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Nelson CH, Pandey UB. Function and dysfunction of GEMIN5: understanding a novel neurodevelopmental disorder. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2377-2386. [PMID: 38526274 PMCID: PMC11090446 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of a neurodevelopmental disorder with cerebellar atrophy and motor dysfunction (NEDCAM) has resulted in an increased interest in GEMIN5, a multifunction RNA-binding protein. As the largest member of the survival motor neuron complex, GEMIN5 plays a key role in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins while also exhibiting translational regulatory functions as an independent protein. Although many questions remain regarding both the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of this new disorder, considerable progress has been made in the brief time since its discovery. In this review, we examine GEMIN5 within the context of NEDCAM, focusing on the structure, function, and expression of the protein specifically in regard to the disorder itself. Additionally, we explore the current animal models of NEDCAM, as well as potential molecular pathways for treatment and future directions of study. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in our understanding of this unique member of the survival motor neuron complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Udai B. Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Song H, Shin U, Nam U, Lee Y. Exploring hematopoiesis in zebrafish using forward genetic screening. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:51-58. [PMID: 38172599 PMCID: PMC10834449 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful animal model for investigating the genetic basis of hematopoiesis. Owing to its close genetic and developmental similarities to humans, combined with its rapid reproduction and extensive genomic resources, zebrafish have become a versatile and efficient platform for genetic studies. In particular, the forward genetic screening approach has enabled the unbiased identification of novel genes and pathways related to blood development, from hematopoietic stem cell formation to terminal differentiation. Recent advances in mutant gene mapping have further expanded the scope of forward genetic screening, facilitating the identification of previously unknown genes and pathways relevant to hematopoiesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the zebrafish forward screening approach for hematopoietic gene discovery and highlight the key genes and pathways identified using this method. This review emphasizes the importance of zebrafish as a model system for understanding the genetic basis of hematopoiesis and its associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Unbeom Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijeong Nam
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea.
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Francisco-Velilla R, Abellan S, Garcia-Martin JA, Oliveros JC, Martinez-Salas E. Alternative splicing events driven by altered levels of GEMIN5 undergo translation. RNA Biol 2024; 21:23-34. [PMID: 39194147 PMCID: PMC11364065 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2024.2394755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
GEMIN5 is a multifunctional protein involved in various aspects of RNA biology, including biogenesis of snRNPs and translation control. Reduced levels of GEMIN5 confer a differential translation to selective groups of mRNAs, and biallelic variants reducing protein stability or inducing structural conformational changes are associated with neurological disorders. Here, we show that upregulation of GEMIN5 can be detrimental as it modifies the steady state of mRNAs and enhances alternative splicing (AS) events of genes involved in a broad range of cellular processes. RNA-Seq identification of the mRNAs associated with polysomes in cells with high levels of GEMIN5 revealed that a significant fraction of the differential AS events undergo translation. The association of mRNAs with polysomes was dependent on the type of AS event, being more frequent in the case of exon skipping. However, there were no major differences in the percentage of genes showing open-reading frame disruption. Importantly, differential AS events in mRNAs engaged in polysomes, eventually rendering non-functional proteins, encode factors controlling cell growth. The broad range of mRNAs comprising AS events engaged in polysomes upon GEMIN5 upregulation supports the notion that this multifunctional protein has evolved as a gene expression balancer, consistent with its dual role as a member of the SMN complex and as a modulator of protein synthesis, ultimately impinging on cell homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Abellan
- Genome Dynamics and Function, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Oliveros
- Bioinformatics for Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia. CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Saida K, Tamaoki J, Sasaki M, Haniffa M, Koshimizu E, Sengoku T, Maeda H, Kikuchi M, Yokoyama H, Sakamoto M, Iwama K, Sekiguchi F, Hamanaka K, Fujita A, Mizuguchi T, Ogata K, Miyake N, Miyatake S, Kobayashi M, Matsumoto N. Pathogenic variants in the survival of motor neurons complex gene GEMIN5 cause cerebellar atrophy. Clin Genet 2021; 100:722-730. [PMID: 34569062 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. GEMIN5 encoding an RNA-binding protein of the survival of motor neuron complex, is essential for small nuclear ribonucleoprotein biogenesis, and it was recently reported that biallelic loss-of-function variants cause neurodevelopmental delay, hypotonia, and cerebellar ataxia. Here, whole-exome analysis revealed compound heterozygous GEMIN5 variants in two individuals from our cohort of 162 patients with cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia. Three novel truncating variants and one previously reported missense variant were identified: c.2196dupA, p.(Arg733Thrfs*6) and c.1831G > A, p.(Val611Met) in individual 1, and c.3913delG, p.(Ala1305Leufs*14) and c.4496dupA, p.(Tyr1499*) in individual 2. Western blotting analysis using lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from both affected individuals showed significantly reduced levels of GEMIN5 protein. Zebrafish model for null variants p.(Arg733Thrfs*6) and p.(Ala1305Leufs*14) exhibited complete lethality at 2 weeks and recapitulated a distinct dysplastic phenotype. The phenotypes of affected individuals and the zebrafish mutant models strongly suggest that biallelic loss-of-function variants in GEMIN5 cause cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Saida
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junya Tamaoki
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muzhirah Haniffa
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eriko Koshimizu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toru Sengoku
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hitachi General Hospital, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Haruna Yokoyama
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamune Sakamoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Futoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohei Hamanaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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