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Niu L, Chen T, Yang A, Yan X, Jin F, Zheng A, Song X. Macrophages and tertiary lymphoid structures as indicators of prognosis and therapeutic response in cancer patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189125. [PMID: 38851437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) can reflect cancer prognosis and clinical outcomes in various tumour tissues. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are indispensable components of the tumour microenvironment and play crucial roles in tumour development and immunotherapy. TAMs are associated with TLS induction via the modulation of the T cell response, which is a major component of the TLS. Despite their important roles in cancer immunology, the subtypes of TAMs that influence TLS and their correlation with prognosis are not completely understood. Here, we provide novel insights into the role of TAMs in regulating TLS formation. Furthermore, we discuss the prognostic value of these TAM subtypes and TLS, as well as the current antitumour therapies for inducing TLS. This study highlights an entirely new field of TLS regulation that may lead to the development of an innovative perspective on immunotherapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Aodan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiwen Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ang Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xinyue Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Wang XX, Liu YP, Lu Y, Wu LH, Ren JY, Ji H, Wang X, Zhang HM. Identifying specific TLS-associated genes as potential biomarkers for predicting prognosis and evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372692. [PMID: 38720884 PMCID: PMC11076739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The tertiary lymphatic structure (TLS) is an important component of the tumor immune microenvironment and has important significance in patient prognosis and response to immune therapy. However, the underlying mechanism of TLS in soft tissue sarcoma remains unclear. Methods A total of 256 RNAseq and 7 single-cell sequencing samples were collected from TCGA-SARC and GSE212527 cohorts. Based on published TLS-related gene sets, four TLS scores were established by GSVA algorithm. The immune cell infiltration was calculated via TIMER2.0 and "MCPcounter" algorithms. In addition, the univariate, LASSO, and multivariate-Cox analyses were used to select TLS-related and prognosis-significant hub genes. Single-cell sequencing dataset, clinical immunohistochemical, and cell experiments were utilized to validate the hub genes. Results In this study, four TLS-related scores were identified, and the total-gene TLS score more accurately reflected the infiltration level of TLS in STS. We further established two hub genes (DUSP9 and TNFSF14) prognosis markers and risk scores associated with soft tissue sarcoma prognosis and immune therapy response. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the amount of CD3, CD8, CD19, and CD11c positive immune cell infiltration in the tumor tissue dedifferentiated liposarcoma patients was significantly higher than that of liposarcoma patients. Cytological experiments showed that soft tissue sarcoma cell lines overexpressing TNFSF14 could inhibit the proliferation and migration of sarcoma cells. Conclusion This study systematically explored the TLS and related genes from the perspectives of bioinformatics, clinical features and cytology experiments. The total-gene TLS score, risk score and TNFSF14 hub gene may be useful biomarkers for predicting the prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy of soft tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xu Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Lu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Hong Wu
- Xijing 986 Hospital Department, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing-Yi Ren
- Xijing 986 Hospital Department, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongchen Ji
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Omotesho QA, Escamilla A, Pérez-Ruiz E, Frecha CA, Rueda-Domínguez A, Barragán I. Epigenetic targets to enhance antitumor immune response through the induction of tertiary lymphoid structures. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348156. [PMID: 38333212 PMCID: PMC10851080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid aggregates found in sites of chronic inflammation such as tumors and autoimmune diseases. The discovery that TLS formation at tumor sites correlated with good patient prognosis has triggered extensive research into various techniques to induce their formation at the tumor microenvironment (TME). One strategy is the exogenous induction of specific cytokines and chemokine expression in murine models. However, applying such systemic chemokine expression can result in significant toxicity and damage to healthy tissues. Also, the TLS formed from exogenous chemokine induction is heterogeneous and different from the ones associated with favorable prognosis. Therefore, there is a need to optimize additional approaches like immune cell engineering with lentiviral transduction to improve the TLS formation in vivo. Similarly, the genetic and epigenetic regulation of the different phases of TLS neogenesis are still unknown. Understanding these molecular regulations could help identify novel targets to induce tissue-specific TLS in the TME. This review offers a unique insight into the molecular checkpoints of the different stages and mechanisms involved in TLS formation. This review also highlights potential epigenetic targets to induce TLS neogenesis. The review further explores epigenetic therapies (epi-therapy) and ongoing clinical trials using epi-therapy in cancers. In addition, it builds upon the current knowledge of tools to generate TLS and TLS phenotyping biomarkers with predictive and prognostic clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quadri Ajibola Omotesho
- Medical Oncology Service (Group of Translational Research in Cancer Immunotherapy and Epigenetics), Regional and Clinical University Hospitals, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Escamilla
- Medical Oncology Service (Group of Translational Research in Cancer Immunotherapy and Epigenetics), Regional and Clinical University Hospitals, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Sport Education, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Pérez-Ruiz
- Medical Oncology Service (Group of Translational Research in Cancer Immunotherapy and Epigenetics), Regional and Clinical University Hospitals, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Malaga, Spain
| | - Cecilia A. Frecha
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Civil Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Rueda-Domínguez
- Medical Oncology Service (Group of Translational Research in Cancer Immunotherapy and Epigenetics), Regional and Clinical University Hospitals, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Barragán
- Medical Oncology Service (Group of Translational Research in Cancer Immunotherapy and Epigenetics), Regional and Clinical University Hospitals, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Malaga, Spain
- Group of Pharmacoepigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sidiropoulos DN, Ho WJ, Jaffee EM, Kagohara LT, Fertig EJ. Systems immunology spanning tumors, lymph nodes, and periphery. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100670. [PMID: 38086385 PMCID: PMC10753389 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The immune system defines a complex network of tissues and cell types that orchestrate responses across the body in a dynamic manner. The local and systemic interactions between immune and cancer cells contribute to disease progression. Lymphocytes are activated in lymph nodes, traffic through the periphery, and impact cancer progression through their interactions with tumor cells. As a result, therapeutic response and resistance are mediated across tissues, and a comprehensive understanding of lymphocyte dynamics requires a systems-level approach. In this review, we highlight experimental and computational methods that can leverage the study of leukocyte trafficking through an immunomics lens and reveal how adaptive immunity shapes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios N Sidiropoulos
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Won Jin Ho
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luciane T Kagohara
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Johns Hopkins Convergence Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zhang C, Wang XY, Zuo JL, Wang XF, Feng XW, Zhang B, Li YT, Yi CH, Zhang P, Ma XC, Chen ZM, Ma Y, Han JH, Tao BR, Zhang R, Wang TQ, Tong L, Gu W, Wang SY, Zheng XF, Yuan WK, Kan ZJ, Fan J, Hu XY, Li J, Zhang C, Chen JH. Localization and density of tertiary lymphoid structures associate with molecular subtype and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006425. [PMID: 36759015 PMCID: PMC9923349 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) have been proposed to assess the prognosis of patients with cancer. Here, we investigated the prognostic value and relevant mechanisms of TLSs in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM). METHODS 603 patients with CRCLM treated by surgical resection from three cancer centers were included. The TLSs were categorized according to their anatomic subregions and quantified, and a TLS scoring system was established for intratumor region (T score) and peritumor region (P score). Differences in relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) between groups were determined. Multiplex immunohistochemical staining (mIHC) was used to determine the cellular composition of TLSs in 40 CRCLM patients. RESULTS T score positively correlated with superior prognosis, while P score negatively associated with poor survival (all p<0.05). Meanwhile, T score was positively associated with specific mutation subtype of KRAS. Furthermore, TLSs enrichment gene expression was significantly associated with survival and transcriptomic subtypes of CRCLM. Subsequently, mIHC showed that the densities of Treg cells, M2 macrophages and Tfh cells were significantly higher in intratumor TLSs than in peritumor TLSs (p=0.029, p=0.047 and p=0.041, respectively), and the frequencies of Treg cells and M2 macrophages were positively correlated with P score, while the frequencies of Tfh cells were positively associated with T scores in intratumor TLSs (all p<0.05). Next, based on the distribution and abundance of TLSs, an Immune Score combining T score and P score was established which categorized CRCLM patients into four immune classes with different prognosis (all p<0.05). Among them, patients with higher immune class have more favorable prognoses. The C-index of Immune Class for RFS and OS was higher than Clinical Risk Score statistically. These results were also confirmed by the other two validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The distribution and abundance of TLSs is significantly associated with RFS and OS of CRCLM patients, and a novel immune class was proposed for predicting the prognosis of CRCLM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Liang Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Fu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Tong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-He Yi
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Mei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Hao Han
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Rui Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Qi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wang Gu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Si-Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Kang Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zi-Jie Kan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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