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Lin P, Gan YB, He J, Lin SE, Xu JK, Chang L, Zhao LM, Zhu J, Zhang L, Huang S, Hu O, Wang YB, Jin HJ, Li YY, Yan PL, Chen L, Jiang JX, Liu P. Advancing skeletal health and disease research with single-cell RNA sequencing. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:33. [PMID: 38816888 PMCID: PMC11138034 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthopedic conditions have emerged as global health concerns, impacting approximately 1.7 billion individuals worldwide. However, the limited understanding of the underlying pathological processes at the cellular and molecular level has hindered the development of comprehensive treatment options for these disorders. The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has revolutionized biomedical research by enabling detailed examination of cellular and molecular diversity. Nevertheless, investigating mechanisms at the single-cell level in highly mineralized skeletal tissue poses technical challenges. In this comprehensive review, we present a streamlined approach to obtaining high-quality single cells from skeletal tissue and provide an overview of existing scRNA-seq technologies employed in skeletal studies along with practical bioinformatic analysis pipelines. By utilizing these methodologies, crucial insights into the developmental dynamics, maintenance of homeostasis, and pathological processes involved in spine, joint, bone, muscle, and tendon disorders have been uncovered. Specifically focusing on the joint diseases of degenerative disc disease, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis using scRNA-seq has provided novel insights and a more nuanced comprehension. These findings have paved the way for discovering novel therapeutic targets that offer potential benefits to patients suffering from diverse skeletal disorders.
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Grants
- 2022YFA1103202 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 82272507 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 32270887 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 32200654 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- CSTB2023NSCQ-ZDJO008 Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing
- BX20220397 Postdoctoral Innovative Talent Support Program
- SFLKF202201 Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning
- 2021-XZYG-B10 General Hospital of Western Theater Command Research Project
- 14113723 University Grants Committee, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, China
- N_CUHK472/22 University Grants Committee, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, China
- C7030-18G University Grants Committee, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, China
- T13-402/17-N University Grants Committee, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, China
- AoE/M-402/20 University Grants Committee, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yi-Bo Gan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, the General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Si-En Lin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jian-Kun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhao
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ou Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ying-Bo Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Huai-Jian Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Pu-Lin Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Laboratory for the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Military Training Related Injuries, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jiang
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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Rodríguez C, Timóteo-Ferreira F, Minchiotti G, Brunelli S, Guardiola O. Cellular interactions and microenvironment dynamics in skeletal muscle regeneration and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1385399. [PMID: 38840849 PMCID: PMC11150574 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1385399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on the intricate interplay of various cell populations within the muscle niche-an environment crucial for regulating the behavior of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and ensuring postnatal tissue maintenance and regeneration. This review delves into the dynamic interactions among key players of this process, including MuSCs, macrophages (MPs), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), endothelial cells (ECs), and pericytes (PCs), each assuming pivotal roles in orchestrating homeostasis and regeneration. Dysfunctions in these interactions can lead not only to pathological conditions but also exacerbate muscular dystrophies. The exploration of cellular and molecular crosstalk among these populations in both physiological and dystrophic conditions provides insights into the multifaceted communication networks governing muscle regeneration. Furthermore, this review discusses emerging strategies to modulate the muscle-regenerating niche, presenting a comprehensive overview of current understanding and innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ombretta Guardiola
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
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Lynch CA, Acosta SA, Anderson DM, Rogers GE, Wilson-Rawls J, Rawls A. The Transcription Factor Mohawk Facilitates Skeletal Muscle Repair via Modulation of the Inflammatory Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5019. [PMID: 38732238 PMCID: PMC11084535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient repair of skeletal muscle relies upon the precise coordination of cells between the satellite cell niche and innate immune cells that are recruited to the site of injury. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNFα, IFNγ, CXCL1, and CCL2, by muscle and tissue resident immune cells recruits neutrophils and M1 macrophages to the injury and activates satellite cells. These signal cascades lead to highly integrated temporal and spatial control of muscle repair. Despite the therapeutic potential of these factors for improving tissue regeneration after traumatic and chronic injuries, their transcriptional regulation is not well understood. The transcription factor Mohawk (Mkx) functions as a repressor of myogenic differentiation and regulates fiber type specification. Embryonically, Mkx is expressed in all progenitor cells of the musculoskeletal system and is expressed in human and mouse myeloid lineage cells. An analysis of mice deficient for Mkx revealed a delay in postnatal muscle repair characterized by impaired clearance of necrotic fibers and smaller newly regenerated fibers. Further, there was a delay in the expression of inflammatory signals such as Ccl2, Ifnγ, and Tgfß. This was coupled with impaired recruitment of pro-inflammatory macrophages to the site of muscle damage. These studies demonstrate that Mkx plays a critical role in adult skeletal muscle repair that is mediated through the initial activation of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Alissa Lynch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.A.L.); (S.A.A.); (D.M.A.); (G.E.R.); (J.W.-R.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sofia A. Acosta
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.A.L.); (S.A.A.); (D.M.A.); (G.E.R.); (J.W.-R.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Douglas M. Anderson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.A.L.); (S.A.A.); (D.M.A.); (G.E.R.); (J.W.-R.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gavin E. Rogers
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.A.L.); (S.A.A.); (D.M.A.); (G.E.R.); (J.W.-R.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.A.L.); (S.A.A.); (D.M.A.); (G.E.R.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Alan Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.A.L.); (S.A.A.); (D.M.A.); (G.E.R.); (J.W.-R.)
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Dunham CL, Frank JA. Ultrasound Pressure-Dependent Cytokine and Immune Cell Response Lost in Aged Muscle. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2024; 50:494-501. [PMID: 38218683 PMCID: PMC10922560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutic ultrasound remains a highly discussed topic in physical therapy due to uncertainty between treatment regimens and biological benefits. Its impact on aged populations, who are vulnerable to insufficient healing after muscle injury because of sarcopenia, is understudied. Despite the coupling between muscle inflammation and regeneration, research on the immune response after therapeutic ultrasound is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate structure, inflammatory cytokine signaling and immune cell infiltration after therapeutic ultrasound in young and aging murine muscle. METHODS Young (6-week-old) and Adult (52-week-old) male and female mouse non-injured gastrocnemii were treated with either low-intensity pulsed ultrasound at 2 W/cm2 (∼0.243 MPa) or high-intensity pulsed focused ultrasound at 554 W/cm2 (∼5.96 MPa). Cytokine expression was evaluated at 1, 8 and 24 hours, cell infiltration was measured via flow cytometry at 1 and 24 hours and immunofluorescence assessed muscle fiber area, fibrosis and satellite cells at 24 hours after sonication. RESULTS Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound induced an early, transient inflammatory response where interleukin (IL)-15 and macrophages (M2 > M1) were increased 1 hour post-sonication. High-intensity pulsed focused ultrasound caused a late, extended immune response where monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages (M1 > M2) were increased 24 hours post-sonication. Notably, these changes manifested solely in Young gastrocnemius. The Adult gastrocnemius exhibited decreased cytokine expression (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-15, macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]) and no alteration in immune cell recruitment post-sonication. There was no damage to muscle structure. CONCLUSION Therapeutic ultrasound induced a pressure-dependent inflammatory response that can augment or mitigate intrinsic muscle cytokine signaling and cell recruitment in adolescent or aged muscle, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey L Dunham
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph A Frank
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Xu HR, Le VV, Oprescu SN, Kuang S. Muscle stem cells as immunomodulator during regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 158:221-238. [PMID: 38670707 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is well known for its remarkable ability to regenerate after injuries. The regeneration is a complex and dynamic process that involves muscle stem cells (also called muscle satellite cells, MuSCs), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), immune cells, and other muscle-resident cell populations. The MuSCs are the myogenic cell populaiton that contribute nuclei directly to the regenerated myofibers, while the other cell types collaboratively establish a microenvironment that facilitates myogenesis of MuSCs. The myogenic process includes activation, proliferation and differentiationof MuSCs, and subsequent fusion their descendent mononuclear myocytes into multinuclear myotubes. While the contributions of FAPs and immune cells to this microenvironment have been well studied, the influence of MuSCs on other cell types remains poorly understood. This review explores recent evidence supporting the potential role of MuSCs as immunomodulators during muscle regeneration, either through cytokine production or ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rex Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Victor V Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Stephanie N Oprescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Jiang H, Liu B, Lin J, Xue T, Han Y, Lu C, Zhou S, Gu Y, Xu F, Shen Y, Xu L, Sun H. MuSCs and IPCs: roles in skeletal muscle homeostasis, aging and injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:67. [PMID: 38289345 PMCID: PMC10828015 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized tissue composed of myofibres that performs crucial functions in movement and metabolism. In response to external stimuli and injuries, a range of stem/progenitor cells, with muscle stem cells or satellite cells (MuSCs) being the predominant cell type, are rapidly activated to repair and regenerate skeletal muscle within weeks. Under normal conditions, MuSCs remain in a quiescent state, but become proliferative and differentiate into new myofibres in response to injury. In addition to MuSCs, some interstitial progenitor cells (IPCs) such as fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), pericytes, interstitial stem cells expressing PW1 and negative for Pax7 (PICs), muscle side population cells (SPCs), CD133-positive cells and Twist2-positive cells have been identified as playing direct or indirect roles in regenerating muscle tissue. Here, we highlight the heterogeneity, molecular markers, and functional properties of these interstitial progenitor cells, and explore the role of muscle stem/progenitor cells in skeletal muscle homeostasis, aging, and muscle-related diseases. This review provides critical insights for future stem cell therapies aimed at treating muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Boya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Xue
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Han
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingchi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmad K, Shaikh S, Chun HJ, Ali S, Lim JH, Ahmad SS, Lee EJ, Choi I. Extracellular matrix: the critical contributor to skeletal muscle regeneration-a comprehensive review. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:58. [PMID: 38008778 PMCID: PMC10680355 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regenerative ability of skeletal muscle (SM) in response to damage, injury, or disease is a highly intricate process that involves the coordinated activities of multiple cell types and biomolecular factors. Of these, extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered a fundamental component of SM regenerative ability. This review briefly discusses SM myogenesis and regeneration, the roles played by muscle satellite cells (MSCs), other cells, and ECM components, and the effects of their dysregulations on these processes. In addition, we review the various types of ECM scaffolds and biomaterials used for SM regeneration, their applications, recent advances in ECM scaffold research, and their impacts on tissue engineering and SM regeneration, especially in the context of severe muscle injury, which frequently results in substantial muscle loss and impaired regenerative capacity. This review was undertaken to provide a comprehensive overview of SM myogenesis and regeneration, the stem cells used for muscle regeneration, the significance of ECM in SM regeneration, and to enhance understanding of the essential role of the ECM scaffold during SM regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Shahid Ali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
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