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Zhang H, Wei Y, Wang Y, Liang J, Hou Y, Nie X, Hou J. Emerging Diabetes Therapies: Regenerating Pancreatic β Cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024; 30:644-656. [PMID: 39276101 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2024.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is steadily increasing annually, with 537 million diabetic patients as of 2021. Restoring diminished β cell mass or impaired islet function is crucial in treating DM, particularly type 1 DM. However, the regenerative capacity of islet β cells, which primarily produce insulin, is severely limited, and natural regeneration is only observed in young rodents or children. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop advanced therapeutic approaches that can regenerate endogenous β cells or replace them with stem cell (SC)-derived or engineered β-like cells. Current strategies for treating insulin-dependent DM mainly include promoting the self-replication of endogenous β cells, inducing SC differentiation, reprogramming non-β cells into β-like cells, and generating pancreatic-like organoids through cell-based intervention. In this Review, we discuss the current state of the art in these approaches, describe associated challenges, propose potential solutions, and highlight ongoing efforts to optimize β cell or islet transplantation and related clinical trials. These effective cell-based therapies will generate a sustainable source of functional β cells for transplantation and lay strong foundations for future curative treatments for DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yaxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jialin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yifan Hou
- Kaifeng 155 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co. Ltd., Kaifeng, China
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Henan Provincial Research Center for the Prevention and Diagnosis of Prostate Diseases, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaobo Nie
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Henan Provincial Research Center for the Prevention and Diagnosis of Prostate Diseases, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junqing Hou
- Kaifeng 155 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co. Ltd., Kaifeng, China
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Fernández JP, Petersen B, Hassel P, Lucas Hahn A, Kielau P, Geibel J, Kues WA. Comparison Between Electroporation at Different Voltage Levels and Microinjection to Generate Porcine Embryos with Multiple Xenoantigen Knock-Outs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11894. [PMID: 39595965 PMCID: PMC11593736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252211894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of xenotransplantation, the production of genetically modified pigs is essential. For several years, knock-out pigs were generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer employing donor cells with the desired genetic modifications, which resulted in a lengthy and cumbersome procedure. The CRISPR/Cas9 system enables direct targeting of specific genes in zygotes directly through microinjection or electroporation. However, these techniques require improvement to minimize mosaicism and low mutation rates without compromising embryo survival. This study aimed to determine the gene editing potential of these two techniques to deliver multiplexed ribonucleotide proteins (RNPs) to generate triple-knock-out porcine embryos with a multi-transgenic background. We designed RNP complexes targeting the major porcine xenoantigens GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2. We then compared the development of mosaicism and gene editing efficiencies between electroporation and microinjection. Our results indicated a significant effect of voltage increase on molecule intake in electroporated embryos, without it notably affecting the blastocyst formation rate. Our gene editing analysis revealed differences among delivery approaches and gene loci. Notably, employing electroporation at 35 V yielded the highest frequency of biallelic disruptions. However, mosaicism was the predominant genetic variant in all RNP delivery methods, underscoring the need for further research to optimize multiplex genome editing in porcine zygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Fernández
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (B.P.); (P.H.); (A.L.H.); (P.K.); (J.G.)
- Graduate School HGNI, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo) Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (B.P.); (P.H.); (A.L.H.); (P.K.); (J.G.)
- eGenesis, 2706 County Rd E, Mount Horeb, WI 53572, USA
| | - Petra Hassel
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (B.P.); (P.H.); (A.L.H.); (P.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Andrea Lucas Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (B.P.); (P.H.); (A.L.H.); (P.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Paul Kielau
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (B.P.); (P.H.); (A.L.H.); (P.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Johannes Geibel
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (B.P.); (P.H.); (A.L.H.); (P.K.); (J.G.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (B.P.); (P.H.); (A.L.H.); (P.K.); (J.G.)
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Seo BG, Lee IW, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Kim O, Lee JH, Lee JH, Hwangbo C. Angiogenic properties and intercellular communication of differentiated porcine endothelial cells in vascular therapy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22844. [PMID: 39354086 PMCID: PMC11445381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction can lead to various vascular diseases. Blood flow disorder is a common symptom of vascular diseases. Regenerative angiogenesis, which involves transplanting vascular cells or stem cells into the body to shape new vasculature, can be a good therapeutic strategy. However, there are several limitations to using autologous cells from the patients themselves. We sought to investigate the new vascular cells that can play a role in the formation of angiogenesis in vivo using stem cells from alternative animals suitable for cellular therapy. Porcine is an optimal animal model for xenotransplantation owing to its physiological similarity to humans. We used differentiated porcine endothelial cells (pECs) as a therapeutic strategy to restore vessel function. Differentiated pECs formed vessel-like structures in mice, distinguishing them from stem cells. MMPs activity and migration assays indicated that differentiated pECs possessed angiogenic potential. Tube formation and 3D spheroid sprouting assays further confirmed the angiogenic phenotype of the differentiated pECs. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed claudin-mediated tight junctions and connexin 43-mediated gap junctions between human ECs and differentiated pECs. Additionally, the movement of small RNA from human ECs to differentiated pECs was observed under co-culture conditions. Our findings demonstrated the in vivo viability and angiogenetic potential of differentiated pECs and highlighted the potential for intercellular communication between human and porcine ECs. These results suggest that transplanted cells in vascular regeneration completed after cell therapy have the potential to achieve intercellular communication within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Gyeong Seo
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Bioscience, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Bioscience, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Okhwa Kim
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Bioscience, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry (BK21 Four), College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Kim SE, Kim YK, Oh KB, Hwang JH. Development of the PD9-9 Monoclonal Antibody for Identifying Porcine Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1054. [PMID: 39337839 PMCID: PMC11433566 DOI: 10.3390/life14091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that can identify porcine dendritic cells (DCs) that have differentiated from bone marrow progenitor cells. Hybridoma technology was used to obtain mAbs, and bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were employed as immunogens for producing antibodies. The generated PD9-9 mAbs exhibited considerable reactivity towards porcine BMDCs with applications in flow cytometry and immunostaining. The antibody was composed of heavy immunoglobulin gamma-1 chains and light kappa chains. The PD9-9 mAb recognized fully differentiated porcine BMDCs and cells undergoing DC differentiation. In contrast, bone marrow cells and macrophages were not recognized by PD9-9. In addition, the PD9-9 mAb promoted porcine DC proliferation. Consequently, the PD9-9 mAb may be a biomarker for porcine DCs and will be advantageous for investigating porcine DC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology (KIT), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young Kyu Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology (KIT), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology (KIT), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea;
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Thuan PQ, Dinh NH. Cardiac Xenotransplantation: A Narrative Review. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024; 25:271. [PMID: 39139422 PMCID: PMC11317332 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2507271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac xenotransplantation (cXT) has emerged as a solution to heart donor scarcity, prompting an exploration of its scientific, ethical, and regulatory facets. The review begins with genetic modifications enhancing pig hearts for human transplantation, navigating through immunological challenges, rejection mechanisms, and immune responses. Key areas include preclinical milestones, complement cascade roles, and genetic engineering to address hyperacute rejection. Physiological counterbalance systems, like human thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor upregulation in porcine xenografts, highlight efforts for graft survival enhancement. Evaluating pig and baboon donors and challenges with non-human primates illuminates complexities in donor species selection. Ethical considerations, encompassing animal rights, welfare, and zoonotic disease risks, are critically examined in the cXT context. The review delves into immune control mechanisms with aggressive immunosuppression and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology, elucidating hyperacute rejection, complement activation, and antibody-mediated rejection intricacies. CRISPR/Cas9's role in creating pig endothelial cells expressing human inhibitor molecules is explored for rejection mitigation. Ethical and regulatory aspects emphasize the role of committees and international guidelines. A forward-looking perspective envisions precision medical genetics, artificial intelligence, and individualized heart cultivation within pigs as transformative elements in cXT's future is also explored. This comprehensive analysis offers insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, addressing the current state, and future prospects of cXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Quang Thuan
- Department of Adult Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center HCMC, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 72714 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Dinh
- Department of Adult Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center HCMC, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 72714 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 72714 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Mojoudi M, Taggart M, Karadagi A, Hassan M, Tomosugi T, Tomofuji K, Agius T, Lyon A, Nakamura T, Taveras C, Ozgur OS, Kharga A, Matheson R, Riella LV, Kimura S, Yeh H, Markmann JF, Kawai T, Uygun K, Longchamp A. Two-day Static Cold Preservation of α1,3-Galactosyltransferase Knockout Kidney Grafts Before Simulated Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2024; 31:e12879. [PMID: 39166818 PMCID: PMC11343093 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Transplantation remains the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease but is critically limited by the number of available organs. Xenografts from genetically modified pigs have become a promising solution to the loss of life while waiting for transplantation. However, the current clinical model for xenotransplantation will require off-site procurement, leading to a period of ischemia during transportation. As of today, there is limited understanding regarding the preservation of these organs, including the duration of viability, and the associated molecular changes. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the effects of static cold storage (SCS) on α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GGTA1 KO) kidney. After SCS, viability was further assessed using acellular sub-normothermic ex vivo perfusion and simulated transplantation with human blood. Compared to baseline, tubular and glomerular interstitium was preserved after 2 days of SCS in both WT and GGTA1 KO kidneys. Bulk RNA-sequencing demonstrated that only eight genes were differentially expressed after SCS in GGTA1 KO kidneys. During sub-normothermic perfusion, kidney function, reflected by oxygen consumption, urine output, and lactate production was adequate in GGTA1 KO grafts. During a simulated transplant with human blood, macroscopic and histological assessment revealed minimal kidney injury. However, GGTA1 KO kidneys exhibited higher arterial resistance, increased lactate production, and reduced oxygen consumption during the simulated transplant. In summary, our study suggests that SCS is feasible for the preservation of porcine GGTA1 KO kidneys. However, alternative preservation methods should be evaluated for extended preservation of porcine grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mojoudi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mclean Taggart
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmad Karadagi
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Madeeha Hassan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toshihide Tomosugi
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Katsuhiro Tomofuji
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Agius
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Arnaud Lyon
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Tsukasa Nakamura
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Christopher Taveras
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - O. Sila Ozgur
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anil Kharga
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Rudy Matheson
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Leonardo V. Riella
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Children’s Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Lightstone L, Jha V, Pollock C, Tuttle K, Kotanko P, Wiecek A, Anders HJ, Remuzzi G, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Levin A, Vanholder R. A new era in the science and care of kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:460-472. [PMID: 38575770 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Notable progress in basic, translational and clinical nephrology research has been made over the past five decades. Nonetheless, many challenges remain, including obstacles to the early detection of kidney disease, disparities in access to care and variability in responses to existing and emerging therapies. Innovations in drug development, research technologies, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to improve patient outcomes. Exciting prospects include the availability of new drugs to slow or halt the progression of chronic kidney disease, the development of bioartificial kidneys that mimic healthy kidney functions, and tissue engineering techniques that could enable transplantable kidneys to be created from the cells of the recipient, removing the risk of rejection. Cell and gene therapies have the potential to be applied for kidney tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, about 30% of kidney disease cases are monogenic and could potentially be treated using these genetic medicine approaches. Systemic diseases that involve the kidney, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, might also be amenable to these treatments. Continued investment, communication, collaboration and translation of innovations are crucial to realize their full potential. In addition, increasing sophistication in exploring large datasets, implementation science, and qualitative methodologies will improve the ability to deliver transformational kidney health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- Kidney Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biogem), Ariano Irpino, Italy.
- Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto Kidney (IPNET), c/o Nefrologia, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit Azienda Ospedaliera "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli", Reggio Calabria, Italy
- CNR-IFC, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vivek Jha
- George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, New Delhi, India
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Medical Education, Manipal, India
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Tuttle
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Inland Northwest, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Kotanko
- Kidney Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrzej Wiecek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hans Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCSS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, California, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, Irvine, USA
- Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Division of Nephrology, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Adeera Levin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia, Provincial Kidney Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- European Kidney Health Alliance, Brussels, Belgium
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Innis SM, Cabot RA. Chromatin profiling and state predictions reveal insights into epigenetic regulation during early porcine development. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:16. [PMID: 38773546 PMCID: PMC11106951 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given their physiological similarities to humans, pigs are increasingly used as model organisms in human-oriented biomedical studies. Additionally, their value to animal agriculture across the globe has led to the development of numerous studies to investigate how to improve livestock welfare and production efficiency. As such, pigs are uniquely poised as compelling models that can yield findings with potential implications in both human and animal contexts. Despite this, many gaps remain in our knowledge about the foundational mechanisms that govern gene expression in swine across different developmental stages, particularly in early development. To address some of these gaps, we profiled the histone marks H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3 and the SWI/SNF central ATPase BRG1 in two porcine cell lines representing discrete early developmental time points and used the resulting information to construct predicted chromatin state maps for these cells. We combined this approach with analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data to examine the relationship between epigenetic status and gene expression in these cell types. RESULTS In porcine fetal fibroblast (PFF) and trophectoderm cells (PTr2), we saw expected patterns of enrichment for each of the profiled epigenetic features relative to specific genomic regions. H3K4me3 was primarily enriched at and around global gene promoters, H3K27ac was enriched in promoter and intergenic regions, H3K27me3 had broad stretches of enrichment across the genome and narrower enrichment patterns in and around the promoter regions of some genes, and BRG1 primarily had detectable enrichment at and around promoter regions and in intergenic stretches, with many instances of H3K27ac co-enrichment. We used this information to perform genome-wide chromatin state predictions for 10 different states using ChromHMM. Using the predicted chromatin state maps, we identified a subset of genomic regions marked by broad H3K4me3 enrichment, and annotation of these regions revealed that they were highly associated with essential developmental processes and consisted largely of expressed genes. We then compared the identities of the genes marked by these regions to genes identified as cell-type-specific using transcriptome data and saw that a subset of broad H3K4me3-marked genes was also specifically expressed in either PFF or PTr2 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings enhance our understanding of the epigenetic landscape present in early swine development and provide insight into how variabilities in chromatin state are linked to cell identity. Furthermore, this data captures foundational epigenetic details in two valuable porcine cell lines and contributes to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the epigenetic landscape in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Innis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ryan A Cabot
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Chisholm-Burns M, Kelly BS, Spivey CA. Xenotransplantation could either be a friend or foe of healthcare equity. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:85. [PMID: 38734795 PMCID: PMC11088630 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chisholm-Burns et al. discuss the substantial shortage of organs available for transplantation, with disparities in access amongst some racial and ethnic groups. The authors suggest that while xenotransplantation can potentially increase organ availability, it also has the potential to further embed inequities in transplant care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chisholm-Burns
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3225 S.W. Pavilion Loop, MC: L101 Baird Hall (Suite 1011), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Burnett S Kelly
- DCI Donor Services Inc., 3940 Industrial Blvd, West Sacramento, CA, 95691, USA
| | - Christina A Spivey
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3225 S.W. Pavilion Loop, MC: L101 Baird Hall (Suite 1011), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Mariano CG, de Oliveira VC, Ambrósio CE. Gene editing in small and large animals for translational medicine: a review. Anim Reprod 2024; 21:e20230089. [PMID: 38628493 PMCID: PMC11019828 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a simpler and more versatile method compared to other engineered nucleases such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and since its discovery, the efficiency of CRISPR-based genome editing has increased to the point that multiple and different types of edits can be made simultaneously. These advances in gene editing have revolutionized biotechnology by enabling precise genome editing with greater simplicity and efficacy than ever before. This tool has been successfully applied to a wide range of animal species, including cattle, pigs, dogs, and other small animals. Engineered nucleases cut the genome at specific target positions, triggering the cell's mechanisms to repair the damage and introduce a mutation to a specific genomic site. This review discusses novel genome-based CRISPR/Cas9 editing tools, methods developed to improve efficiency and specificity, the use of gene-editing on animal models and translational medicine, and the main challenges and limitations of CRISPR-based gene-editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clésio Gomes Mariano
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Cristina de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
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11
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Hawthorne WJ. Ethical and legislative advances in xenotransplantation for clinical translation: focusing on cardiac, kidney and islet cell xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355609. [PMID: 38384454 PMCID: PMC10880189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this state-of-the-art review we detail the journey of xenotransplantation from its infancy, detailing one of the first published cases and the subsequent journey the field took in its inception and development. With a focus on the science, technological advances, precautions required along with the potential limitations in application, the ethics, guidance's, and legislative advances that are required to reach the safe and efficacious clinical application of xenotransplantation. Along with a view over the past several decades with the overall significant advancements in pre-clinical study outcomes particularly in islet, kidney, and heart xenotransplantation, to ultimately reach the pinnacle of successful clinical heart and kidney xenotransplants. It outlines the importance for the appropriate guidance's required to have been developed by experts, scientists, clinicians, and other players who helped develop the field over the past decades. It also touches upon patient advocacy along with perspectives and expectations of patients, along with public opinion and media influence on the understanding and perception of xenotransplantation. It discusses the legislative environment in different jurisdictions which are reviewed in line with current clinical practices. All of which are ultimately based upon the guidance's developed from a strong long-term collaboration between the International Xenotransplantation Association, the World Health Organisation and The Transplantation Society; each having constantly undertaken consultation and outreach to help develop best practice for clinical xenotransplantation application. These clearly helped forge the legislative frameworks required along with harmonization and standardization of regulations which are detailed here. Also, in relation to the significant advances in the context of initial xeno-kidney trials and the even greater potential for clinical xeno-islet trials to commence we discuss the significant advantages of xenotransplantation and the ultimate benefit to our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J. Hawthorne
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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12
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Park MR, Ahn JS, Lee MG, Lee BR, Ock SA, Byun SJ, Hwang IS. Characterization of Enlarged Tongues in Cloned Piglets. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9103-9116. [PMID: 37998748 PMCID: PMC10670481 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the efficiency of cloning remains very low, this technique has become the most reliable way to produce transgenic pigs. However, the high rate of abnormal offspring such as an enlarged tongue lowers the cloning efficiency by reducing the early survivability of piglets. Thus, the present study was conducted to identify the characteristics of the enlarged tongue from cloned piglets by histologic and transcriptomic analysis. As a result, it was observed that the tissues from enlarged tongues (n = 3) showed isolated and broken muscle bundles with wide spaces while the tissues from normal tongues (n = 3) showed the tight connection of muscle bundles without space by histological analysis. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy results also showed the formation of isolated and broken muscle bundles in enlarged tongues. The transcriptome analysis showed a total of 197 upregulated and 139 downregulated genes with more than 2-fold changes in enlarged tongues. Moreover, there was clear evidence for the difference between groups in the muscle system process with high relation in the biological process by gene ontology analysis. The analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathway of differentially expressed genes indicated that the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glucagon signaling pathway were also involved. Conclusively, our results could suggest that the abnormal glycolytic regulation may result in the formation of an enlarged tongue. These findings might have the potential to understand the underlying mechanisms, abnormal development, and disease diagnosis in cloned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ryung Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Min Gook Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Sun A Ock
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - In-Sul Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Fernández-De La Cruz E, Wessely-Szponder J, Viñas M, Vinuesa T, Merlos A, Jorba M, Espinal P, Fusté E. Native Pig Neutrophil Products: Insights into Their Antimicrobial Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2119. [PMID: 37630679 PMCID: PMC10459379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides are molecules with potential applications for treating infections due to their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this work was to explore the antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of action of a porcine neutrophil cathelicidin mixture (MPPN). Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and experiments of both time-kill kinetics and effects on growth curves were performed. Planar black lipid bilayer conductance was measured to analyze the interaction of MPPN with lipid bilayers. Visualization of bacterial surfaces and membrane alterations was achieved using atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effects on the activity of efflux pumps (EPs) were studied with an intracellular accumulation of acridine orange (AO) assay. In E. coli, MPPN behaves as a bactericide at high concentrations and as a bacteriostatic at lower concentrations. The bacteriostatic effect was also observed for slightly shorter periods in S. enterica. The mixture was not active on S. aureus. The increase in AO accumulation in the presence of MPPN indicates that, at least in E. coli, the mixture causes inhibition of the EP function. Observed and detected variable conductance events demonstrate a strong MPPN effect on lipid bilayers. Damage to the structure of treated E. coli indicates that MPPN induces alterations in the bacterial surface. The use of AMPs capable of inhibiting EP can be seen as a good tool to combat antimicrobial resistance since they could be used alone or in combination with other conventional antibiotics to which bacteria have become resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fernández-De La Cruz
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (E.F.-D.L.C.); (M.V.); (T.V.); (A.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Joanna Wessely-Szponder
- Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Miguel Viñas
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (E.F.-D.L.C.); (M.V.); (T.V.); (A.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Teresa Vinuesa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (E.F.-D.L.C.); (M.V.); (T.V.); (A.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Alexandra Merlos
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (E.F.-D.L.C.); (M.V.); (T.V.); (A.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Marta Jorba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (E.F.-D.L.C.); (M.V.); (T.V.); (A.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Paula Espinal
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (E.F.-D.L.C.); (M.V.); (T.V.); (A.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Ester Fusté
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (E.F.-D.L.C.); (M.V.); (T.V.); (A.M.); (M.J.)
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Nursing, University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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