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Zubrzycki M, Schramm R, Costard-Jäckle A, Grohmann J, Gummert JF, Zubrzycka M. Cardiac Development and Factors Influencing the Development of Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs): Part I. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7117. [PMID: 39000221 PMCID: PMC11241401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional description of cardiac development involves progression from a cardiac crescent to a linear heart tube, which in the phase of transformation into a mature heart forms a cardiac loop and is divided with the septa into individual cavities. Cardiac morphogenesis involves numerous types of cells originating outside the initial cardiac crescent, including neural crest cells, cells of the second heart field origin, and epicardial progenitor cells. The development of the fetal heart and circulatory system is subject to regulatation by both genetic and environmental processes. The etiology for cases with congenital heart defects (CHDs) is largely unknown, but several genetic anomalies, some maternal illnesses, and prenatal exposures to specific therapeutic and non-therapeutic drugs are generally accepted as risk factors. New techniques for studying heart development have revealed many aspects of cardiac morphogenesis that are important in the development of CHDs, in particular transposition of the great arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Zubrzycki
- Department of Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany;
| | - Rene Schramm
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Angelika Costard-Jäckle
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Jochen Grohmann
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany;
| | - Jan F. Gummert
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Maria Zubrzycka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Shafi O, Siddiqui G, Jaffry HA. The benign nature and rare occurrence of cardiac myxoma as a possible consequence of the limited cardiac proliferative/ regenerative potential: a systematic review. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1245. [PMID: 38110859 PMCID: PMC10726542 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac Myxoma is a primary tumor of heart. Its origins, rarity of the occurrence of primary cardiac tumors and how it may be related to limited cardiac regenerative potential, are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the key cardiac genes/ transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways to understand these important questions. METHODS Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving cardiac myxoma, cardiac genes/TFs/signaling pathways and their roles in cardiogenesis, proliferation, differentiation, key interactions and tumorigenesis, with focus on cardiomyocytes. RESULTS The cardiac genetic landscape is governed by a very tight control between proliferation and differentiation-related genes/TFs/pathways. Cardiac myxoma originates possibly as a consequence of dysregulations in the gene expression of differentiation regulators including Tbx5, GATA4, HAND1/2, MYOCD, HOPX, BMPs. Such dysregulations switch the expression of cardiomyocytes into progenitor-like state in cardiac myxoma development by dysregulating Isl1, Baf60 complex, Wnt, FGF, Notch, Mef2c and others. The Nkx2-5 and MSX2 contribute predominantly to both proliferation and differentiation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells (CPCs), may possibly serve roles based on the microenvironment and the direction of cell circuitry in cardiac tumorigenesis. The Nkx2-5 in cardiac myxoma may serve to limit progression of tumorigenesis as it has massive control over the proliferation of CPCs. The cardiac cell type-specific genetic programming plays governing role in controlling the tumorigenesis and regenerative potential. CONCLUSION The cardiomyocytes have very limited proliferative and regenerative potential. They survive for long periods of time and tightly maintain the gene expression of differentiation genes such as Tbx5, GATA4 that interact with tumor suppressors (TS) and exert TS like effect. The total effect such gene expression exerts is responsible for the rare occurrence and benign nature of primary cardiac tumors. This prevents the progression of tumorigenesis. But this also limits the regenerative and proliferative potential of cardiomyocytes. Cardiac Myxoma develops as a consequence of dysregulations in these key genes which revert the cells towards progenitor-like state, hallmark of CM. The CM development in carney complex also signifies the role of TS in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hassam A Jaffry
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Liu H, Tsai H, Yang M, Li G, Bian Q, Ding G, Wu D, Dai J. Three-dimensional genome structure and function. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e326. [PMID: 37426677 PMCID: PMC10329473 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear DNA undergoes a series of compression and folding events, forming various three-dimensional (3D) structural units in mammalian cells, including chromosomal territory, compartment, topologically associating domain, and chromatin loop. These structures play crucial roles in regulating gene expression, cell differentiation, and disease progression. Deciphering the principles underlying 3D genome folding and the molecular mechanisms governing cell fate determination remains a challenge. With advancements in high-throughput sequencing and imaging techniques, the hierarchical organization and functional roles of higher-order chromatin structures have been gradually illuminated. This review systematically discussed the structural hierarchy of the 3D genome, the effects and mechanisms of cis-regulatory elements interaction in the 3D genome for regulating spatiotemporally specific gene expression, the roles and mechanisms of dynamic changes in 3D chromatin conformation during embryonic development, and the pathological mechanisms of diseases such as congenital developmental abnormalities and cancer, which are attributed to alterations in 3D genome organization and aberrations in key structural proteins. Finally, prospects were made for the research about 3D genome structure, function, and genetic intervention, and the roles in disease development, prevention, and treatment, which may offer some clues for precise diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
- School of StomatologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Hsiangyu Tsai
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Maoquan Yang
- School of Clinical MedicineWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Guozhi Li
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Bian
- Shanghai Institute of Precision MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Gang Ding
- School of StomatologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Jiewen Dai
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
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Pan L, Song XW, Song JC, Shi CY, Wang ZK, Huang SQ, Guo ZF, Li SH, Zhao XX, Ge JB. Downregulation of NUP93 aggravates hypoxia-induced death of cardiomyocytes in vitro through abnormal regulation of gene transcription. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:969-983. [PMID: 36807413 PMCID: PMC10104817 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complex in the nuclear envelope plays an important role in controlling the transportation of RNAs, proteins and other macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The relationship between abnormal expression of nucleoporins and cardiovascular diseases is unclear. In this study we investigated how myocardial infarction affected the expression and function of nucleoporins in cardiomyocytes. We separately knocked down 27 nucleoporins in rat primary myocardial cells. Among 27 nucleoporins, knockdown of Nup93, Nup210 and Nup214 markedly increased the expression of ANP and BNP, two molecular markers of cardiomyocyte function. We showed that Nup93 was significantly downregulated in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Knockdown of Nup93 aggravated hypoxia-induced injury and cell death of cardiomyocytes, whereas overexpression of Nup93 led to the opposite effects. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis revealed that knockdown of Nup93 did not affect the overall transportation of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, but regulated the transcription of a large number of mRNAs in cardiomyocytes, which are mainly involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ribosome subunits. Most of the down-regulated genes by Nup93 knockdown overlapped with the genes whose promoters could be directly bound by Nup93. Among these genes, we demonstrated that Nup93 knockdown significantly down-regulated the expression of YAP1. Overexpression of YAP1 partially rescued the function of Nup93 knockdown and attenuated the effects of hypoxia on cell injury and cardiomyocyte death. We conclude that down-regulation of Nup93, at least partially, contributes to hypoxia-induced injury and cardiomyocyte death through abnormal interaction with the genome to dynamically regulate the transcription of YAP1 and other genes. These results reveal a new mechanism of Nup93 and might provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemia-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Song
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jin-Chao Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Shi
- Department of Cardiology, No. 903 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Song-Qun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Fu Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Song-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jun-Bo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Wang G, Ye H, Wang X, Liu B. Polycomb repressive complex 2 controls cardiac cell fate decision via interacting with RNA: Promiscuously or well-ordered. Front Genet 2022; 13:1011228. [PMID: 36313464 PMCID: PMC9614146 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1011228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape determines cell fate during heart development. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediates histone methyltransferase activity during cardiac cell differentiation. The PRC2 complex contains the proteins embryonic ectoderm development (EED), suppressor of zeste (SUZ12), the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF1) histone-binding proteins RBBP4 and RBBP7, and the histone methyltransferase called enhancer of zeste (EZH2 or EZH1), which incorporates the Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax (SET) domain. Cardiac PRC2-deficient mice display lethal congenital heart malformations. The dynamic process of cardiac cell fate decisions is controlled by PRC2 and the PRC2-mediated epigenetic landscape. Although specific individual long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) including Braveheart were widely reported to regulate the recruitments of PRC2 to their specific targets, a promiscuous RNA binding profile by PRC2 was also identified to play an essential role in cardiac cell fate decision. In this review, we focus on RNA-mediated PRC2 recruitment machinery in the process of cardiac cell fate decisions. The roles of individual lncRNAs which recruit PRC2, as well as promiscuous RNA binding by PRC2 in heart development are summarized. Since the binding priority of RNAs with different primary and secondary structures differs in its affinity to PRC2, the competitive relationship between individual lncRNAs binding and promiscuous RNA binding by PRC2 may be important for understanding the machinery by which biding of individual lncRNA and promiscuous RNA by PRC2 coordinately control the well-ordered dynamic cardiac cell lineage differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Heng Ye
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuchao Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Binbin Liu,
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Linglart L, Bonnet D. Epigenetics and Congenital Heart Diseases. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9060185. [PMID: 35735814 PMCID: PMC9225036 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a frequent occurrence, with a prevalence rate of almost 1% in the general population. However, the pathophysiology of the anomalous heart development is still unclear in most patients screened. A definitive genetic origin, be it single-point mutation or larger chromosomal disruptions, only explains about 35% of identified cases. The precisely choreographed embryology of the heart relies on timed activation of developmental molecular cascades, spatially and temporally regulated through epigenetic regulation: chromatin conformation, DNA priming through methylation patterns, and spatial accessibility to transcription factors. This multi-level regulatory network is eminently susceptible to outside disruption, resulting in faulty cardiac development. Similarly, the heart is unique in its dynamic development: growth is intrinsically related to mechanical stimulation, and disruption of the intrauterine environment will have a direct impact on fetal embryology. These two converging axes offer new areas of research to characterize the cardiac epigenetic regulation and identify points of fragility in order to counteract its teratogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Linglart
- M3C-Necker, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Damien Bonnet
- M3C-Necker, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France;
- School of Medicine, Université de Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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