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Zhang Y, Wang X, Ji Y, Hong H, Geng X, Zhang K, Fu Z, Cai G, Chen X, Li P, Hong Q. All-trans retinoic acid pretreatment of mesenchymal stem cells enhances the therapeutic effect on acute kidney injury. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:291. [PMID: 38802835 PMCID: PMC11129434 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A promising new therapy option for acute kidney injury (AKI) is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, there are several limitations to the use of MSCs, such as low rates of survival, limited homing capacity, and unclear differentiation. In search of better therapeutic strategies, we explored all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) pretreatment of MSCs to observe whether it could improve the therapeutic efficacy of AKI. We established a renal ischemia/reperfusion injury model and treated mice with ATRA-pretreated MSCs via tail vein injection. We found that AKI mice treated with ATRA-MSCs significantly improved renal function compared with DMSO-MSCs treatment. RNA sequencing screened that hyaluronic acid (HA) production from MSCs promoted by ATRA. Further validation by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments verified that retinoic acid receptor RARα/RXRγ was a potential transcription factor for hyaluronic acid synthase 2. Additionally, an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation model was established using human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). After co-culturing HK-2 cells with ATRA-pretreated MSCs, we observed that HA binds to cluster determinant 44 (CD44) and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, which enhances the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and proliferative repair effects of MSCs in AKI. Inhibition of the HA/CD44 axis effectively reverses the renal repair effect of ATRA-pretreated MSCs. Taken together, our study suggests that ATRA pretreatment promotes HA production by MSCs and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells, thereby enhancing the efficacy of MSCs against AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuwei Ji
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Haijuan Hong
- Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Geng
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
- Health Care Office of the Service Bureau of Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhangning Fu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Wu Y, Wang Q, Jia S, Lu Q, Zhao M. Gut-tropic T cells and extra-intestinal autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2024:103544. [PMID: 38604462 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Gut-tropic T cells primarily originate from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and gut-tropic integrins mediate the trafficking of the T cells to the gastrointestinal tract, where their interplay with local hormones dictates the residence of the immune cells in both normal and compromised gastrointestinal tissues. Targeting gut-tropic integrins is an effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Gut-tropic T cells are further capable of entering the peripheral circulatory system and relocating to multiple organs. There is mounting evidence indicating a correlation between gut-tropic T cells and extra-intestinal autoimmune disorders. This review aims to systematically discuss the origin, migration, and residence of gut-tropic T cells and their association with extra-intestinal autoimmune-related diseases. These discoveries are expected to offer new understandings into the development of a range of autoimmune disorders, as well as innovative approaches for preventing and treating the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Qiaolin Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China.
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3
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Sun L, Zheng M, Gao Y, Brigstock DR, Gao R. Retinoic acid signaling pathway in pancreatic stellate cells: Insight into the anti-fibrotic effect and mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 967:176374. [PMID: 38309676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are activated following loss of cytoplasmic vitamin A (retinol)-containing lipid droplets, which is a key event in the process of fibrogenesis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDCA). PSCs are the major source of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that produce stroma to induce PDAC cancer cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. As an active metabolite of retinol, retinoic acid (RA) can regulate target gene expression in PSCs through its nuclear receptor complex (RAR/RXR or RXR/RXR) or transcriptional intermediary factor. Additionally, RA also has extranuclear and non-transcriptional effects. In vitro studies have shown that RA induces PSC deactivation which reduces extracellular matrix production through multiple modes of action, such as inhibiting TβRⅡ, PDGFRβ, β-catenin and Wnt production, downregulating ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and suppressing active TGF-β1 release. RA alone or in combination with other reagents have been demonstrated to have an effective anti-fibrotic effect on cerulein-induced mouse CP models in vivo studies. Clinical trial data have shown that repurposing all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as a stromal-targeting agent for human pancreatic cancer is safe and tolerable, suggesting the possibility of using RA for the treatment of CP and PDCA in humans. This review focuses on RA signaling pathways in PSCs and the effects and mechanisms of RA in PSC-mediated fibrogenesis as well as the anti-fibrotic and anti-tumor effects of RA targeting PSCs or CAFs in vitro and in vivo, highlighting the potential therapies of RA against CP and PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meifang Zheng
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - David R Brigstock
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Runping Gao
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Piazza A, Carlone R, Spencer GE. Non-canonical retinoid signaling in neural development, regeneration and synaptic function. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371135. [PMID: 38516042 PMCID: PMC10954794 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical retinoid signaling via nuclear receptors and gene regulation is critical for the initiation of developmental processes such as cellular differentiation, patterning and neurite outgrowth, but also mediates nerve regeneration and synaptic functions in adult nervous systems. In addition to canonical transcriptional regulation, retinoids also exert rapid effects, and there are now multiple lines of evidence supporting non-canonical retinoid actions outside of the nucleus, including in dendrites and axons. Together, canonical and non-canonical retinoid signaling provide the precise temporal and spatial control necessary to achieve the fine cellular coordination required for proper nervous system function. Here, we examine and discuss the evidence supporting non-canonical actions of retinoids in neural development and regeneration as well as synaptic function, including a review of the proposed molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaynor E. Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Zhao Q, Ye Y, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Wang G, Gui Z, Zhang M. PANoptosis-related long non-coding RNA signature to predict the prognosis and immune landscapes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 37:101600. [PMID: 38371527 PMCID: PMC10873882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer growth is significantly influenced by processes such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis that underlie PANoptosis, a proinflammatory programmed cell death. Several studies have examined the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). However, the predictive value of lncRNAs related to PANoptosis for PAAD has not been established. Methods The Clinical Genome Atlas database was used to obtain the transcriptome 、clinical data and the corresponding mutation data of the patients with PAAD in this study. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis was employed to obtain prognosis-related lncRNAs for constructing a risk signature. According to the median risk score of the signature, patients with PAAD were grouped into low- and high-risk groups to further compare the survival prognosis of different risk groups. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves, c-index analysis, nomograms, principal component analysis and univariate Cox and multivariate Cox regression were performed for the internal validation of the signature. In addition, enrichment analysis of different genes was performed using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Lastly, differences in tumor mutation burden (TMB), immune function, tumor immune dysfunction and rejection (TIDE), and drug response were determined for the two risk groups. Results The signature was constructed with six PANoptosis-related lncRNAs (AC067817.2、LINC02004、AC243829.1、AC092171.5、AP005233.2、AC004687.1) that predicted the prognosis of the patients with PAAD. Survival curves showed that patients in the two risk groups had statistically significant differences in prognosis (P < 0.05), and multi-cox regression analysis identified risk score as an independent risk factor for PAAD prognosis, and internal validation of nomograms showed high confidence in the signature. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed functional and pathway differences between the high- and low-risk groups. TMB evaluation demonstrated that patients in the high-risk group had a higher frequency of mutations. The TIDE score indicated that the high-risk group had a lower risk of immunotherapy escape and better immunotherapy outcomes. Additionally, the two risk groups revealed significantly different responses to 11 anticancer drugs. Conclusion We identified a novel risk signature for PANoptosis-related lncRNAs, which is a standalone prognostic indicator for PAAD. The PANoptosis-related lncRNA risk signature may be relevant for immunotherapy and a therapeutic target for PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Zhao
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Traditional and Western Medicine (TCM)-Integrated Cancer Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingquan Ye
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Traditional and Western Medicine (TCM)-Integrated Cancer Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Traditional and Western Medicine (TCM)-Integrated Cancer Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Traditional and Western Medicine (TCM)-Integrated Cancer Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Wang
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Traditional and Western Medicine (TCM)-Integrated Cancer Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongxuan Gui
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Traditional and Western Medicine (TCM)-Integrated Cancer Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Traditional and Western Medicine (TCM)-Integrated Cancer Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Nuguri SM, Hackshaw KV, de Lamo Castellvi S, Bao H, Yao S, Aziz R, Selinger S, Mikulik Z, Yu L, Osuna-Diaz MM, Sebastian KR, Giusti MM, Rodriguez-Saona L. Portable Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics to Diagnose Fibromyalgia and Other Rheumatologic Syndromes Using Rapid Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling. Molecules 2024; 29:413. [PMID: 38257325 PMCID: PMC10821365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia (FM) have relied heavily on subjective reports of experienced symptoms coupled with examination-based evidence of diffuse tenderness due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Rheumatic disorders that are common causes of chronic pain such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoarthritis, and chronic low back pain are frequently found to be comorbid with FM. As a result, this can make the diagnosis of FM more challenging. We aim to develop a reliable classification algorithm using unique spectral profiles of portable FT-MIR that can be used as a real-time point-of-care device for the screening of FM. A novel volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) technique ensured sample volume accuracies and minimized the variation introduced due to hematocrit-based bias. Blood samples from 337 subjects with different disorders (179 FM, 158 non-FM) collected with VAMS were analyzed. A semi-permeable membrane filtration approach was used to extract the blood samples, and spectral data were collected using a portable FT-MIR spectrometer. The OPLS-DA algorithm enabled the classification of the spectra into their corresponding classes with 84% accuracy, 83% sensitivity, and 85% specificity. The OPLS-DA regression plot indicated that spectral regions associated with amide bands and amino acids were responsible for discrimination patterns and can be potentially used as spectral biomarkers to differentiate FM and other rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Madhav Nuguri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.N.); (S.d.L.C.); (H.B.); (M.M.G.); (L.R.-S.)
| | - Kevin V. Hackshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Silvia de Lamo Castellvi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.N.); (S.d.L.C.); (H.B.); (M.M.G.); (L.R.-S.)
- Campus Sescelades, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Haona Bao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.N.); (S.d.L.C.); (H.B.); (M.M.G.); (L.R.-S.)
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, China;
| | - Rija Aziz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.A.); (S.S.); (M.M.O.-D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Scott Selinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.A.); (S.S.); (M.M.O.-D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Zhanna Mikulik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Ohio State University, 480 Medical Center Dr, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Michelle M. Osuna-Diaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.A.); (S.S.); (M.M.O.-D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Katherine R. Sebastian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.A.); (S.S.); (M.M.O.-D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - M. Monica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.N.); (S.d.L.C.); (H.B.); (M.M.G.); (L.R.-S.)
| | - Luis Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.M.N.); (S.d.L.C.); (H.B.); (M.M.G.); (L.R.-S.)
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Kreissig S, Windisch R, Wichmann C. Deciphering Acute Myeloid Leukemia Associated Transcription Factors in Human Primary CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Cells 2023; 13:78. [PMID: 38201282 PMCID: PMC10777941 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemato-oncological diseases account for nearly 10% of all malignancies and can be classified into leukemia, lymphoma, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic syndromes. The causes and prognosis of these disease entities are highly variable. Most entities are not permanently controllable and ultimately lead to the patient's death. At the molecular level, recurrent mutations including chromosomal translocations initiate the transformation from normal stem-/progenitor cells into malignant blasts finally floating the patient's bone marrow and blood system. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the so-called master transcription factors such as RUNX1, KMT2A, and HOX are frequently disrupted by chromosomal translocations, resulting in neomorphic oncogenic fusion genes. Triggering ex vivo expansion of primary human CD34+ stem/progenitor cells represents a distinct characteristic of such chimeric AML transcription factors. Regarding oncogenic mechanisms of AML, most studies focus on murine models. However, due to biological differences between mice and humans, findings are only partly transferable. This review focuses on the genetic manipulation of human CD34+ primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from healthy donors to model acute myeloid leukemia cell growth. Analysis of defined single- or multi-hit human cellular AML models will elucidate molecular mechanisms of the development, maintenance, and potential molecular intervention strategies to counteract malignant human AML blast cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Wichmann
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.K.)
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