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Ye S, Cheng Z, Zhuo D, Liu S. Different Types of Cell Death in Diabetic Neuropathy: A Focus on Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8126. [PMID: 39125694 PMCID: PMC11311470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes, affecting over 50% of patients, leading to significant pain and a burden. Currently, there are no effective treatments available. Cell death is considered a key factor in promoting the progression of DN. This article reviews how cell death is initiated in DN, emphasizing the critical roles of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Additionally, we thoroughly summarize the mechanisms of cell death that may be involved in the pathogenesis of DN, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, among others, as well as potential therapeutic targets offered by these death mechanisms. This provides potential pathways for the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Ye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Queen Mary, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (S.Y.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zilin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Queen Mary, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (S.Y.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongye Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Queen Mary, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (S.Y.); (Z.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Al Mamun A, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J. Pyroptosis in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and its Therapeutic Regulation. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3839-3864. [PMID: 38895141 PMCID: PMC11185259 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s465203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of cell death resulting from the activation of gasdermins (GSDMs) pore-forming proteins and the release of several pro-inflammatory factors. However, inflammasomes are the intracellular protein complexes that cleave gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to the formation of robust cell membrane pores and the initiation of pyroptosis. Inflammasome activation and gasdermin-mediated membrane pore formation are the important intrinsic processes in the classical pyroptotic signaling pathway. Overactivation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome triggers pyroptosis and amplifies inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the overactivation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis may further induce the progression of cancers, nerve injury, inflammatory disorders and metabolic dysfunctions. Current evidence also indicates that pyroptosis-dependent cell death accelerates the progression of diabetes and its frequent consequences including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Pyroptosis-mediated inflammatory reaction further exacerbates DPN-mediated CNS injury. Accumulating evidence shows that several molecular signaling mechanisms trigger pyroptosis in insulin-producing cells, further leading to the development of DPN. Numerous studies have suggested that certain natural compounds or drugs may possess promising pharmacological properties by modulating inflammasomes and pyroptosis, thereby offering potential preventive and practical therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of DPN. This review elaborates on the underlying molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and explores possible therapeutic strategies for regulating pyroptosis-regulated cell death in the pharmacological treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Wound Healing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China
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Wang J, Wang X, Zhang M, Lang Y, Chen B, Ye Y, Bai Y, Ding S. The activation of spliced X-box binding protein 1 by isorhynchophylline therapy improves diabetic encephalopathy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2587-2613. [PMID: 36695953 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The primary symptom of diabetic encephalopathy (DE), a kind of central diabetic neuropathy caused by diabetes mellitus (DM), is cognitive impairment. In addition, the tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid isorhynchophylline (IRN) helps lessen cognitive impairment. However, it is still unclear how IRN affects DM and DE and what mechanisms are involved. The effectiveness of IRN on brain insulin resistance was carefully examined in this work, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that IRN accelerates spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1) translocation into the nucleus under high glucose conditions in vitro. IRN also facilitates the nuclear association of pCREB with sXBP1 and the binding of regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α or p85β with XBP1 to restore high glucose impairment. Also, IRN treatment improves high glucose-mediated impairment of insulin signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and pyroptosis/apoptosis by depending on sXBP1 in vitro. In vivo studies suggested that IRN attenuates cognitive impairment, ameliorating peripheral insulin resistance, activating insulin signaling, inactivating activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and C/EBP homology protein (CHOP), and mitigating pyroptosis/apoptosis by stimulation of sXBP1 nuclear translocation in the brain. In summary, these data indicate that IRN contributes to maintaining insulin homeostasis by activating sXBP1 in the brain. Thus, IRN is a potent antidiabetic agent as well as an sXBP1 activator that has promising potential for the prevention or treatment of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Huangshi Love & Health Hospital, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435000, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yan Lang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Baihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yiru Ye
- School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Saidan Ding
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Syed NA, Bhatti A, John P. Molecular Link between Glo-1 Expression and Markers of Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress in Vascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1663. [PMID: 37759966 PMCID: PMC10525326 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus trigger cellular dysfunction via the formation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), resulting in dicarbonyl stress. Glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) is the main defense against dicarbonyl stress. The aim of this study was to explore any cross-talk between Glo-1 and markers of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. The siRNA-mediated downregulation of Glo-1 was performed in human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). A Glo-1 transgenic rat model was developed. Glo-1 activity, as determined spectrophotometrically, and methylglyoxal were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS and the expression of representative markers of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress was performed using quantitative real-time PCR. A significant increase in the expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was observed in the case of the siRNA-mediated downregulation of Glo-1 in the microvasculature model under hyperglycemic conditions (p-value < 0.001), as well the as overexpression of Glo-1 in the macrovasculature (p-value = 0.0125). The expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) was found to be significantly upregulated in wildtype diabetic conditions vs. Glo-1 transgenic control conditions (p-value = 0.008), whereas the downregulation of Glo-1 had no impact on TXNIP expression. These findings substantiate the role of VCAM as an important marker of dicarbonyl stress (represented by Glo-1 downregulation), as well as of hyperglycemia, in diabetic vascular complications. Our findings also suggest a potential feedback loop that may exist between Glo-1 and TXNIP, as the highest expression of TXNIP is observed in cases of wildtype diabetic conditions, and the lowest expression of TXNIP is observed when Glo-1 transgene is being expressed in absence of dicarbonyl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ali Syed
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (N.A.S.); (P.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Attya Bhatti
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (N.A.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Peter John
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (N.A.S.); (P.J.)
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Identification of Immune Infiltration and the Potential Biomarkers in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy through Bioinformatics and Machine Learning Methods. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010039. [PMID: 36671424 PMCID: PMC9855866 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications in diabetes. Previous studies have shown that chronic neuroinflammation was associated with DPN. However, further research is needed to investigate the exact immune molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of DPN. Expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by R software. After functional enrichment analysis of DEGs, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells in DPN. Next, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms were applied to identify potential DPN diagnostic markers. Finally, the results were further validated by qRT-PCR. A total of 1308 DEGs were screened in this study. Enrichment analysis identified that DEGs were significantly enriched in immune-related biological functions and pathways. Immune cell infiltration analysis found that M1 and M2 macrophages, monocytes, resting mast cells, resting CD4 memory T cells and follicular helper T cells were involved in the development of DPN. LTBP2 and GPNMB were identified as diagnostic markers of DPN. qRT-PCR results showed that 15 mRNAs, including LTBP2 and GPNMB, were differentially expressed, consistent with the microarray results. In conclusion, LTBP2 and GPNMB can be used as novel candidate molecular diagnostic markers for DPN. Furthermore, the infiltration of immune cells plays an important role in the progression of DPN.
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Recurrent Hypoglycemia Impaired Vascular Function in Advanced T2DM Rats by Inducing Pyroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7812407. [PMID: 35915611 PMCID: PMC9338872 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7812407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypoglycemia is a dangerous side effect of intensive glucose control in diabetes. Even though it leads to adverse cardiovascular events, the effects of hypoglycemia on vascular biology in diabetes have not been adequately studied. Methods Aged Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet and given streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Acute and recurrent hypoglycemia were then induced by glucose via insulin administration. Vascular function, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis levels in aortic tissue were assessed by physiological and biochemical methods. Results Hypoglycemia was associated with a marked decrease in vascular function, elevated oxidative stress, and elevated pyroptosis levels in the thoracic aorta. The changes in oxidative stress and pyroptosis were greater in rats with recurrent hypoglycemia than in those with acute hypoglycemia. Conclusions Hypoglycemia impaired vascular function in aged rats with T2DM by inducing pyroptosis. The extent of injury increased with the duration of blood glucose fluctuation.
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Chen M, Rong R, Xia X. Spotlight on pyroptosis: role in pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of ocular diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:183. [PMID: 35836195 PMCID: PMC9281180 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death characterized by swift plasma membrane disruption and subsequent release of cellular contents and pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines), including IL‐1β and IL‐18. It differs from other types of programmed cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and NETosis in terms of its morphology and mechanism. As a recently discovered form of cell death, pyroptosis has been demonstrated to be involved in the progression of multiple diseases. Recent studies have also suggested that pyroptosis is linked to various ocular diseases. In this review, we systematically summarized and discussed recent scientific discoveries of the involvement of pyroptosis in common ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, AIDS-related human cytomegalovirus retinitis, glaucoma, dry eye disease, keratitis, uveitis, and cataract. We also organized new and emerging evidence suggesting that pyroptosis signaling pathways may be potential therapeutic targets in ocular diseases, hoping to provide a summary of overall intervention strategies and relevant multi-dimensional evaluations for various ocular diseases, as well as offer valuable ideas for further research and development from the perspective of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meini Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Rong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Xiao GY, Guo T, Song YJ, Li QM. Potential therapeutic role of pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome in type 2 diabetes and its complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:986565. [PMID: 36387904 PMCID: PMC9646639 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new way of programmed cell death, pyroptosis plays a vital role in many diseases. In recent years, the relationship between pyroptosis and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has received increasing attention. Although the current treatment options for T2D are abundant, the occurrence and development of T2D appear to continue, and the poor prognosis and high mortality of patients with T2D remain a considerable burden in the global health system. Numerous studies have shown that pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome can affect the progression of T2D and its complications; targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome has potential therapeutic effects. In this review, we described the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis more comprehensively, discussed the most updated progress of pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome in T2D and its complications, and listed some drugs and agents with potential anti-pyroptosis effects. Based on the available evidence, exploring more mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway may bring more options and benefits for preventing and treating T2D and drug development.
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