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Wang H, Yuan T, Wang Y, Liu C, Li D, Li Z, Sun S. Osteoclasts and osteoarthritis: Novel intervention targets and therapeutic potentials during aging. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14092. [PMID: 38287696 PMCID: PMC11019147 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disease, is highly prevalent among the aging population, and often leads to joint pain, disability, and a diminished quality of life. Although considerable research has been conducted, the precise molecular mechanisms propelling OA pathogenesis continue to be elusive, thereby impeding the development of effective therapeutics. Notably, recent studies have revealed subchondral bone lesions precede cartilage degeneration in the early stage of OA. This development is marked by escalated osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, subsequent imbalances in bone metabolism, accelerated bone turnover, and a decrease in bone volume, thereby contributing significantly to the pathological changes. While the role of aging hallmarks in OA has been extensively elucidated from the perspective of chondrocytes, their connection with osteoclasts is not yet fully understood. There is compelling evidence to suggest that age-related abnormalities such as epigenetic alterations, proteostasis network disruption, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, can stimulate osteoclast activity. This review intends to systematically discuss how aging hallmarks contribute to OA pathogenesis, placing particular emphasis on the age-induced shifts in osteoclast activity. It also aims to stimulate future studies probing into the pathological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches targeting osteoclasts in OA during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojue Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Joint SurgeryShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Changxing Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Dengju Li
- Department of Joint SurgeryShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Ziqing Li
- Department of Joint SurgeryShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Shui Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Department of Joint SurgeryShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
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Lademann F, Tsourdi E, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Thyroid hormone receptor Thra and Thrb knockout differentially affects osteoblast biology and thyroid hormone responsiveness in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1948-1960. [PMID: 37992217 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are important modulators of bone remodeling and thus, thyroid diseases, in particular hyperthyroidism, are able to compromise bone quality and fracture resistance. TH actions on bone are mediated by the thyroid hormone receptors (TR) TRα1 and TRβ1, encoded by Thra and Thrb, respectively. Skeletal phenotypes of mice lacking Thra (Thra0/0 ) and Thrb (Thrb-/- ) are well-described and suggest that TRα1 is the predominant mediator of TH actions in bone. Considering that bone cells might be affected by systemic TH changes seen in these mutant mice, here we investigated the effects of TR knockout on osteoblasts exclusively at the cellular level. Primary osteoblasts obtained from Thra0/0 , Thrb-/- , and respective wildtype (WT) mice were analyzed regarding their differentiation potential, activity and TH responsiveness in vitro. Thra, but not Thrb knockout promoted differentiation and activity of early, mature and late osteoblasts as compared to respective WT cells. Interestingly, while mineralization capacity and expression of osteoblast marker genes and TH target gene Klf9 was increased by TH in WT and Thra-deficient osteoblasts, Thrb knockout mitigated the responsiveness of osteoblasts to short (48 h) and long term (10 d) TH treatment. Further, we found a low ratio of Rankl, a potent osteoclast stimulator, over osteoprotegerin, an osteoclast inhibitor, in Thrb-deficient osteoblasts and in line, supernatants obtained from Thrb-/- osteoblasts reduced numbers of primary osteoclasts in vitro. In accordance to the increased Rankl/Opg ratio in TH-treated WT osteoblasts only, supernatants from these cells, but not from TH-treated Thrb-/- osteoblasts increased the expression of Trap and Ctsk in osteoclasts, suggesting that osteoclasts are indirectly stimulated by TH via TRβ1 in osteoblasts. In conclusion, our study shows that both Thra and Thrb differentially affect activity, differentiation and TH response of osteoblasts in vitro and emphasizes the importance of TRβ1 to mediate TH actions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lademann
- Department of Medicine III and University Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Tsourdi
- Department of Medicine III and University Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and University Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III and University Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
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Anuj A, Reuven N, Roberts SGE, Elson A. BASP1 down-regulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113758. [PMID: 37619639 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine RANKL (Receptor Activator of NFκB Ligand) is the key driver of differentiation of monocytes/macrophages to form multi-nucleated, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, a process that is accompanied by significant changes in gene expression. We show that exposure to RANKL rapidly down-regulates expression of Brain Acid Soluble Protein 1 (BASP1) in cultured primary mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), and that this reduced expression is causally linked to the osteoclastogenic process in vitro. Knocking down BASP1 expression in BMMs or eliminating its expression in these cells or in RAW 264.7 cells enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, promoted cell-cell fusion, and generated cultures containing larger osteoclasts with increased mineral degrading abilities relative to controls. Expression of exogenous BASP1 in BMMs undergoing osteoclastogenic differentiation produced the opposite effects. Upon exposure to RANKL, primary mouse BMMs in which BASP1 had been knocked down exhibited increased expression of the key osteoclastogenic transcription factor Nfatc1and of its downstream target genes Dc-stamp, Ctsk, Itgb3, and Mmp9 relative to controls. The knock-down cells also exhibited increased sensitivity to the pro-osteoclastogenic effects of RANKL. We conclude that BASP1 is a negative regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, which down-regulates the pro-osteoclastogenic gene expression pattern induced by this cytokine. Decreased expression of BASP1 upon exposure of BMMs to RANKL removes a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis and promotes this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Anuj
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Stefan G E Roberts
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Huber J, Longaker MT, Quarto N. Circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168898. [PMID: 37293498 PMCID: PMC10244776 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by repressing messengerRNA-targets. MiRNAs are abundant in many cell types and are secreted into extracellular fluids, protected from degradation by packaging in extracellular vesicles. These circulating miRNAs are easily accessible, disease-specific and sensitive to small changes, which makes them ideal biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, predictive or monitoring purposes. Specific miRNA signatures can be reflective of disease status and development or indicators of poor treatment response. This is especially important in malignant diseases, as the ease of accessibility of circulating miRNAs circumvents the need for invasive tissue biopsy. In osteogenesis, miRNAs can act either osteo-enhancing or osteo-repressing by targeting key transcription factors and signaling pathways. This review highlights the role of circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases, with a specific focus on osteoporosis and osteosarcoma. To this end, a comprehensive literature search has been performed. The first part of the review discusses the history and biology of miRNAs, followed by a description of different types of biomarkers and an update of the current knowledge of miRNAs as biomarkers in bone related diseases. Finally, limitations of miRNAs biomarker research and future perspectives will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Huber
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Natalina Quarto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Root AW, Levine MA. One half-century of advances in the evaluation and management of disorders of bone and mineral metabolism in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:105-118. [PMID: 36636022 PMCID: PMC10406614 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The past 50 years of research in pediatric bone and mineral metabolism have led to remarkable progress in the identification and characterization of disorders that affect the developing skeleton. Progress has been facilitated through advances in both technology and biology and this paper provides a brief description of some but not all of the key findings, including identification of the calcium sensing receptor and the polypeptides parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein as well as their shared receptor and signal generating pathways; the elucidation of vitamin D metabolism and actions; discovery of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), the sodium-phosphate co-transporters and the other components that regulate phosphate metabolism. Moreover, the past half-century of research has led to the delineation of the molecular bases for genetic forms of hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and primary hyperparathyroidism as well as the determination of the genetic causes of osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, hypophosphatasia, and other disorders of mineral/bone homeostasis. During the next decade we expect that many of these fundamental discoveries will lead to the development of innovative treatments that will improve the lives of children with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W. Root
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Michael A. Levine
- Corresponding author: Michael A. Levine, MD, The Center for Bone Health at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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Lombardi G, Delvin E. Micro-RNA: A Future Approach to Personalized Diagnosis of Bone Diseases. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:271-287. [PMID: 35182198 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent bone disease worldwide and the most studied bone-associated pathological condition. Although its diagnosis makes use of advanced and clinically relevant imaging and biochemical tools, the information suffers from several limitations and has little or no prognostic value. In this context, circulating micro-RNAs represent a potentially attractive alternative or a useful addition to the diagnostic arsenal and offer a greater prognostic potential than the conventional approaches. These short non-coding RNA molecules act as inhibitors of gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs with different degrees of complementarity, establishing a complex multilevel network, the basis for the fine modulation of gene expression that finally regulates every single activity of a cell. Micro-RNAs may passively and/or actively be released in the circulation by source cells, and being measurable in biological fluids, their concentrations may be associated to specific pathophysiological conditions. Mounting, despite debatable, evidence supports the use of micro-RNAs as markers of bone cell metabolic activity and bone diseases. Indeed, several micro-RNAs have been associated with bone mineral density, fractures and osteoporosis. However, concerns such as absence of comparability between studies and, the lack of standardization and harmonization of the methods, limit their application. In this review, we describe the pathophysiological bases of the association between micro-RNAs and the deregulation of bone cells activity and the processes that led to the identification of potential micro-RNA-based markers associated with metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milano, Italy.
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Centre & Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
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Lu Z, Cao H, Hu X. Circulating miR-340-5p and miR-506-3p as Two Osteo-miRNAs for Predicting Osteoporosis in a Cohort of Postmenopausal Women. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 2023:7571696. [PMID: 36761245 PMCID: PMC9904902 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7571696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective An increasing risk of developing osteoporosis which is characterized by bone production weakness and microarchitectural deterioration is found among postmenopausal women. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are secreted into the circulation from cells of various tissues in response to local disease severity including bone diseases. Herein, we set out to identify candidate miRNAs predictable for osteoporosis incidence in postmenopausal elderly women. Methods The circulating miRNA expression profiles deposited in the dataset accessioned as GSE201543 were downloaded from the GEO database. The study included 176 postmenopausal women who underwent BMD testing, including 96 women reporting osteoporosis and 70 women reporting normal BMD. All subjects were submitted their serum samples for measurements of bone metabolism markers. Results The miRNA expression profiles of the GSE201543 dataset were differentially analyzed and found 97 miRNAs being upregulated concomitantly with 31 miRNAs being downregulated in the serum samples between osteoporotic postmenopausal women and postmenopausal women with normal BMD. Osteoporotic postmenopausal women were demonstrated with elevated serum levels of miR-340-5p and miR-506-3p when compared to normal postmenopausal women. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that circulating miR-340-5p and miR-506-3p expressions were increased as BAP, β-CTx, and PINP levels increased, but osteocalcin and 25-(OH)VitD levels are declined in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Results of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed circulating miR-340-5p and miR-506-3p expressions alone or combined together produced 0.843 AUC, 0.851 AUC, and 0.935 AUC, respectively, when used to predict the incidence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Conclusion Our work suggested that circulating miR-340-5p and miR-506-3p function as osteo-miRNAs in postmenopausal women and may serve as potential noninvasive biomarkers for the incidence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Lu
- Department of Orthopedics (No. 1), Heilongjiang Beidahuang Group General Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150088, China
| | - Haiou Cao
- Department of Oncology (No. 6), Heilongjiang Beidahuang Group General Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150088, China
| | - Xiaoyin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai LiQun Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Schulze F, Lang A, Schoon J, Wassilew GI, Reichert J. Scaffold Guided Bone Regeneration for the Treatment of Large Segmental Defects in Long Bones. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020325. [PMID: 36830862 PMCID: PMC9953456 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone generally displays a high intrinsic capacity to regenerate. Nonetheless, large osseous defects sometimes fail to heal. The treatment of such large segmental defects still represents a considerable clinical challenge. The regeneration of large bone defects often proves difficult, since it relies on the formation of large amounts of bone within an environment impedimental to osteogenesis, characterized by soft tissue damage and hampered vascularization. Consequently, research efforts have concentrated on tissue engineering and regenerative medical strategies to resolve this multifaceted challenge. In this review, we summarize, critically evaluate, and discuss present approaches in light of their clinical relevance; we also present future advanced techniques for bone tissue engineering, outlining the steps to realize for their translation from bench to bedside. The discussion includes the physiology of bone healing, requirements and properties of natural and synthetic biomaterials for bone reconstruction, their use in conjunction with cellular components and suitable growth factors, and strategies to improve vascularization and the translation of these regenerative concepts to in vivo applications. We conclude that the ideal all-purpose material for scaffold-guided bone regeneration is currently not available. It seems that a variety of different solutions will be employed, according to the clinical treatment necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schulze
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery & Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georgi I. Wassilew
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johannes Reichert
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3834-86-22530
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Pan B, Zheng L, Liu S, Fang J, Lou C, Hu X, Ye L, Lai H, Gao J, Zhang Y, Ni K, He D. MiR-148a deletion protects from bone loss in physiological and estrogen-deficient mice by targeting NRP1. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:470. [DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBone metabolic homeostasis is largely dependent on the dynamic balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in regulating bone metabolism. In this study, we explored the role of a new miRNA (miR-148a) in osteoporosis. We compared the bone phenotype between miR-148a knockout (KO) mice and the wild-type (WT) littermates. We found miR-148a KO mice exhibited an increased bone mass phenotype and decreased osteoclastogenesis compared to the WT group. In vitro, miR-148a overexpression promoted osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption function. Mechanistically, NRP1 was identified as a novel direct target of miR-148a, and NRP1 silencing reversed the effect of miR-148a knockout. In OVX and calvarial osteolysis models, miR-148a KO protects mice against excessive bone resorption, while miR-148a agomiR/AAV-shNRP1 accelerates pathologic bone loss. Finally, the miR-148a level was found to be positively correlated with β-CTX in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) serum specimens. In summary, our findings revealed that miR-148a genetic deletion ameliorates bone loss under physiological and pathological conditions by targeting NRP1. In osteoclast-related bone metabolic diseases such as PMOP, miR-148a may be an attractive therapeutic target in the future.
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Lyros I, Perrea D, Tosios K, Nikitakis N, Tsolakis IA, Ferdianakis E, Fora E, Lykogeorgos T, Maroulakos MP, Vardas E, Georgaki M, Papadopoulou E, Tsolakis AI. Histological and Biochemical Analysis after Posterior Mandibular Displacement in Rats. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110625. [PMID: 36356102 PMCID: PMC9697094 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The lower jaw has a particular contribution to the human appearance, and so it is not uncommon for people to seek treatment in cases of its extreme growth. The orthodontist often selects to place intraoral devices in order to address the problem. This study used healthy young rats to guide their lower jaws backward. Measurements of biochemical molecules in blood that are related to bone metabolism did not reveal any statistically significant differences. However, noteworthy local microscopic alterations of the condyle were evidenced. They involved histological changes in bone structure and the thickness of cartilage. In conclusion, it seems that the procedure under study might not cause any severe organic disturbance in the lab animals under the conditions of the experiment. Only minor histological effects on condylar morphology were observed. Abstract The present study aimed to investigate any biochemical and histological changes of the rat condyle and mandible in animals that had sustained mandibular growth restriction. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups, experimental and control. Each group consisted of three equal subgroups. The animals were sacrificed 30, 60, and 90 days after the start of the experiment. Blood samples were collected from the eye, and the osteoprotegerin (OPG), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL), and Macrophage Colony-Stimulating factor (MCSF)concentrations were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A histological analysis was performed on the mandibular condyles. The blood serum values of OPG, RANKL, and MCSF did not exhibit any statistically significant difference between groups or subgroups. However, significant histological changes became evident after a histomorphometric condylar examination was performed. The Bone Surface/Total Surface ratio appeared reduced in the anterior and posterior regions of the condyle. In addition, the Posterior Condylar Cartilage Thickness was measured and determined to be significantly diminished. The present intervention that employed orthodontic/orthopedic devices did not prove to have any significant effect on the circulating proteins under study. Posterior displacement of the mandible may culminate only in local histological alterations in condylar cartilage thickness and its osseous microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Despoina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N.S. Christeas”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tosios
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis A. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54623 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Ferdianakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Fora
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael P. Maroulakos
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Vardas
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgaki
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Papadopoulou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Smout D, Van Craenenbroeck AH, Jørgensen HS, Evenepoel P. MicroRNAs: emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets of bone fragility in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2022; 16:408-421. [PMID: 36865016 PMCID: PMC9972833 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fragility is highly prevalent, yet underdiagnosed in patients with chronic kidney disease. Incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology and limitations of current diagnostics contribute to therapeutic hesitation, if not nihilism. This narrative review addresses the question of whether microRNAs (miRNAs) may improve therapeutic decision making in osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy. miRNAs are key epigenetic regulators of bone homeostasis and show promise as both therapeutic targets and as biomarkers, primarily of bone turnover. Experimental studies show that miRNAs are involved in several osteogenic pathways. Clinical studies exploring the usefulness of circulating miRNAs for fracture risk stratification and for guiding and monitoring therapy are few and, so far, provide inconclusive results. Likely, (pre)analytical heterogeneity contributes to these equivocal results. In conclusion, miRNAs are promising in metabolic bone disease, both as a diagnostic tool and as therapeutic targets, but not yet ready for clinical prime time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Smout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Skou Jørgensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Sajjadi E, Gaudioso G, Terrasi A, Boggio F, Venetis K, Ivanova M, Bertolasi L, Lopez G, Runza L, Premoli A, Lorenzini D, Guerini-Rocco E, Ferrero S, Vaira V, Fusco N. Osteoclast-like stromal giant cells in breast cancer likely belong to the spectrum of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:894247. [PMID: 36090031 PMCID: PMC9462457 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.894247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells (OSGC) is an exceedingly rare morphological pattern of invasive breast carcinoma. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of these tumors is populated by OSGC, which resemble osteoclasts and show a histiocytic-like immunophenotype. Their role in breast cancer is unknown. The osteoclast maturation in the bone is regulated by the expression of cytokines that are also present in the TIME of tumors and in breast cancer tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs-mediated anti-tumor immune pathways are regulated by miRNAs akin to osteoclast homeostasis. Here, we sought to characterize the different cellular compartments of breast cancers with OSGC and investigate the similarities of OSGC with tumor and TIME in terms of morphology, protein, and miRNA expression, specifically emphasizing on monocytic signatures. Methods and Results: Six breast cancers with OSGC were included. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and TAMs were separately quantified. The different cellular populations (i.e., normal epithelium, cancer cells, and OSGC) were isolated from tissue sections by laser-assisted microdissection. After RNA purification, 752 miRNAs were analyzed using a TaqMan Advanced miRNA Low-Density Array for all samples. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by computing the fold change (log2Ratio) using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and p values were corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (FDR) approach. As a similarity analysis among samples, we used the Pearson test. The association between pairs of variables was investigated using Fisher exact test. Classical and non-classical monocyte miRNA signatures were finally applied. All OSGC displayed CD68 expression, TILs (range, 45–85%) and high TAMs (range, 35–75%). Regarding the global miRNAs profile, OSGC was more similar to cancer cells than to non-neoplastic ones. Shared deregulation of miR-143-3p, miR-195-5p, miR-181a-5p, and miR-181b-5p was observed between OSGC and cancer cells. The monocyte-associated miR-29a-3p and miR-21-3p were dysregulated in OSGCs compared with non-neoplastic or breast cancer tissues. Conclusion: Breast cancers with OSGC have an activated TIME. Shared epigenetic events occur during the ontogenesis of breast cancer cells and OSGC but the innumophenotype and miRNA profiles of the different cellular compartmens suggest that OSGC likely belong to the spectrum of M2 TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sajjadi
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaudioso
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Terrasi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Boggio
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Venetis
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariia Ivanova
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Bertolasi
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lopez
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Letterio Runza
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Premoli
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lorenzini
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicola Fusco,
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Bernstein ZS, Kim EB, Raje N. Bone Disease in Multiple Myeloma: Biologic and Clinical Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152308. [PMID: 35954151 PMCID: PMC9367243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells localized within the bone marrow. Bone disease with associated osteolytic lesions is a hallmark of MM and develops in the majority of MM patients. Approximately half of patients with bone disease will experience skeletal-related events (SREs), such as spinal cord compression and pathologic fractures, which increase the risk of mortality by 20–40%. At the cellular level, bone disease results from a tumor-cell-driven imbalance between osteoclast bone resorption and osteoblast bone formation, thereby creating a favorable cellular environment for bone resorption. The use of osteoclast inhibitory therapies with bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid and the RANKL inhibitor denosumab, have been shown to delay and lower the risk of SREs, as well as the need for surgery or radiation therapy to treat severe bone complications. This review outlines our current understanding of the molecular underpinnings of bone disease, available therapeutic options, and highlights recent advances in the management of MM-related bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Bernstein
- Center for Multiple Myeloma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - E. Bridget Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Noopur Raje
- Center for Multiple Myeloma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Smout D, Jørgensen HS, Cavalier E, Evenepoel P. Clinical utility of bone turnover markers in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:332-338. [PMID: 35703216 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The burden of fractures is very high in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is increasingly recognized that knowledge of bone turnover is of paramount importance in guiding mineral metabolism and osteoporosis therapy in CKD. Bone histomorphometry is the gold standard to assess bone turnover, but is seldomly performed in clinical practice. Bone turnover markers (BTMs) may be the long awaited noninvasive diagnostic that may help to close the therapeutic gap in patients with advanced CKD presenting with bone fragility. RECENT FINDINGS Mounting evidence indicates that BTMs may be useful in skeletal and nonskeletal risk stratification, in guiding mineral metabolism and osteoporosis therapy, and in monitoring the therapeutic response. SUMMARY BTMs provide information that is complementary to other clinical tests. It may be envisioned that in the near future, the assessment of nonkidney cleared BTMs may become part of routine clinical evaluation and monitoring of bone health in CKD patients, integrated with clinical risk factors, imaging data and, eventually, bone histomorphometry. Panels of BTMs will likely be more informative than single markers, and the same might hold true for trends as opposed to single time point data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Smout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne S Jørgensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven
- Department of Kidney Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liege, CHU de Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kim JH, Kim K, Kim I, Seong S, Koh JT, Kim N. Overexpression of Neurogenin 1 Negatively Regulates Osteoclast and Osteoblast Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126708. [PMID: 35743149 PMCID: PMC9223505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenin 1 (Ngn1) belongs to the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor family and plays important roles in specifying neuronal differentiation. The present study aimed to determine whether forced Ngn1 expression contributes to bone homeostasis. Ngn1 inhibited the p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF)-induced acetylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) through binding to PCAF, which led to the inhibition of osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation, respectively. In addition, Ngn1 overexpression inhibited the TNF-α- and IL-17A-mediated enhancement of osteoclast differentiation and IL-17A-induced osteoblast differentiation. These findings indicate that Ngn1 can serve as a novel therapeutic agent for treating ankylosing spondylitis with abnormally increased bone formation and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Kabsun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Semun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2835
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miR-134-5p inhibits osteoclastogenesis through a novel miR-134-5p/Itgb1/MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102116. [PMID: 35691339 PMCID: PMC9257423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis affects approximately 200 million people and severely affects quality of life, but the exact pathological mechanisms behind this disease remain unclear. Various miRNAs have been shown to play a predominant role in the regulation of osteoclast formation. In this study, we explored the role of miR-134-5p in osteoclastogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. We constructed an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model and performed microarray analysis using bone tissue from OVX mice and their control counterparts. Quantitative RT-PCR data from bone tissue and bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) confirmed the decreased expression of miR-134-5p in OVX mice observed in microarray analysis. In addition, a decrease in miR-134-5p was also observed during induced osteoclastogenesis of BMMs collected from C57BL/6N mice. Through transfection with miR-134-5p agomirs and antagomirs, we found that miR-134-5p knockdown significantly accelerated osteoclast formation and cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, a luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-134-5p directly targets the integrin surface receptor gene Itgb1. Cotransfection with Itgb1 siRNA reversed the effect of the miR-134-5p antagomir in promoting osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, the abundance levels of MAPK pathway proteins phosphorylated-p38 (p-p38) and phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK) were significantly increased after transfection with the miR-134-5p antagomir but decreased after transfection with the miR-134-5p agomir or Itgb1 siRNA, which indicated a potential relationship between the miR-134-5p/Itgb1 axis and the MAPK pathway. Collectively, these results revealed that miR-134-5p inhibits osteoclast differentiation of BMMs both in vivo and in vitro and that the miR-134-5p/Itgb1/MAPK pathway might be a potential target for osteoporosis therapy.
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Reduced Circulating Levels of miR-491-5p and miR-485-3p Are Associated with the Occurrence of Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:3838126. [PMID: 35321519 PMCID: PMC8920642 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3838126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Postmenopausal women experiences osteoporotic structural damage and bone fragility resulting from reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption. Osteoporosis frequently affects the vertebral column and causes compression fractures. This study aims to characterize roles of miRNAs in osteoporosis and subsequent incidence risk of vertebral fractures for postmenopausal women. Methods. Differentially expressed miRNAs between osteoporotic patients with vertebral fractures and osteoporotic patients without fracture were identified. This retrospective study included 78 osteoporotic patients with vertebral fractures and 82 osteoporotic patients without vertebral fractures. The plasma levels of bone metabolic markers, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)VitD), propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), and β-Carboxyl terminal peptide (β-CTx), were detected using the patented electro-chemiluminescence (ECLIA) method. The expression levels of miR-491-5p and miR-485-3p were determined by qRT-PCR. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between miR-491-5p, miR-485-3p, and bone metabolic markers. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the performance of miR-491-5p and miR-485-3p in diagnosing the occurrence of vertebral fractures in osteoporotic patients.Results: The plasma levels of PINP and β-CTx were elevated but the plasma level of 25-(OH)VitD was declined in osteoporotic patients with vertebral fractures when comparable to those without (< 0.05). The plasma expression levels of miR-491-5p and miR-485-3p were declined osteoporotic patients with vertebral fractures when comparable to those without (< 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the relative expression level of miR-491-5p was negatively correlated with the level of 25-(OH)VitD (r = -0.518, < 0.001) but positively correlated with the levels of PINP (r = 0.547, < 0.001) and β-CTx (r = 0.380, < 0.001). We also observed a negative correlation between the relative expression level of miR-485-3p and 25-(OH)VitD (r = -0.388, < 0.001), a positive correlation between miR-485-3p and PINP (r = 0.422,< 0.001). ROC curves for prediction of vertebral fracture following osteoporosis in postmenopausal women by miR-491-5p expression yielded 0.866 AUC and by miR-485-3p expression produced 0.848 AUC. Conclusion. The data suggest that downregulated expressions of miR-491-5p and miR-485-3p may be involved in the occurrence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
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