USP25 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Modulating the PI3K/AKT Pathway via Deubiquitinating PTEN

SIRT2-dependent DKK1 deacetylation aggravates polycystic ovary syndrome by targeting the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent metabolic and endocrine condition in females of reproductive age. This work was to discover the underlying role of Dickkopf 1 (DKK1) and its putative regulating mechanism in P COS.

METHODS

Mice recieved dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) injection to establish the in vivo P COS model.Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed for histological analysis. RT-qP CR and Western blotting were used to detect gene and protein expression. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays were applied to detect cell viability and apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunoprecipitation (IP) were applied to assess association between DKK1 and SIRT2.

RESULTS

In this work, DKK1 is downregulated in P COS rats. It was revealed that DKK1 knockdown induced apoptosis and suppressed proliferation in KGN cells, whereas DKK1 overexpression had exactly the opposite effects. In addition, DKK1 deactivates the T GF-β1/SMad3 signaling pathway, thereby controlling KGN cell proliferation and apoptosis. Besides, SIRT2 inhibition reversed the impact of DKK1 overexpression on KGN cell proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, SIRT2 downregulated DKK1 expression by deacetylating DKK1 in KGN cells.

DISCUSSION

Altogether, we concluded that SIRT2-induced deacetylation of DKK1 triggers T GF-β1/Smad3 hyperactivation, thereby inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of KGN cells. The above results indicated that DKK1 might function as a latent target for P COS treatment.

The administration of human amniotic epithelial cells in premature ovarian insufficiency: From preclinical to clinical

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or premature ovarian failure (POF) is a multifactorial disorder occurring in reproductive-age women, characterized by elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and irregular or absent menstrual cycles, often accompanied by perimenopausal symptoms and infertility. While assisted reproductive technology can address the reproductive aspirations of some POI-affected women, it is hindered by issues such as exorbitant expenses, substantial risks, and poor rates of conception. Encouragingly, extensive research is exploring novel approaches to enhance fertility, particularly in the realm of stem cell therapy, showcasing both feasibility and significant potential. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) from discarded placental tissues are crucial in regenerative medicine for their pluripotency, low immunogenicity, non-tumorigenicity, accessibility, and minimal ethical concerns. Preclinical studies highlight the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic effects of hAECs in POI treatment, and current research is focusing on innovative interventions to augment hAECs' efficacy. However, despite these strides, overcoming application challenges is essential for successful clinical translation. This paper conducted a comprehensive analysis of the aforementioned issues, examining the prospects and challenges of hAECs in POI, with the aim of providing some insights for future research and clinical practice.

Genetic and Epigenetic Landscape for Drug Development in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) faces challenges as all known treatments are merely symptomatic. The US Food and Drug Administration has not approved any drug specifically for treating PCOS. As the significance of genetics and epigenetics rises in drug development, their pivotal insights have greatly enhanced the efficacy and success of drug target discovery and validation, offering promise for guiding the advancement of PCOS treatments. In this context, we outline the genetic and epigenetic advancement in PCOS, which provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of this complex disease. We also delve into the prospective method for harnessing genetic and epigenetic strategies to identify potential drug targets and ensure target safety. Additionally, we shed light on the preliminary evidence and distinctive challenges associated with gene and epigenetic therapies in the context of PCOS.

PPAR-α inhibits DHEA-induced ferroptosis in granulosa cells through upregulation of FADS2

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, is characterized by disturbances in hormone levels and ovarian dysfunction. Ferroptosis, a unique form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Emerging evidence indicates that ferroptosis may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, highlighting the importance of studying this mechanism to better understand the disorder and potentially develop novel therapeutic interventions.

METHODS

To create an in vivo PCOS model, mice were injected with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the success of the model was confirmed through further assessments. Ferroptosis levels were evaluated through detecting ferroptosis-related indicators. Ferroptosis-related genes were found through bioinformatic analysis and identified by experiments. An in vitro PCOS model was also established using DHEA treated KGN cells. The molecular binding relationship was confirmed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay.

RESULTS

In PCOS model, various ferroptosis-related indicators such as MDA, Fe2+, and lipid ROS showed an increase, while GSH, GPX4, and TFR1 exhibited a decrease. These findings indicate an elevated level of ferroptosis in the PCOS model. The ferroptosis-related gene FADS2 was identified and validated. FADS2 and PPAR-α were shown to be highly expressed in ovarian tissue and primary granulosa cells (GCs) of PCOS mice. Furthermore, the overexpression of both FADS2 and PPAR-α in KGN cells effectively suppressed the DHEA-induced increase in ferroptosis-related indicators (MDA, Fe2+, and lipid ROS) and the decrease in GSH, GPX4, and TFR1 levels. The ferroptosis agonist erastin reversed the suppressive effect, suggesting the involvement of ferroptosis in this process. Additionally, the FADS2 inhibitor SC26196 was found to inhibit the effect of PPAR-α on ferroptosis. Moreover, the binding of PPAR-α to the FADS2 promoter region was predicted and confirmed. This indicates the regulatory relationship between PPAR-α and FADS2 in the context of ferroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that PPAR-α may have an inhibitory effect on DHEA-induced ferroptosis in GCs by enhancing the expression of FADS2. This discovery provides valuable insights into the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets for PCOS.

An Update on Physiopathological Roles of Akt in the ReprodAKTive Mammalian Ovary

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key signaling cascade responsible for the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and metabolism in the ovarian microenvironment. The optimal finetuning of this pathway is essential for physiological processes concerning oogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. The dysregulation of PI3K/Akt can impair molecular and structural mechanisms that will lead to follicle atresia, or the inability of embryos to reach later stages of development. Due to its pivotal role in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and survival mechanisms, the dysregulation of this molecular pathway can trigger the onset of pathological conditions. Among these, we will focus on diseases that can harm female fertility, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure, or women's general health, such as ovarian cancer. In this review, we report the functions of the PI3K/Akt pathway in both its physiological and pathological roles, and we address the existing application of inhibitors and activators for the balancing of the molecular cascade in ovarian pathological environments.

Baicalein improves the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome by mitigating oxidative stress and ferroptosis in the ovary and gravid placenta

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a metabolic and hormonal disorder that is closely linked to oxidative stress. Within individuals diagnosed with PCOS, changes occur in the ovaries, resulting in an excessive buildup of iron and peroxidation of lipids, both of which may be associated with the occurrence of ferroptosis. Baicalein, a flavonoid found in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and widely known as Chinese skullcap, is known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-ferroptotic properties, which protect against various diseases. Nevertheless, there has been no investigation into the impact of baicalein on polycystic ovary syndrome.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to correlate ferroptosis with polycystic ovary syndrome and to assess the effects of baicalein on ovarian dysfunction and placental development in pregnant patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Polycystic ovary syndrome was induced in a rat model through the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone, and these rats were treated with baicalein. Oxidative stress and inflammation levels were assessed in serum and ovaries, and tissue samples were collected for histological and protein analyses. Furthermore, different groups of female rats were mated with male rats to observe pregnancy outcomes and tissue samples were obtained for histological, protein, and RNA sequencing. Then, RNA sequencing of the placenta was performed to determine the key genes involved in ferroptosis negative regulation (FNR) signatures.

RESULTS

Baicalein was shown to reduce ovarian oxidative stress and pathology. Baicalein also ameliorated polycystic ovary syndrome by decreasing lipid peroxidation and chronic inflammation and modulating mitochondrial functions and ferroptosis in the ovaries. Specifically, glutathione peroxidase and ferritin heavy chain 1 were considerably downregulated in polycystic ovary syndrome gravid rats compared to their expression in the control group, and most of these differences were reversed after baicalein intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings, initially, indicated that baicalein could potentially enhance the prognosis of individuals suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome by reducing oxidative stress and ferroptosis, thus potentially influencing the formulation of a therapeutic approach to address this condition.

Effects of melatonin and metformin on the ovaries of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To study the combined and isolated effects of melatonin and metformin in the ovarian tissue of rats with PCOS.

DESIGN

Experimental study using a rat model of PCOS induced by continuous light exposure.

INTERVENTION(S)

Forty adult female rats were divided into 5 groups: physiological estrus phase (Sham); permanente estrus with PCOS induced by continuous lighting exposure for 60 consecutive days (control); with PCOS treated with melatonin; with PCOS treated with metformin; with PCOS treated with melatonin + metformin. After 60 days of treatments, all rats were killed, and ovaries were collected and processed for paraffin-embedding. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or subjected to immunohistochemistry for proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3) detection markers.

SETTING

Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.

ANIMALS

Forty adult female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Number of corpus luteum and ovarian cysts, number of ovarian follicles (primary and antral follicles), number of interstitial cells, percentage of ovarian follicles (primary and antral follicles), and of interstitial cells immunostained to cleaved caspase-3 and Ki-67.

RESULTS

Absence of corpus luteum, a higher number of cysts, and increased nuclear volume and area of interstitial cells, along with a decrease in primary and antral follicle numbers, were noticed in the control group compared with the Sham group. Melatonin and metformin treatments attenuated these effects, although the combined treatment did not mitigate the increased number of cysts and ovaries induced by PCOS. An increase in theca interna cell apoptosis was observed in the control group, whereas melatonina and metformin treatments reduced it significantly. A higher percentage of caspase-3-immunostained granulosa cells was noted in the Sham and all treated groups compared with the control group; no aditive effects on ovarian cell apoptosis were observed in the combined treatment. The percentage of Ki-67- immunostained granulosa cells was significantly higher in the control group compared with the Sham group. However, the combined treatment, not melatonin and metformin alone, mitigated this effect. A higher percentage of Ki-67-immunostained interstitial cells was observed in all treated groups compared with the Sham and control groups, whereas no additive effects in that immunoreactivity were observed in the combined treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Melatonin and metformin may improve ovarian function in rats with PCOS. The combined melatonin and metformin treatment is more effective in attenuating excessive granulosa cell proliferation, but it is not more effective in improving ovarian function than these drugs applied alone in rats with PCOS.

The mechanisms of MicroRNA 21 in premature ovarian insufficiency mice with mesenchymal stem cells transplantation : The involved molecular and immunological mechanisms

Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) transplantation has been deeply explored for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) disease. However, the associated mechanism remains to be researched. To explore whether and how the microRNA 21 (miR-21) functions in POI mice with UCMSCs transplantation, the autoimmune-induced POI mice model was built up, transplanted with or without UCMSCs transfect with the LV-hsa-miR-21-5p/LV-hsa-miR-21-5p-inhibition, with the transfection efficiency analyzed by QRT-PCR. Mice hormone secretion and the anti-Zona pellucida antibody (AZPAb) levels were analyzed, the ovarian morphological changes and folliculogenesis were observed, and the ovarian apoptosis cells were detected to evaluate ovarian function. The expression and localization of the PTEN/Akt/FOXO3a signal pathway-related cytokines were analyzed in mice ovaries.Additionally, the spleen levels of CD8 + CD28-T cells were tested and qualified with its significant secretory factor, interleukin 10 (IL-10). We found that with the LV-hsa-miR-21-5p-inhibition-UCMSCs transplantation, the mice ovarian function can be hardly recovered than mice with LV-NC-UCMSCs transplantation, and the PTEN/Akt/FOXO3a signal pathway was activated. The expression levels of the CD8 + CD28-T cells were decreased, with the decreased levels of the IL-10 expression. In contrast, in mice with the LV-hsa-miR-21-5p-UCMSCs transplantation, the injured ovarian function can be reversed, and the PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a signal pathway was detected activated, with the increased levels of the CD8 + CD28-T cells, and the increased serum levels of IL-10. In conclusion, miR-21 improves the ovarian function recovery of POI mice with UCMSCs transplantation, and the mechanisms may be through suppressing the PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a signal pathway and up-regulating the circulating of the CD8 + CD28-T cells.

CPEB1 induces autophagy and promotes apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells of polycystic ovary syndrome

Inflammatory damage in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is a key mechanism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein-1 (CPEB1) is important in inflammatory regulation, however, its role in PCOS is unclear. We aim to research the mechanism of CPEB1 in ovarian GCs in PCOS using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat models and testosterone-incubated GC models. The pathophysiology in PCOS rats was analyzed. Quantitative-realtime-PCR, TUNEL, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were applied for quantification. Additionally, cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Monodansylcadaverine staining were performed. We found that PCOS rat models exhibited a disrupted estrus cycle, elevated serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), increased LH/FSH ratio, and heightened ovarian index. Furthermore, reduced corpus luteum and increased follicular cysts were observed in ovarian tissue. In ovarian tissue, autophagy and apoptosis were activated and CPEB1 was overexpressed. In vitro, CPEB1 overexpression inhibited cell viability and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), activated tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 levels, as well as apoptosis and autophagy; however, CPEB1 knockdown had the opposite effect. In conclusion, overexpression of CPEB1 activated autophagy and apoptosis of ovarian GCs in PCOS.

A matter of new life and cell death: programmed cell death in the mammalian ovary

BACKGROUND

The mammalian ovary is a unique organ that displays a distinctive feature of cyclic changes throughout the entire reproductive period. The estrous/menstrual cycles are associated with drastic functional and morphological rearrangements of ovarian tissue, including follicular development and degeneration, and the formation and subsequent atrophy of the corpus luteum. The flawless execution of these reiterative processes is impossible without the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD).

MAIN TEXT

PCD is crucial for efficient and careful clearance of excessive, depleted, or obsolete ovarian structures for ovarian cycling. Moreover, PCD facilitates selection of high-quality oocytes and formation of the ovarian reserve during embryonic and juvenile development. Disruption of PCD regulation can heavily impact the ovarian functions and is associated with various pathologies, from a moderate decrease in fertility to severe hormonal disturbance, complete loss of reproductive function, and tumorigenesis. This comprehensive review aims to provide updated information on the role of PCD in various processes occurring in normal and pathologic ovaries. Three major events of PCD in the ovary-progenitor germ cell depletion, follicular atresia, and corpus luteum degradation-are described, alongside the detailed information on molecular regulation of these processes, highlighting the contribution of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Ultimately, the current knowledge of PCD aberrations associated with pathologies, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, and tumors of ovarian origin, is outlined.

CONCLUSION

PCD is an essential element in ovarian development, functions and pathologies. A thorough understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating PCD events is required for future advances in the diagnosis and management of various disorders of the ovary and the female reproductive system in general.

Linoleic acid induces human ovarian granulosa cell inflammation and apoptosis through the ER-FOXO1-ROS-NFκB pathway

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive endocrinological disorder influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Linoleic acid (LA) is a widely consumed ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, accounting for approximately 80% of daily fatty acid intake. Building upon the prior investigations of our team, which established a connection between LA levels in the follicular fluid and PCOS, this study deeply examined the specific impact of LA using a granulosa cell line. Our findings revealed that LA exerts its influence on granulosa cells (GCs) by binding to the estrogen receptor (ER). Activated ER triggers the transcription of the FOXO1 gene. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation occur downstream of LA-induced FOXO1 activation. Increased OS and inflammation ultimately culminate in GC apoptosis. In summary, LA modulates the apoptosis and inflammation phenotypes of GCs through the ER-FOXO1-ROS-NF-κB pathway. Our study provides additional experimental evidence to comprehend the pathophysiology of PCOS and provides novel insights into the dietary management of individuals with PCOS.

BOP1 contributes to the activation of autophagy in polycystic ovary syndrome via nucleolar stress response

Abnormal autophagy is one of the vital features in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unelucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Block of Proliferation 1 (BOP1) is involved in the onset of autophagy activation of granulosa cells in PCOS. Firstly, we found that BOP1 expression was significantly down-regulated in the ovaries of PCOS mice, which was associated with the development of PCOS. Next, local injection of lentiviral vectors in the ovary for the overexpression of BOP1 significantly alleviated the phenotypes of elevated androgens, disturbed estrous cycle, and abnormal follicular development in PCOS mice. Subsequently, we found that knockdown of BOP1 activated autophagy of granulosa cells in the in vitro experiments, whereas overexpression of BOP1 inhibited autophagy in both in vivo and in vitro models. Mechanistically, BOP1 knockdown triggered the nucleolus stress response, which caused RPL11 to be released from the nucleolus into the nucleoplasm and inhibited the E3 ubiquitination ligase of MDM2, thereby enhancing the stability of p53. Subsequently, P53 inhibited mTOR, thereby activating autophagy in granulosa cells. In addition, the mRNA level of BOP1 was negatively correlated with antral follicle count (AFC), body-mass index (BMI), serum androgen levels, and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in patients with PCOS. In summary, our study demonstrates that BOP1 downregulation inhibits mTOR phosphorylation through activation of the p53-dependent nucleolus stress response, which subsequently contributes to aberrant autophagy in granulosa cells, revealing that BOP1 may be a key target for probing the mechanisms of PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome and related inflammation in radiomics; relationship with patient outcome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) refers to a condition that often has 'poly' liquid containing sacks around ovaries. It affects reproductive-aged females giving rise to menstrual and related reproductive issues. PCOS is marked by hormonal imbalance often resulting in hyperandrogenism. Inflammation is now considered a central manifestation of this disease with several inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF-α, C-reactive protein and Interleukins-6/18 found to be particularly elevated in PCOS patients. Diagnosis is often late, and MRI-based diagnosis, along with blood-based analyses, are still the best bet for a definitive diagnosis. Radiomics also offers several advantages and should be exploited to the maximum. The mechanisms of PCOS onset and progression are not very well known but pituitary dysfunction and elevated gonadotrophin releasing hormone resulting in high levels of luteinizing hormone are indicative of an activated hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in PCOS. A number of studies have also identified signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB and STAT in PCOS etiology. The links of these signaling pathways to inflammation further underline the importance of inflammation in PCOS, which needs to be resolved for improving patient outcomes.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs Associated with Fecundity in the Sheep Hypothalamus with Different FecB Genotypes

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a specific type of noncoding RNA, and some have defined roles in cellular and biological processes. However, little is known about the role of circRNAs in follicular development in sheep with FecB (fecundity Booroola) mutations. Here, the expression profiles of circRNAs were investigated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the follicular phase (F) and the luteal phase (L) of FecB mutant homozygous (BB) and wild-type (WW) Small Tail Han sheep. A total of 38,979 circRNAs were identified, and 314, 343, 336, and 296 of them were differentially expressed (DE) between BB_F and BB_L, WW_F and WW_L, BB_F and WW_F, and BB_L and WW_L, respectively. The length, type, and chromosome distribution of the circRNAs and the expression characteristic between the circRNAs and their host genes in the sheep hypothalamus were ascertained. Enrichment analysis showed that the host genes of DE circRNAs in the follicular and luteal phases were annotated to MAPK, gap junctions, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, oocyte meiosis, and other hormone-related signaling pathways, and the different FecB genotypes were annotated to the gap junctions, circadian entrainment, MAPK, and other hormone-related signaling pathways. The competing endogenous RNA network prediction revealed that the 129 target miRNAs might be bound to 336 DE circRNAs. oar_circ_0000523 and oar_circ_0028984, which were specifically expressed during the follicular phase in the BB genotype sheep, probably acted as miRNA sponges involved in the regulation of LH synthesis and secretion. This study reveals the expression profiles and characterization of circRNAs at two phases of follicular development considering different FecB genotypes, thereby providing an improved understanding of the roles of circRNAs in the sheep hypothalamus and their involvement in follicular development and ovulation.

Signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Although promising strides have been made in the field of PCOS over the past decades, the distinct etiologies of this syndrome are not fully elucidated. Prenatal factors, genetic variation, epigenetic mechanisms, unhealthy lifestyles, and environmental toxins all contribute to the development of this intricate and highly heterogeneous metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological disorder. Moreover, interactions between androgen excess, insulin resistance, disruption to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, and obesity only make for a more complex picture. In this review, we investigate and summarize the related molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS pathogenesis from the perspective of the level of signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, TGF-β/Smads, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo/YAP. Additionally, this review provides an overview of prospective therapies, such as exosome therapy, gene therapy, and drugs based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and natural compounds. By targeting these aberrant pathways, these interventions primarily alleviate inflammation, insulin resistance, androgen excess, and ovarian fibrosis, which are typical symptoms of PCOS. Overall, we hope that this paper will pave the way for better understanding and management of PCOS in the future.

Targeted demethylation of the CDO1 promoter based on CRISPR system inhibits the malignant potential of breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) is frequently methylated, and its expression is decreased in many human cancers including breast cancer (BC). However, the functional and mechanistic aspects of CDO1 inactivation in BC are poorly understood, and the diagnostic significance of serum CDO1 methylation remains unclear.

METHODS

We performed bioinformatics analysis of publicly available databases and employed MassARRAY EpiTYPER methylation sequencing technology to identify differentially methylated sites in the CDO1 promoter of BC tissues compared to normal adjacent tissues (NATs). Subsequently, we developed a MethyLight assay using specific primers and probes for these CpG sites to detect the percentage of methylated reference (PMR) of the CDO1 promoter. Furthermore, both LentiCRISPR/dCas9-Tet1CD-based CDO1-targeted demethylation system and CDO1 overexpression strategy were utilized to detect the function and underlying mechanism of CDO1 in BC. Finally, the early diagnostic value of CDO1 as a methylation biomarker in BC serum was evaluated.

RESULTS

CDO1 promoter was hypermethylated in BC tissues, which was related to poor prognosis (p < .05). The CRISPR/dCas9-based targeted demethylation system significantly reduced the PMR of CDO1 promotor and increased CDO1 expression in BC cells. Consequently, this leads to suppression of cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Additionally, we found that CDO1 exerted a tumour suppressor effect by inhibiting the cell cycle, promoting cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. Furthermore, we employed the MethyLight to detect CDO1 PMR in BC serum, and we discovered that serum CDO1 methylation was an effective non-invasive biomarker for early diagnosis of BC.

CONCLUSIONS

CDO1 is hypermethylated and acts as a tumour suppressor gene in BC. Epigenetic editing of abnormal CDO1 methylation could have a crucial role in the clinical treatment and prognosis of BC. Additionally, serum CDO1 methylation holds promise as a valuable biomarker for the early diagnosis and management of BC.

Obesity and PCOS radically alters the snRNA composition of follicular fluid extracellular vesicles

Introduction

The ovarian follicle consists of the oocyte, somatic cells, and follicular fluid (FF). Proper signalling between these compartments is required for optimal folliculogenesis. The association between polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and extracellular vesicular small non-coding RNAs (snRNAs) signatures in follicular fluid (FF) and how this relates to adiposity is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether FF extracellular vesicle (FFEV)-derived snRNAs are differentially expressed (DE) between PCOS and non-PCOS subjects; and if these differences are vesicle-specific and/or adiposity-dependent.

Methods

FF and granulosa cells (GC) were collected from 35 patients matched by demographic and stimulation parameters. FFEVs were isolated and snRNA libraries were constructed, sequenced, and analyzed.

Results

miRNAs were the most abundant biotype present, with specific enrichment in exosomes (EX), whereas in GCs long non-coding RNAs were the most abundant biotype. In obese PCOS vs. lean PCOS, pathway analysis revealed target genes involved in cell survival and apoptosis, leukocyte differentiation and migration, JAK/STAT, and MAPK signalling. In obese PCOS FFEVs were selectively enriched (FFEVs vs. GCs) for miRNAs targeting p53 signalling, cell survival and apoptosis, FOXO, Hippo, TNF, and MAPK signalling.

Discussion

We provide comprehensive profiling of snRNAs in FFEVs and GCs of PCOS and non-PCOS patients, highlighting the effect of adiposity on these findings. We hypothesize that the selective packaging and release of miRNAs specifically targeting anti-apoptotic genes into the FF may be an attempt by the follicle to reduce the apoptotic pressure of the GCs and stave off premature apoptosis of the follicle observed in PCOS.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the anti-PCOS effects of Zishen Qingre Lishi Huayu recipe may involve pathways and genes related to autophagy, steroidogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in granulosa cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Zishen Qingre Lishi Huayu recipe (ZQLHR) is a Chinese medicine compound composed of nine herbs for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is used to nourish kidneys, clear heat, reduce dampness and dissipation blood stasis by promoting diuresis and blood circulation, dredging the meridians and harmonizing menstruation in the treatment of PCOS. Several clinical studies have shown that ZQLHR is effective in the treatment of PCOS, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, we researched on the effects and mechanism of action of ZQLHR during treatment of human granulosa cells (hGCs) obtained from PCOS patients in order to provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of ZQLHR in the treatment of PCOS, emphasize the importance of some genes that have been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis or therapeutic mechanisms of PCOS from the perspective of disease treatment, and identify some new genes and signaling pathways that may play an important role in the treatment of PCOS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

KGN cells (a granulosa cell-like tumor cell line) were subjected to a cell counting kit-8 assay to explore the appropriate intervention concentration and duration of ZQLHR. Treated with or without ZQLHR (ZQLHR and control groups), the hGCs obtained from PCOS patients were sequenced using RNA sequencing, and the genes thus detected were further analyzed through Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and individuation gene analysis. These genes were also compared with PCOS-related genes in other databases. To further verify the authenticity of the differentially expressed genes between the two groups, the expression of eight randomly selected vital genes and three proteins of interest was verified through real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot experiment respectively.

RESULTS

The best intervention concentration and duration for ZQLHR to promote the proliferation of KGN cells were 0.2% and 48 h respectively in this experiment. Multiple signaling pathways and 55 focus differentially expressed genes, both related to autophagy, steroidogenesis, oxidative stress-related longevity, inflammation, and complications of PCOS, may play an important role in the therapeutic mechanism of action of ZQLHR. The expression of eight genes is consistent with the result of RNA sequencing, and the expression of three proteins of interest is the same as expected.

CONCLUSIONS

The promotion of hGCs proliferation upon treatment with ZQLHR may be a manifestation of ZQLHR in the treatment of PCOS patients. The positive effects of ZQLHR against PCOS may involve pathways and genes related to autophagy, steroidogenesis, oxidative stress-related longevity, and inflammation in hGCs. Some components of ZQLHR applied for the treatment of PCOS may also be effective for the treatment of some complications of PCOS.

LINC00092 derived from follicular fluid alleviated the symptoms of PCOS through inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog by recruiting KDM5A

Mounting literatures suggest that follicular fluid-derived exosomes (FF-Evs) influence the progression of progression of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The present study was designed to dissect the underlying mechanisms by which FF-Evs affect the PCOS. A rat model of PCOS was established using Letrozole induction. After treatment with FF-Evs, rats were examined for alterations in hormones, blood glucose, and lipid levels in serum, oestrus cycle, pathology in the ovaries, and apoptosis of ovarian cells. The functional rescue assays were performed to analyze the impact of long non-coding RNA 00092 (LINC00092) on PCOS rats. The cis-regulatory elements involved in the regulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression were analyzed using bioinformatic analysis, followed by verification of the mechanism. FF-Evs treatment ameliorated Letrozole-induced enhancement of weight, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and LH/FSH ratio, reduction of luteal cells, granulosa cells, and healthy follicles, prolonged oestrus, oestrous cycle arrest, ovarian tissue fibrosis, and ovarian cell apoptosis in rats, which were counteracted by treatment with shRNA targeting LINC00092. Regarding the mechanism, FF-Evs augmented LINC00092 expression in rats. LINC00092 bound to lysine demethylase 5 A (KDM5A), and KDM5A facilitated the demethylation of H3K4me3 to restrain the transcriptional activity of PTEN. Taken together, FF-Evs delivered LINC00092 repressed the transcriptional activity of PTEN by binding to KDM5A to enhance demethylation of H3K4me3, thereby reducing apoptosis in ovarian cells and alleviating PCOS symptoms.

Protective effects of electroacupuncture on polycystic ovary syndrome in rats: Down-regulating Alas2 to inhibit apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian granulosa cells

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder affecting women at reproductive age. The therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on PCOS has been revealed, while the anti-PCOS mechanisms of EA have not been fully explored. In this study, PCOS were induced in rats by daily injection with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 20 days and EA treatment was performed for 5 weeks. The mRNA expression profiles in ovarian tissues from control, PCOS, and EA-treated rats were examined by high-throughput mRNA sequencing. 5'-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (Alas2), a vital rate-limiting enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway, was selected to be further studied. PCOS led to the upregulation of Alas2 mRNA, whereas EA treatment restored this change. In vitro, primary ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were challenged with H₂O₂ to mimic the oxidative stress (OS) state in PCOS. H₂O₂ induced apoptosis, OS, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as Alas2 overexpression in GCs, while lentivirus-mediated Alas2 knockdown evidently restrained the above impairments. In summary, this study highlights the crucial role of Alas2 in cell apoptosis, OS, and mitochondrial dysfunction of PCOS GCs and provides potential therapeutic candidates for further investigation on PCOS treatment.

Regulation of USP25 by SP1 Associates with Amyloidogenesis

BACKGROUND

Trisomy 21, an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (HSA21), causes most Down's syndrome (DS) cases. Individuals with DS inevitably develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological phenotypes after middle age including amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 25 (USP25), encoding by USP25 gene located on HSA21, is a deubiquitinating enzyme, which plays an important role in both DS and AD pathogenesis. However, the regulation of USP25 remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to determine the regulation of USP25 by specificity protein 1 (SP1) in neuronal cells and its potential role in amyloidogenesis.

METHODS

The transcription start site and promoter activity was identified by SMART-RACE and Dual-luciferase assay. Functional SP1-responsive elements were examined by EMSA. USP25 expression was examined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA were applied or statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The transcription start site of human USP25 gene was identified. Three functional SP1 responsive elements in human USP25 gene were revealed. SP1 promotes USP25 transcription and subsequent USP25 protein expression, while SP1 inhibition significantly reduces USP25 expression in both non-neuronal and neuronal cells. Moreover, SP1 inhibition dramatically reduces amyloidogenesis.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrates that transcription factor SP1 regulates USP25 gene expression, which associates with amyloidogenesis. It suggests that SP1 signaling may play an important role in USP25 regulation and contribute to USP25-mediated DS and AD pathogenesis.

USP25-PKM2-glycolysis axis contributes to ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury by promoting M1-like macrophage polarization and proinflammatory response

M1-like macrophages have been reported to play critical roles in acute kidney injury (AKI). Here, we elucidated the role of ubiquitin-specific protease 25 (USP25) in M1-like macrophages polarization and AKI. High USP25 expression was correlated with a decline in renal function in patients with acute kidney tubular injury and in mice with AKI. In contrast, USP25 knockout reduced M1-like macrophage infiltration, suppressed M1-like polarization, and improved AKI in mice, indicating that USP25 was necessary for M1-like polarization and proinflammatory response. Immunoprecipitation assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed that the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase, muscle (PKM2) was a target substrate of USP25. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated the USP25 regulated aerobic glycolysis and lactate production during M1-like polarization via PKM2. Further analysis showed that the USP25-PKM2-aerobic glycolysis axis positively regulated M1-like polarization and exacerbated AKI in mice, providing potential therapeutic targets for AKI treatment.

Does Pten have an impact on oogenesis of PCOS mouse models?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder in which the aetiology is still not explained very well. The PI3K/PTEN (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) pathway is an important pathway that is involved in many mechanisms, including proliferation, growth and motility. PTEN plays a role in granulosa cell proliferation and regulates the differentiation process. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of Pten and Pik3ca in PCOS mouse models with and without any treatment procedures. Three groups of mouse models, PCOS, a PCOS group with clomiphene citrate treatment, and a PCOS group with the combination of clomiphene citrate, metformin and pioglitazone treatment, were established. Ovarian tissues, which were obtained from these groups and a control group with no PCOS, were embedded in paraffin and RNA was extracted. cDNA was synthesized and real-time PCR was conducted to evaluate the expression levels of Pten and Pik3ca. The results of this study showed that both Pten and Pik3ca genes were expressed in the ovarian tissues from the mouse models. Although one-way analysis of variance results showed that Pten was expressed significantly differently in the samples, individual Student's t-tests did not show any significantly different expression levels in each group. This study is important as it shows the expression patterns of two genes in PCOS mouse models with different treatment strategies, including clomiphene citrate, metformin and pioglitazone. The results of this study formed the basis of research studies and investigations into different genes within the PTEN pathway, as well as other pathways that are under investigation.

Identifying selection signatures for litter size in Guangxi Bama Xiang pigs

Litter size is an important economic trait in pig production. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying varying litter size in Guangxi Bama Xiang pigs remain unknown. To identify selection signatures for litter size in Guangxi Bama Xiang pigs, we obtained 297 Illumina PorcineSNP50 BeadChip array data and the average born number (ABN) from parity one to nine in Guangxi Bama Xiang pigs. Fixation index (Fst) methods were used to identify the selection signature of the litter size, and three phenotypic gradient differential population pairs (according to the ABN) in individuals were used to reduce the false positives of signature selections. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the VEGFA promoter and exons. The general linear model was used to analyse the differences in distinct genotypes after they were typed using three-round multiplex PCR technology. Finally, the transcriptome factor and CpG island in the VEGFA promoter were predicted. A total of 328, 328 and 317 significant loci were identified in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd population pairs, respectively. After removing the false positives, 25 SNPs were defined as the selection signatures in relation to litter size. Ten (VEGFA, USP49, USP25, SRPK1, SLC26A8, RPL10A, PPARD, MAPK14, HMGA1 and CHRDL2) out of 52 genes in the selection regions were annotated as the candidate genes of litter size, respectively, VEGFA. There were no SNPs in the VEGFA exon region, but we obtained three SNPs (rs786889605, rs343769603 and rs323942424) in the VEGFA promoter regions. The ABN in CC was significantly higher than that in TT in rs786889605, and the ABN in TT was significantly lower than that in GG in rs323942424. Meanwhile, the mutation of the VEGFA promoter result in the loss of Sp1 and NF-1 and the formation of Oct-1. In summary, we obtained ten candidate genes, and two mutations in the VEGFA promoter that could be important potential molecular biomarkers for litter size in Bama Xiang pigs.

MiR-383-5p promotes apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells by targeting CIRP through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

PURPOSE

To detect miR-383-5p and cold-inducible RNA binding protein (CIRBP, CIRP) expression in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and explore the mechanism underlying their effect on apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs).

METHODS

GCs were extracted from follicular fluid from 101 patients. MiR-383-5p and CIRP expression were assessed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Correlation between them was assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. The potential of using miR-383-5p expression for discriminating PCOS and non-PCOS patients was predicted by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Proliferation and apoptosis of KGN cells transfected for miR-383-5p overexpression or knockdown was evaluated using cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, and western blot analysis. CIRP was identified as a direct target of miR-383-5p, and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

The expression level of miR-383-5p was decreased and CIRP mRNA was increased in PCOS patients. The expression of miR-383-5p was correlated negatively with body-mass index, basal luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels, luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, and the number of retrieved and metaphase II oocytes. MiR-383-5p had sufficient potential for prediction of PCOS. There was a negative correlation between the expression of miR-383-5p and CIRP. Overexpression of miR-383-5p enhanced the apoptosis of KGN cells. CIRP reversed the effect of miR-383-5p on promotion of apoptosis. MiR-383-5p mimics could suppress the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which was activated by the CIRP overexpressing plasmid.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-383-5p promoted apoptosis of ovarian GCs through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by targeting CIRP.

Therapeutic potential of exosomes/miRNAs in polycystic ovary syndrome induced by the alteration of circadian rhythms

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive dysfunction associated with endocrine disorders and is most common in women of reproductive age. Clinical and/or biochemical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, persistent anovulation, polycystic ovary, insulin resistance, and obesity. Presently, the aetiology and pathogenesis of PCOS remain unclear. In recent years, the role of circadian rhythm changes in PCOS has garnered considerable attention. Changes in circadian rhythm can trigger PCOS through mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation; however, the specific mechanisms are unclear. Exosomes are vesicles with sizes ranging from 30-120nm that mediate intercellular communication by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, mRNAs, DNA, or lipids to target cells and are widely involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. Circadian rhythm can alter circulating exosomes, leading to a series of related changes and physiological dysfunctions. Therefore, we speculate that circadian rhythm-induced changes in circulating exosomes may be involved in PCOS pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the possible roles of exosomes and their derived microRNAs in the occurrence and development of PCOS and discuss their possible mechanisms, providing insights into the potential role of exosomes for PCOS treatment.