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Silswal A, P. K, Koner AL. Review on Lysosomal Metal Ion Detection Using Fluorescent Probes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13494-13508. [PMID: 38559936 PMCID: PMC10975597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Metal ions are indispensable and play an important role in living systems. Metal ions coordinated to metalloenzymes pocket activate the bound substrate and labile metal ions maintaining the ionic balance. The amount of metal ions present in various subcellular compartments of the cells is highly regulated for maintaining cellular homeostasis. An imbalance in the metal ion concentration is related to several diseases and results in serious pathological conditions. Mostly the internalized metal ions are processed in the lysosomal compartment of the cell. A delicate regulation of metal ions in the lysosomal compartment can modulate the lysosomal pH and inhibit hydrolytic enzymes, which ultimately causes lysosomal storage disorders. In the past decade, the understanding and regulation of lysosomal metal ions based on fluorometric methods have gained significant attention. In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the development of various fluorescent reporters over the past five years for a selective and sensitive estimation of lysosomal metal ion concentration. We believe this consolidated and timely review will help researchers working in the areas associated with lysosomal metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya
Pradesh India
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Naphthalimide-Piperazine Derivatives as Multifunctional "On" and "Off" Fluorescent Switches for pH, Hg 2+ and Cu 2+ Ions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031275. [PMID: 36770945 PMCID: PMC9918953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent probes NI-1 and NI-2 were designed and screened for use as chemosensors for detection of heavy metal ions. Two moieties, methylpyridine (NI-1) and hydroxyphenyl (NI-2), were attached via piperazine at the C-4 position of the napthalimide core resulting in a notable effect on their spectroscopic properties. NI-1 and NI-2 are pH sensitive and show an increase in fluorescence intensity at around 525 nm (switch "on") in the acidic environment, with pKa values at 4.98 and 2.91, respectively. Amongst heavy metal ions only Cu2+ and Hg2+ had a significant effect on the spectroscopic properties. The fluorescence of NI-1 is quenched in the presence of either Cu2+ or Hg2+ which is attributed to the formation of 1:1 metal-ligand complexes with binding constants of 3.6 × 105 and 3.9 × 104, respectively. The NI-1 chemosensor can be used for the quantification of Cu2+ ions in sub-micromolar quantities, with a linear range from 250 nM to 4.0 μM and a detection limit of 1.5 × 10-8 M. The linear range for the determination of Hg2+ is from 2 μM to 10 μM, with a detection limit of 8.8 × 10-8 M. Conversely, NI-2 behaves like a typical photoinduced electron transfer (PET) sensor for Hg2+ ions. Here, the formation of a complex with Hg2+ (binding constant 8.3 × 103) turns the green fluorescence of NI-2 into the "on" state. NI-2 showed remarkable selectivity towards Hg2+ ions, allowing for determination of Hg2+ concentration over a linear range of 1.3 μM to 25 μM and a limit of detection of 4.1 × 10-7 M.
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Rykowski S, Gurda-Woźna D, Orlicka-Płocka M, Fedoruk-Wyszomirska A, Giel-Pietraszuk M, Wyszko E, Kowalczyk A, Stączek P, Biniek-Antosiak K, Rypniewski W, Olejniczak AB. Design of DNA Intercalators Based on 4-Carboranyl-1,8-Naphthalimides: Investigation of Their DNA-Binding Ability and Anticancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094598. [PMID: 35562989 PMCID: PMC9101373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we continue our work related to the synthesis of 1,8-naphthalimide and carborane conjugates and the investigation of their anticancer activity and DNA-binding ability. For this purpose, a series of 4-carboranyl-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives, mitonafide, and pinafide analogs were synthesized using click chemistry, reductive amination, amidation, and Mitsunobu reactions. The calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA)-binding properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated by circular dichroism (CD), UV–vis spectroscopy, and thermal denaturation experiments. Conjugates 54–61 interacted very strongly with ct-DNA (∆Tm = 7.67–12.33 °C), suggesting their intercalation with DNA. They were also investigated for their in vitro effects on cytotoxicity, cell migration, cell death, cell cycle, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a HepG2 cancer cell line as well as inhibition of topoisomerase IIα activity (Topo II). The cytotoxicity of these eight conjugates was in the range of 3.12–30.87 µM, with the lowest IC50 value determined for compound 57. The analyses showed that most of the conjugates could induce cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, inhibit cell migration, and promote apoptosis. Two conjugates, namely 60 and 61, induced ROS production, which was proven by the increased level of 2′-deoxy-8-oxoguanosine in DNA. They were specifically located in lysosomes, and because of their excellent fluorescent properties, they could be easily detected within the cells. They were also found to be weak Topo II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rykowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dorota Gurda-Woźna
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Marta Orlicka-Płocka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Agnieszka Fedoruk-Wyszomirska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Małgorzata Giel-Pietraszuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Eliza Wyszko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Biniek-Antosiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Wojciech Rypniewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Agnieszka B. Olejniczak
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-36-37
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Kotowicz S, Korzec M, Malarz K, Krystkowska A, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A, Golba S, Siwy M, Maćkowski S, Schab-Balcerzak E. Luminescence and Electrochemical Activity of New Unsymmetrical 3-Imino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5504. [PMID: 34639899 PMCID: PMC8509721 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1,8-naphtalimides containing an imine bond at the 3-position of the naphthalene ring was synthesized using 1H, 13C NMR, FTIR, and elementary analysis. The impact of the substituent in the imine linkage on the selected properties and bioimaging of the synthesized compounds was studied. They showed a melting temperature in the range of 120-164 °C and underwent thermal decomposition above 280 °C. Based on cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, the electrochemical behavior of 1,8-naphtalimide derivatives was evaluated. The electrochemical reduction and oxidation processes were observed. The compounds were characterized by a low energy band gap (below 2.60 eV). Their photoluminescence activities were investigated in solution considering the solvent effect, in the aggregated and thin film, and a mixture of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 2-tert-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) (50:50 wt.%). They demonstrated low emissions due to photoinduced electron transport (PET) occurring in the solution and aggregation, which caused photoluminescence quenching. Some of them exhibited light emission as thin films. They emitted light in the range of 495 to 535 nm, with photoluminescence quantum yield at 4%. Despite the significant overlapping of its absorption range with emission of the PVK:PBD, incomplete Förster energy transfer from the matrix to the luminophore was found. Moreover, its luminescence ability induced by external voltage was tested in the diode with guest-host configuration. The possibility of compound hydrolysis due to the presence of the imine bond was also discussed, which could be of importance in biological studies that evaluate 3-imino-1,8-naphatalimides as imaging tools and fluorescent materials for diagnostic applications and molecular bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kotowicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Korzec
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.K.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Aleksandra Krystkowska
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.K.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (K.M.); (A.K.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Sylwia Golba
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 1A 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland;
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
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