comprehensive Analysis of the Prognostic Role and Mutational Characteristics of m6A-Related Genes in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661792. [PMID: 33842487 PMCID: PMC8027321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been limited treatment therapies for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). M6A-related genes may be the next therapeutic targets for LUSC. In this study, we explored the prognostic role and mutational characteristics of m6A-related genes in LUSC. METHODS LUSC gene expression data, mutational data, and corresponding clinical information were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the mutation characteristics of LUSC patients were explored. Then, m6A-related genes were extracted and the correlations among the genes were detected. Finally, the prognostic roles of the genes were investigated and the nomogram model was developed. Besides, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was used to explore the potential interactions among the genes. RESULTS In total, there are 551 LUSC samples enrolled in our study, containing 502 LUSC tumor samples and 49 adjacent normal LUSC samples, respectively. There were 2970 upregulated DEGs and 1806 downregulated DEGs were further explored. IGF2BP1 and RBM15 had significant co-occurrence frequency (p < 0.05). Besides, METTL14 and ZC3H13 or YTHDF3 also had significant co-occurrence frequency (p < 0.05). All the m6A-related genes represent the positive correlation. WTAP was identified as a prognostic gene in the TCGA database while YTHDC1 and YTHDF1 were identified as prognostic genes. In multivariate Cox analysis, YTHDF1, age, pN stage, pTNM stage, and smoking were all identified as significant prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSION We investigated the expression patterns and mutational characteristics of LUSC patients and identified three potential independent prognostic m6A-related genes (WTAP, YTHDC1, and YTHDF1) for OS in LUSC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Qiu
- Department of Lab Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufeng Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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