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Papin M, Bouchet AM, Chantôme A, Vandier C. Ether-lipids and cellular signaling: A differential role of alkyl- and alkenyl-ether-lipids? Biochimie 2023; 215:50-59. [PMID: 37678745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Ether-lipids (EL) are specific lipids bearing a characteristic sn-1 ether bond. Depending on the ether or vinyl-ether nature of this bond, they are present as alkyl- or alkenyl-EL, respectively. Among EL, alkenyl-EL, also referred as plasmalogens in the literature, attract most of the scientific interest as they are the predominant EL species in eukaryotic cells, thus less is known about alkyl-EL. EL have been implicated in various signaling pathways and alterations in their quantity are frequently observed in pathologies such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases or cancer. However, it remains unknown whether both alkyl- and alkenyl-EL play the same roles in these processes. This review summarizes the roles and mechanisms of action of EL in cellular signaling and tries to discriminate between alkyl- and alkenyl-EL. We also focus on the involvement of EL-mediated alterations of cellular signaling in diseases and discuss the potential interest for EL in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Papin
- Nutrition, Croissance, Cancer (N2C) UMR 1069, University of Tours, INSERM, 37000, Tours, France.
| | | | - Aurélie Chantôme
- Nutrition, Croissance, Cancer (N2C) UMR 1069, University of Tours, INSERM, 37000, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Vandier
- Nutrition, Croissance, Cancer (N2C) UMR 1069, University of Tours, INSERM, 37000, Tours, France; Lifesome Therapeutics, López de Hoyos 42, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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2
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De Biase I, Yuzyuk T, Cui W, Zuromski LM, Moser AB, Braverman NE. Quantitative analysis of ethanolamine plasmalogen species in red blood cells using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for diagnosing peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 542:117295. [PMID: 36914043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids characterized by a vinyl-ether bond with a fatty alcohol at the sn-1 position, a polyunsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position, and a polar head at the sn-3 position, commonly phosphoethanolamine. Plasmalogens play crucial roles in several cellular processes. Reduced levels have been associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease progression. Markedly reduced plasmalogens are a classic feature of peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD) because plasmalogen synthesis requires functional peroxisomes. Particularly, severe plasmalogen deficiency is the biochemical hallmark of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). Traditionally, plasmalogens are evaluated in red blood cells (RBCs) by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), which cannot distinguish individual species. We developed a liquid-chromatography/tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify eighteen phosphoethanolamine plasmalogens in RBCs to diagnose PBD patients, especially RCDP. Validation results showed a specific, robust, and precise method with broad analytical range. Age-specific reference intervals were established; control medians were used to assess plasmalogen deficiency in patients' RBCs. Clinical utility was also confirmed in Pex7 deficient mouse models recapitulating severe and milder RCDP clinical phenotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to replace the GC-MS method in the clinical laboratory. In addition to diagnosing PBDs, structure-specific plasmalogen quantitation could help understand disease pathogenesis and monitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene De Biase
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Tatiana Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lauren M Zuromski
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ann B Moser
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy E Braverman
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Honsho M, Fujiki Y. Regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis in mammalian cells and tissues. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:118-123. [PMID: 36720320 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a unique family of cellular glycerophospholipids that contain a vinyl-ether bond. Synthesis of plasmalogens is initiated in peroxisomes and completed in the endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of plasmalogens in several organs of patients with deficiency in peroxisome biogenesis suggests that de novo synthesis of plasmalogens contributes significantly to plasmalogen homeostasis in humans. Plasmalogen biosynthesis is spatiotemporally regulated by a feedback mechanism that senses the amount of plasmalogens in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and regulates the stability of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (FAR1), the rate-limiting enzyme for plasmalogen biosynthesis. Dysregulation of plasmalogen synthesis impairs cholesterol synthesis in cells and brain, resulting in the reduced expression of genes such as mRNA encoding myelin basic protein, a phenotype found in the cerebellum of plasmalogen-deficient mice. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis and the link between plasmalogen homeostasis and cholesterol biosynthesis, and address the pathogenesis of impaired plasmalogen homeostasis in rodent and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Honsho
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Brain Fatigue Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food-Kyushu University Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan.
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Kochaj RM, Martelletti E, Ingham NJ, Buniello A, Sousa BC, Wakelam MJO, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Steel KP. The Effect of a Pex3 Mutation on Hearing and Lipid Content of the Inner Ear. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203206. [PMID: 36291074 PMCID: PMC9600510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (due to PEX gene mutations) are associated with symptoms that range in severity and can lead to early childhood death, but a common feature is hearing impairment. In this study, mice carrying Pex3 mutations were found to show normal auditory development followed by an early-onset progressive increase in auditory response thresholds. The only structural defect detected in the cochlea at four weeks old was the disruption of synapses below inner hair cells. A conditional approach was used to establish that Pex3 expression is required locally within the cochlea for normal hearing, rather than hearing loss being due to systemic effects. A lipidomics analysis of the inner ear revealed a local reduction in plasmalogens in the Pex3 mouse mutants, comparable to the systemic plasmalogen reduction reported in human peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Thus, mice with Pex3 mutations may be a useful tool to understand the physiological basis of peroxisome biogenesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M. Kochaj
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elisa Martelletti
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Neil J. Ingham
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bebiana C. Sousa
- Lipidomics Facility, The BBSRC Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | | | - Karen P. Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Correspondence:
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Dorninger F, Werner ER, Berger J, Watschinger K. Regulation of plasmalogen metabolism and traffic in mammals: The fog begins to lift. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946393. [PMID: 36120579 PMCID: PMC9471318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique chemical structure, plasmalogens do not only exhibit distinct biophysical and biochemical features, but require specialized pathways of biosynthesis and metabolization. Recently, major advances have been made in our understanding of these processes, for example by the attribution of the gene encoding the enzyme, which catalyzes the final desaturation step in plasmalogen biosynthesis, or by the identification of cytochrome C as plasmalogenase, which allows for the degradation of plasmalogens. Also, models have been presented that plausibly explain the maintenance of adequate cellular levels of plasmalogens. However, despite the progress, many aspects around the questions of how plasmalogen metabolism is regulated and how plasmalogens are distributed among organs and tissues in more complex organisms like mammals, remain unresolved. Here, we summarize and interpret current evidence on the regulation of the enzymes involved in plasmalogen biosynthesis and degradation as well as the turnover of plasmalogens. Finally, we focus on plasmalogen traffic across the mammalian body - a topic of major importance, when considering plasmalogen replacement therapies in human disorders, where deficiencies in these lipids have been reported. These involve not only inborn errors in plasmalogen metabolism, but also more common diseases including Alzheimer's disease and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Fabian Dorninger, ; Katrin Watschinger,
| | - Ernst R. Werner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,*Correspondence: Fabian Dorninger, ; Katrin Watschinger,
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Dorninger F, Vaz FM, Waterham HR, Klinken JBV, Zeitler G, Forss-Petter S, Berger J, Wiesinger C. Ether lipid transfer across the blood-brain and placental barriers does not improve by inactivation of the most abundant ABC transporters. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:69-79. [PMID: 35981629 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid transport from the periphery to the brain is an understudied topic. When certain lipid species are deficient due to impaired synthesis, though, transfer across the blood-brain barrier is essential for replenishing lipids in the brain. For example, the deficiency in plasmalogens, the most abundant ether lipids in mammals, has detrimental effects on the brain, which is a major issue in inherited peroxisomal disorders but also contributes to more common disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Oral administration of alkylglycerols like batyl alcohol, which carry a pre-formed ether bond, enables replenishment of ether lipids in various peripheral tissues. However, plasmalogen deficiency in the brain cannot be overcome by this approach. Here, we tried to increase cerebral plasmalogen uptake by modulating the efflux transport across the blood-brain barrier. We hypothesized, based on previous literature, that at least some ether lipid species readily enter endothelial cells of the barrier through the transporter MFSD2A but are re-exported by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. By crossbreeding Mdr1a-/-/Mdr1b-/-/Bcrp-/- and ether lipid-deficient Gnpat-/- mice as well as pharmacological inhibition with MK-571 to inactivate the major ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier, we evaluated the potential of combined ABC transporter inhibition and oral batyl alcohol administration for the treatment of plasmalogen deficiency. We found that even in the absence of the most abundant ABC transporters, batyl alcohol supplementation did not restore plasmalogen levels in the brain, despite the presence of a wide spectrum of ether lipid subspecies in the plasma as demonstrated by lipidomic analysis. Surprisingly, batyl alcohol treatment of pregnant Gnpat+/- dams had beneficial effects on the plasmalogen levels of Gnpat-/- offspring with defective ether lipid biosynthesis, independently of ABC transporter status at the placental barrier. Our results underline the autonomy of brain lipid homeostasis and indicate that peripheral supplementation of ether lipids is not sufficient to supply the brain with larger amounts of plasmalogens. Yet, the findings suggest that alkylglycerol treatment during pregnancy may pose a viable option to ameliorate some of the severe developmental defects of inborn ether lipid deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn errors of metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn errors of metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; United for Metabolic Diseases, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Zeitler
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Wiesinger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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