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Du C, Gregory P, Jamadgni DU, Pauls AM, Chang JJ, Dorn RW, Martin A, Foster EJ, Rossini AJ, Thuo M. Spatially Directed Pyrolysis via Thermally Morphing Surface Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308822. [PMID: 37466460 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Combustion is often difficult to spatially direct or tune associated kinetics-hence a run-away reaction. Coupling pyrolytic chemical transformation to mass transport and reaction rates (Damköhler number), however, we spatially directed ignition with concomitant switch from combustion to pyrolysis (low oxidant). A 'surface-then-core' order in ignition, with concomitant change in burning rate,is therefore established. Herein, alkysilanes grafted onto cellulose fibers are pyrolyzed into non-flammable SiO2 terminating surface ignition propagation, hence stalling flame propagating. Sustaining high temperatures, however, triggers ignition in the bulk of the fibers but under restricted gas flow (oxidant and/or waste) hence significantly low rate of ignition propagation and pyrolysis compared to open flame (Liñán's equation). This leads to inside-out thermal degradation and, with felicitous choice of conditions, formation of graphitic tubes. Given the temperature dependence, imbibing fibers with an exothermically oxidizing synthon (MnCl2 ) or a heat sink (KCl) abets or inhibits pyrolysis leading to tuneable wall thickness. We apply this approach to create magnetic, paramagnetic, or oxide containing carbon fibers. Given the surface sensitivity, we illustrate fabrication of nm- and μm-diameter tubes from appropriately sized fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshen Du
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Paul Gregory
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dhanush U Jamadgni
- Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alana M Pauls
- Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Julia J Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rick W Dorn
- US Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Andrew Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- US Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Gregory P, Banerjee S, Du C, Thuo M. Introduction: biopolymers and biocomposites. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biopolymers and biocomposites are an exciting class of ubiquitous materials. Interest in these materials has been driven in part by their biocompatibility/biodegradability, sustainability, potentially low-cost, renewability, being environmental benign, among other properties. These fascinating materials come in a range of forms from the DNA and RNA that is essential to life to the cellulose and collagen that mechanically reinforce tissues and as hybrid organic–inorganic composites like teeth. Herein, we summarize some aspects of the two classes of materials biopolymer and biocomposites, exploring specific examples while pointing to potential monomer sources, neoteric post-extraction modification and processing conditions. This lays the foundation to the following more specific chapters while illustrating the breadth of these material classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gregory
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
- Micro-Electronics Research Center , Ames , IA , USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
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