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Cavalu S, Abdelhamid AM, Saber S, Elmorsy EA, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Yahya G, Salama MM. Cell cycle machinery in oncology: A comprehensive review of therapeutic targets. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23734. [PMID: 38847486 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The cell cycle is tightly regulated to ensure controlled cell proliferation. Dysregulation of the cell cycle machinery is a hallmark of cancer that leads to unchecked growth. This review comprehensively analyzes key molecular regulators of the cell cycle and how they contribute to carcinogenesis when mutated or overexpressed. It focuses on cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), CDK inhibitors, checkpoint kinases, and mitotic regulators as therapeutic targets. Promising strategies include CDK4/6 inhibitors like palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib for breast cancer treatment. Other possible targets include the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), Skp2, p21, and aurora kinase inhibitors. However, challenges with resistance have limited clinical successes so far. Future efforts should focus on combinatorial therapies, next-generation inhibitors, and biomarkers for patient selection. Targeting the cell cycle holds promise but further optimization is necessary to fully exploit it as an anti-cancer strategy across diverse malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Amir Mohamed Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rabab S Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Salama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Dantas M, Oliveira A, Aguiar P, Maiato H, Ferreira JG. Nuclear tension controls mitotic entry by regulating cyclin B1 nuclear translocation. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213539. [PMID: 36222828 PMCID: PMC9565158 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As cells prepare to divide, they must ensure that enough space is available to assemble the mitotic machinery without perturbing tissue homeostasis. To do so, cells undergo a series of biochemical reactions regulated by cyclin B1-CDK1 that trigger cytoskeletal reorganization and ensure the coordination of cytoplasmic and nuclear events. Along with the biochemical events that control mitotic entry, mechanical forces have recently emerged as important players in cell-cycle regulation. However, the exact link between mechanical forces and the biochemical pathways that control mitotic progression remains unknown. Here, we identify a tension-dependent signal on the nucleus that sets the time for nuclear envelope permeabilization (NEP) and mitotic entry. This signal relies on actomyosin contractility, which unfolds the nucleus during the G2-M transition, activating the stretch-sensitive cPLA2 on the nuclear envelope and regulating the nuclear translocation of cyclin B1. Our data demonstrate how nuclear tension during the G2-M transition contributes to timely and efficient mitotic spindle assembly and prevents chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Dantas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,BiotechHealth PhD program, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Aguiar
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge G. Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Correspondence to Jorge G. Ferreira:
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Cantwell H, Dey G. Nuclear size and shape control. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 130:90-97. [PMID: 34776332 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus displays a wide range of sizes and shapes in different species and cell types, yet its size scaling and many of the key structural constituents that determine its shape are highly conserved. In this review, we discuss the cellular properties and processes that contribute to nuclear size and shape control, drawing examples from across eukaryotes and highlighting conserved themes and pathways. We then outline physiological roles that have been uncovered for specific nuclear morphologies and disease pathologies associated with aberrant nuclear morphology. We argue that a comparative approach, assessing and integrating observations from different systems, will be a powerful way to help us address the open questions surrounding functional roles of nuclear size and shape in cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cantwell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gautam Dey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr.1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Urciuoli E, D'Oria V, Petrini S, Peruzzi B. Lamin A/C Mechanosensor Drives Tumor Cell Aggressiveness and Adhesion on Substrates With Tissue-Specific Elasticity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:712377. [PMID: 34595168 PMCID: PMC8476891 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.712377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its structural properties in the nucleoskeleton, Lamin A/C is a mechanosensor protein involved in perceiving the elasticity of the extracellular matrix. In this study we provide evidence about Lamin A/C-mediated regulation of osteosarcoma cell adhesion and spreading on substrates with tissue-specific elasticities. Our working hypothesis is based on the observation that low-aggressive and bone-resident SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells express high level of Lamin A/C in comparison to highly metastatic, preferentially to the lung, osteosarcoma 143B cells, thereby suggesting a role for Lamin A/C in tumor cell tropism. Specifically, LMNA gene over-expression in 143B cells induced a reduction in tumor cell aggressiveness in comparison to parental cells, with decreased proliferation rate and reduced migration capability. Furthermore, LMNA reintegration into 143B cells changed the adhesion properties of tumor cells, from a preferential tropism toward the 1.5 kPa PDMS substrate (resembling normal lung parenchyma) to the 28 kPa (resembling pre-mineralized bone osteoid matrix). Our study suggests that Lamin A/C expression could be involved in the organ tropism of tumor cells, thereby providing a rationale for further studies focused on the definition of cancer mechanism of metastatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Urciuoli
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Center, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Center, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Peruzzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Hämälistö S, Stahl-Meyer J, Jäättelä M. They Might Cut It-Lysosomes and Autophagy in Mitotic Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727538. [PMID: 34485308 PMCID: PMC8414588 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of one cell into two looks so easy, as if it happens without any control at all. Mitosis, the hallmark of mammalian life is, however, tightly regulated from the early onset to the very last phase. Despite the tight control, errors in mitotic division occur frequently and they may result in various chromosomal instabilities and malignancies. The flow of events during mitotic progression where the chromosomes condensate and rearrange with the help of the cytoskeletal network has been described in great detail. Plasma membrane dynamics and endocytic vesicle movement upon deadhesion and reattachment of dividing cells are also demonstrated to be functionally important for the mitotic integrity. Other cytoplasmic organelles, such as autophagosomes and lysosomes, have until recently been considered merely as passive bystanders in this process. Accordingly, at the onset of nuclear envelope breakdown in prometaphase, the number of autophagic structures and lysosomes is reduced and the bulk autophagic machinery is suppressed for the duration of mitosis. This is believed to ensure that the exposed nuclear components are not unintentionally delivered to autophagic degradation. With the evolving technologies that allow the detection of subtle alterations in cytoplasmic organelles, our understanding of the small-scale regulation of intracellular organelles has deepened rapidly and we discuss here recent discoveries revealing unexpected roles for autophagy and lysosomes in the preservation of genomic integrity during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Hämälistö
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Stahl-Meyer
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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